I-Biograge
Ekhulwini lamashumi amabili, iprosesi kwakuyinto eyingqayizivele yobuciko nobuhle futhi yokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha okuhle, futhi abalobi babenza ubuhlakani benkampani, kodwa ke kwenzeka okuhlukile. Inombolo yabo ifaka umlobi futhi i-playwright evela eFrance Jean unkosikazi.
Imisebenzi yakhe ayinazo izifaniso ezincwadini zomhlaba zaleso sikhathi. Ingqikimba ethile ekhethekile yemisebenzi kankosikazi wayo yaba ngumphumela wendlela yakhe yokuphila enzima. UJean wanamathela esikhundleni sokuziphatha okubi, okubonakala kuwo wonke umsebenzi wezincwadi. Ngenxa yalokhu ngokungafanele umbhali, ukubuka konke kokugxekwa kwamukele kahle wonke umsebenzi wakhe kunkosikazi wakhe.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Unkosikazi kaJean wazalwa ngoDisemba 19, 1910 eParis. Kubaba womlobi, i-biography ithule, ubuntu bakhe alaziwa. Unkosikazi kaCamila waphelelwa ukugula kakhulu kwengqondo. Lapho kuzalwa uJean, uCamila wamnika indawo yokukhosela (umfana wayenezinyanga eziyisithupha kuphela). Ngokushesha ingane yamukela umndeni ompofu.
Ukukhula kukaJean kuvame ukusho ukuthi wayethanda abazali bakhe bokutholwa. Ngokweminye imithombo, umndeni wamvula, ukwamukela uJean, kwakuwumbhangqwana wobungqingili. Ngiseyingane, umfana waletha izinkinga eziningi. UJean ekuqaleni kwakukhona ingane elalelayo, wayehlala ehambela izinsizakalo zesonto njalo.
Lapho uZhana eneminyaka eyishumi ubudala, isiqephu esingathandeki senzeka empilweni yombhali wesikhathi esizayo. Phambilini, ingane elalelayo yasolwa ngokweba abazali bayo okwakungokwawona kuphela abantu abaseduze. Uma ucabanga ukuthi wasolwa ngokungenangqondo futhi engalungile, ngoba uJean wathuka. Lesi sigameko sashiya uphawu olujulile emphefumulweni womfana futhi alulimazi.
Kusukela lapho, indlela yokuziphatha kukaJean isishintshe kakhulu. Waqala ukweba, lapho umfana obekumele abekwe khona kwikholoni yabantwana, lapho umkakhe ephunyuke khona. By the way, abukho ubufakazi bemibhalo bokuhlala kombhali wesikhathi esizayo ejele engagcinwanga - ngaphandle kwesithombe esihlanganyelwe, kepha cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba ufunde kusuka kuntsha engama-60 ngezingubo ezifanayo.
Umfana uyisithonjana, ucela, wanamathela waze wahlanganyela ebufebeni. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubungqingili wachuma eYurophu, naseJean, ngaphandle kokucabanga, waqala ukuthengisa umzimba wakhe kubantu abadala. Lesi sikhathi sempilo yakhe sachazwa kamuva encwadini ye-autobiographical "VOR Diary". Ngo-15, le nsizwa yayisejele ngenxa yokweba, kodwa kwaba isilwane ngenxa yesipiliyoni sakhe sobungqingili.
Ngo-18, insizwa yokuphunyuka ejele, yabhalisa ekuxhumaneni kwamasosha okubandakanya izakhamizi zezinye izifundazwe. Kepha isiyalo samabutho asishintshanga imikhuba kaJean - wantshontsha izinto zesikhulu futhi washiya. Ngemuva kokuba insizwa iye yavela kaningi ngemuva kwe-grille yokweba futhi ingamanga amadokhumenti. Emishweni yejele, yonke impi yezwe yesibili yadlulisela kumkakhe.
Into yokufunda
Ukuhola indlela yokuphila engagcwele iqiniso, kungabi nemfundo, ukusuka ekufundeni kuya ekuboshweni nasemuva, ngawo-1940, umkakhe wavula ithalente lokubhala futhi waqala ukubhala izincwadi. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1930s, uJean wahlanganisa ubudlelwano obuseduze ne-faurice Pillorzh. Wahlangana nentsha ebuthweni. UMaurice waphanga wambulala umlingani wakhe ngegama lika-Eccudero, okwathi kamuva wagwetshelwa ukufa. Le ndaba iphefumulelwe uJean unkosikazi ukudala inoveli yokuqala "intokazi yethu yezimbali."
Ukwazi umlobi kanye ne-playwwright futhi u-Andre wensimu ye-guyoma isibindi wanikeza umkakhe ukudlulisela emhlabeni wezincwadi. UJean Jean nommemezeli uJean Decarnal, owasiza umkakhe ukuba ashicilele izincwadi zakhe. Kamuva, uDedariani nomka-Decarnain baba ngabathandi. Abalandeli bokuqala, bese kubangani baka-Wrirds bangene abalobi abadumile baseFrance njenge-Sartre, eCokto nabanye.
