I-Biograge
Umlobi waseBrithani u-Anthony Burgess waziwa ngabafundi bomhlaba wonke njengomlobi wenoveli ethi "Clockwork Orange". Isiphetho somlobi, owadala incwadi e-eccentric ekhuluma ngo-Ultranasili, bekunzima kakhulu: umkakhe okhulelwe wadlwengula ezine ezingaziwa, futhi umbhali ngokwakhe wayephila nokunalo okubulalayo kweminyaka engaphezu kwamashumi amathathu.Ubuntwana nentsha
UJohn Anthony Burgess Wilson wazalwa ngoFebhuwari 25, 1917 hhayi emndenini ochuma kakhulu weManchester. Ubaba wombhali wesikhathi esizayo wasebenza njenge-accountant, futhi ngempelasonto wahlala phansi upiyano emgqomeni wendawo, ukuze okungenani ipondo ligcwalise isabelomali somndeni esingenalutho. Umbhali womlobi wenoveli ethi "Isikhathi Sokugcina" wayekhuthele emculweni futhi ngaphandle kwenkinga yasendlini, isikhathi sanikeza izifundo zezincwadi.
Kuyiqiniso, iBurgess ayizwanga izwi lokukhulisa umzali. Owesifazane ushonile ngokuzumayo lapho kukhuliswa umfutho womkhuhlane edolobheni. U-Anthony ngaleso sikhathi wawucishe ube neminyaka emibili ubudala.
Ngokushesha inhloko yomndeni yangena emshadweni nomnikazi webha, ayevame ukusebenza kuyo. Ngemuva kokuqeda umsebenzi we-accountant engavikelekile, indoda yaqala ukuthola imali yokuthengisa ugwayi nogwayi.
Ngenkathi umama wokuthoshelwa enza umfazi webhizinisi evela kuye, futhi uyise waphakamisa, ngangokunokwenzeka, ukondla lo mndeni, ukukhuliswa kanye nokukhuliswa kweBergess akwenzi. Akukaziwa ukuthi isiphetho sika-Anthony sasiyoba nakanjani ukube ubengakanakekeli umalume wakhe.
Lapho le nsizwa ibineminyaka engama-20 ubudala, inhloko yomndeni yafa kanti umlobi wasala yedwa nezwe elikhulu, elinobutha. Engxoxweni nabamele abezindaba, umlobi wathi ebusheni wabengenabo abangane, futhi ubudlelwano obunobungane nontanga babenobunzima.
Esikoleni, lo mfo wathathwa njengokucasulwa. Umbono ofanayo ngawo wathuthukiswa ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuqeqeshwa, lapho kutholakala ukuthi iningi labantu afunda nabo kwakunzima ukulifunda, futhi u-Anthony wayazi kahle idiploma kanye ne-mathematics.
Ngenkathi ofunda nabo ekilasini bengazinaki intandokazi yothisha, okweqisi okwangqongqoze izigelekeqe kuvame ukushaya iBergess kulandelwa ukubukeka kwawo. Ukuze aphazamise imicabango ebuhlungu futhi ungashiyi iNhloko yokudangala, u-Anthony ngemuva kwamakilasi alalele umculo. Kuyaziwa ukuthi iculo lokuqala elidonsela ukunaka komlobi kwakuwukudluliselwa komqambi waseFrance uClaude debussy, okuthiwa "ntambama i-favna egama langaphansi."
Kodwa-ke, umculo uhlala uhlala uyindlela yokuzilibazisa. Njengomkhakha wemisebenzi yobungcweti, i-burgess ikhethe ukufundisa. Ngemuva kokuphothula ekolishi lasendaweni, u-Anthony wasala lapho uThishaye wathisha futhi phakathi neminyaka embalwa wafundisa abafundi isiNgisi nezincwadi.
Isikhathi esisha empilweni kaBergess saphawulwa ekuqaleni kweMpi Yezwe II. Ngesikhathi senkonzo ebuthweni lempi, u-Anthony wazibonakalisa njengesosha elinganaki kakhulu. Uhlala ethola ukuphindisela nokugqoka ngaphandle.
Le nsizwa yaphosa i-headdress esuka kumkhuzi, khona-ke intshiseko enjalo yahlikihla phansi umuntu amkhuphukela kuye njengaseqhweni layo elingenalutho. Ukwelapha waba yi-misdemeanor ebaluleke kakhulu. Ngempelasonto, le nsizwa yahamba yavakashela intombi yakhe, u-Luela Jones, futhi ikhohlwa ukubuya ngesikhathi esimisiwe. Ngaphansi kokuthathwa kwe-deserter, kwasungulwa umsebenzi wokusesha, kodwa ngokushesha le nsizwa uqobo yavela engxenyeni yezempi.
Into yokufunda
Ukuphela komsebenzi weBergess, olwahlanganisa nohlu lwegolide lwezincwadi zakwamanye amazwe, kwaba yinoveli "Clockwoliwolintshi". Lo msebenzi uyi-antiutopiya ye-Satirical ekhuluma ngeqembu lezigelekeqe zalo elinonya oluzomona ngomona ngokonakalisa ama-maniacs.
Njengoba uMlobi ngokwakhe kamuva ekhuluma, le ncwadi yayicindezela izinhlungu. Ukubambelela emsebenzini, umlobi wayefuna ukuqeda izinkumbulo ezingezinhle ezihlobene nokudlwengulwa komkakhe.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi izinyanga ezimbalwa ngaphambi kokuba kudalwa "i-clockworkworipwolintshi", i-burgess yavakashela uLeningrad, lapho ahlangana khona nezitayela. Ngemuva kokuxhumana nabo, umlobi wasungula i- "Nastsat" - ulimi oluqanjiwe lwezinganekwane zentsha yaseBrithani, isisekelo sazo ezihlanekezelwe izinkulumo zaseRussiini namazwi aqoshwe yiLatini (Drugi - "Abangane", iKorova - inkomo ).
Kodwa-ke, ubunzima obukhulu kubafundi bebengekho kulo lonke ukuqonda kwamagama nezinkulumo ngazinye, kepha umbono wenoveli. Umlobi wayekholelwa ukuthi lokho kukuhle njalo njengoba kungasho lutho ngokwemvelo, kanye nokubi njalo.
Ekuqaleni, "i-Clockwork Orange" yayihlanganisa izahluko ezingama-21 - ekugcineni kwazo, umlingiswa oyinhloko uvuselela indlela yakhe yokuphila futhi engena endleleni yokulungiswa. Kuliqiniso, omunye wabamemezeli baseMelika owokugcina wabonakala kakhulu kakhulu, futhi wasika ingxenye yokugcina embhalweni wesandla.
Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi kwifomu elifanayo elifushanisiwe "iwashi le-orange" livikelwe futhi savikelwa uStanley Kubrick. Ifilimu, elifakwe kuhluthwe ngokusekelwe kulo msebenzi, wabona ukukhanya ngo-1962, futhi iqhaza elikhulu lalithola umlingisi uMalcolm McDuell.
Futhi ngonyaka we-1962 ngezinto zokubala zeza inoveli "imbewu ye-wavenitseed". Kule ndalo, iBurgess ikhombise umkhathi wayo kulo lonke usizi, ichaza ikusasa lapho inani labantu beplanethi landa kakhulu kangangokuba abantu babulawa yindlala, ukuzala izingane kubhekwa njengento evamile.
Kuma-70s naku-80s, u-Anthony ushicilele izincwadi ezingama-30, kufaka phakathi umsebenzi we- "Earth Force", abagxeki babona inoveli enhle kaBergess. Kuyo, le ndaba yenziwa egameni lombhali oneminyaka engamashumi ayisishiyagalombili eliphumelelayo, uKennet Tumi.
Kukholakala ukuthi prototype wesibambiso esiyinhloko kwakunguSomerset Moem. Incwadi futhi iqukethe izitatimende ezihlekisayo ngezincwadi eziningi ezibalulekile emhlabeni.
Ngo-1988, i-Iron "yaseRoma, i-iron egwile" yashicilelwa, esekelwe kwinganekwane ye-Eccalibur. Umsebenzi uyi-sagu yomndeni ethokozisayo, ekhuluma ngempilo yezizukulwane eziningana zesimangaliso - "Clan" yaseRussia.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1942, u-Anthony washada noLeelela Isherwood Jones. Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokuphela komshado noLuela, kwenzeka into embi: intombazane ekhulelwe idlwengule futhi yashaya iqembu labalimele abane baseMelika abangama-American American American American American American American American American American American American American American Deserters.
Ngokusobala, izilo zazifuna ukuphanga isisulu esingenakuvikelekayo (yize lo wesifazane wayenendandatho yomshado kuphela evela kwezinto ezibalulekile), kodwa athwalwa kangangokuba azange ashiye indawo yokuhlala eyodwa emzimbeni.
UFuela ongajabule ulahlekelwe yingane wawela ekucindezelekeni okunzima kakhulu, okungaphumi kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku. Futhi, ngemuva kokudlwengulwa, le ntombazane yaqala ukuhlushwa ukopha njalo, ngenxa yalokho athuthukisa i-anemia.
Unkosikazi kaBergess wabopha iziphuzo eziqinile, excule ngokweqiniso. Umzamo wokunciphisa intaba enotshwala kwakuyimbangela enkulu yokufa kukaLuela: Ngo-1968, oshade naye wombhali wabulawa yisifo sesibindi.
Ngomhla ka-1968 ofanayo, amaBurjess ashada ngokwesibili. Kulokhu unkosikazi wombhali waba yinkosazana yase-Italy ebizwa ngokuthi uLianna. Unkosikazi onokuqonda wayengeyenga lokuthi umyeni wakhe akavamile ukuba sekhaya.
Ngenkathi le ntokazi ikhuphuka endlini, u-Anthony wabamba iqhaza kwi-Talk Show, wabhala izindatshana zamaphephandaba aseBrithani. Ngo-1970-1971, amaBurjess aqala ukufundisa ePrinceton University. Ngo-1972, umlobi walibeka engxenyeni ebhaliwe ye-Gatri Theatre eMinneapolis, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu waba ngumfundisi e-New York University eBuffalo.
Ukushona
Ngisho nangaphambi kokushona kukaLeela, izinkinga ngempilo yezonke nezifubana ngokwakhe. Kokukodwa, hhayi usuku oluphawuleka luka-Anthony lulahlekile ngesikhathi senkulumo. Imiphumela yocwaningo yayidumaza: IBergess yathola i-neoplasm ebuchosheni. Odokotela babekholelwa ukuthi u-Anthony usahlala ungaphili ngaphezu konyaka.
Lesi siphetho sasunduza umlobi ekuqaleni kwemisebenzi ekhiqizayo yokwebhala. Wayefuna ukusebenzisa kakhulu izinsuku zakhe ezabiwe futhi waqala ukubhala ngejubane elihle kakhulu. Amanoveli aphuma ngaphansi kwepeni lakhe endabeni yezinsuku.
Ngenxa yalokhu, kwavela ukuthi odokotela babenephutha, futhi u-Anthony washona eminyakeni engama-33 (ngoNovemba 22, 1993) ngemuva kokuba odokotela bamhlelele ukuxilongwa okubulalayo. Futhi ukufa akubekwenga ngenxa yesimila sobuchopho, kepha ngenxa yomdlavuza wamaphaphu. Ngalesi sikhathi, wakwazi ukubhala izincwadi ezingamashumi amahlanu, amakhulukhulu ezindatshana, izincwadi zabafundi kanye nezifundo eziningi zobuqambi uJoyce noWilliam Shakespeare.
Bambalwa abantu abaziyo, kepha umbhali odumile wayewuthanda umculo. Ngokwezinto eziphilayo, iBurgess kwesokunxele 175 isebenza, phakathi kwazo kukhona i-ballet, symphony kanye ne-opera.
I-Bibliography
- 1949 - "Umbono Wempi"
- 1956 - "Isikhathi seTiger"
- 1958 - "Isitha Ngaphansi Kwe-Bedspread"
- 1960 - "Ilungelo Lokuphendula"
- 1960 - "UDkt. Bolen"
- Ngo-1961 - "Ukuvuselelwa Kwama-One-Handed"
- Ngo-1962 - "I-Clockwork Orange"
- 1962 - "Imbewu Yempi"
- Ngo-1963 - "Mnu. Ederby kusuka ngaphakathi"
- Ngo-1963 - "Uju lwamabhere"
- Ngo-1976 - "Indlela Ende Yokuphuza Itiye"
- 1979 - "Umuntu WaseNazaretha"
- 1988 - "I-Iron, Rusty Iron"