Isenzo sokugcina somlobi esasiyoba ukwebiwa kwencwadi kaRosel, eyasabisa ngokuboshwa impilo yonke. Ukujwayela okunethonya emibuthanweni yezemibhalo kwasiza umkakhe ukuthi agweme isijeziso esisemthethweni, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho uJean wawa ngokuphelele ezincwadini. Ngasikhathi sinye, Izincwadi zikaJean uqobo azifundanga, zikucabangele akunangqondo. Ukuthambekela kokubi nezinkabi, uJean wayevame ukutshelwa ukuthi umkakhe ukweleta utshani bomjaho (ngonkosikazi "waseFrance) - bathi, ebuntwaneni bakhe watholakala ensimini, waqothula umkakhe, waqamba umkakhe, waqamba umkakhe ukuhlonipha lesi sitshalo.
Konke ukusungulwa okubhaliwe kombhali kuyincazelo yesici esibi kakhulu somuntu, ukuvezwa kobuzenzisi bomphakathi, incazelo yezwe lamasela, izifebe kanye nobungqingili. Naphezu kokuntuleka kwemfundo nokukhuliswa okunjalo, uJean unkosikazi wayenobuhlakani obumangalisayo nethalente lakhe lezincwadi: Ulimi lwakhe olubukhali luheha umfundi, kepha akekho omunye oshiya ukunganaki.
Ngemuva kwempilo, baba ngumlobi odumile, uJean akakaze abe namahloni ngesithombe sakhe esidlule nendlela yokuphila, waholela ebusheni bakhe - kunalokho, waze waqhosha ngenkululeko yakhe, wabiza inkululeko yakhe, wabiza inkululeko yakhe, wayibiza ngenkululeko. Encwadini ethi "I-Our Lady of Floels", uJean, ngaphandle kokucasha, ukhuluma ngokuningiliziwe ngempilo yezifebe - ubungqingili. Izingcezu ezihlukile zencwadi ye-Autobiographical, umbhali wabhala amaqhawe awo, maqondana nalowo mfundi unzima ngokwengeziwe ngokwengqondo ebona umsebenzi.
Kodwa-ke, uma ungaqondakali ngemininingwane engcolile futhi engcolile yesakhiwo, emisebenzini yomkami ufihle incazelo ejulile yefilosofi. Umbhali emisebenzini yakhe uthinta ingqikithi yesizungu somuntu endaweni yonke, ukukhetha okuhle, ukuxhumana nomphakathi.
Futhi ingqikithi yobungqingili ezincwadini zikaJean iyinselelo ethile yokufaniswa kuNkulunkulu nomuntu ojwayelekile, ohlangana nayo ingxabano yezenhlalo - ukweba, ukubulala, ubufebe kanye nezinye izinhlangano zenhlangano. Ngasikhathi sinye, umkakhe uhlala egcizelela isimo sokusetshenziswa kokuziphatha komphakathi nangemibhalo yaso yemibhalo, nasensimini.
UJean-Paul Sartre ungumngane osondelene nonkosikazi kaJean - wanikezela incwadi ehlukile kankosikazi wakhe futhi ahlaziye ubuhlakani bakhe. Umsebenzi weSartre, kanye nokwamukelwa yiNhlangano Yethalente Lemibhalo le-Ascelial element for Jean ngokushaqeka kwangempela, ngenxa yalokho aphethwe ngokuziphatha futhi amisa.
Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1950, umkakhe wanyathelisa imidlalo eminingana, okwathi kamuva kwafakwa izigcawu zezinkundla zemidlalo yezwe. Umbhali usebenze ngokuzimela ezimweni zemikhiqizo futhi waze wacosha, ayeke yonke imizamo ngabaqondisi ukuhumusha umbhalo womthombo wokuqala ngendlela yabo.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali, imibhalo emibili yesikhashana ngokuphila kwakhe nomsebenzi wakhe yasuswa. Ifilimu elifushane elithi "Ingoma Yothando", umqondisi wayo akhuluma ngaye uqobo, wayengumlingiswa ongokocansi ngokweqile, ngakho-ke ngaleso sikhathi akuzange kuphume, futhi umqondisi ngokwakhe wawufisa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Njengoba kunikezwe isiphetho esinzima sikaJean, ukujwayelana kwakhe nomhlaba wothando lwasekuseni kakhulu - ebusheni, umfana wavula izithako zobungqingili ngaphakathi kuye. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukuvinjelwa kobudlelwano bobungqingili eYurophu sekususiwe, kanti uJean wakhombisa obala ukuvezwa kwakhe okungajwayelekile. Njengoba kungumama oshiywe, bese ephunyuka kubazali abangabazali, uJean wahlanganyela ebufebeni.
U-Jean unkosikazi, uma engakhushulwanga, akukaze kufihlwe ukuthi yiba yini uGay. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wancoma obala ubulili beNazi, ngenxa yokuthi umbhali wavinjelwa ensimini yeSoviet Union. Njengoba kunikezwe ukuqondiswa kwezocansi kukaJean unkosikazi, umkakhe nezingane zakhe akukaze kube khona, njengoba kunjalo, nobuhlobo obude nomlingani waphakade.
Phakathi kwabalingani abasemthethweni bakaJean Kwakunezibalo eziningi zomphakathi nabalobi, umkakhe akazange ahlukaniswe empilweni yangasese. Uthando lokugcina lomlobi kwakuyindilinga eseceleni yesekethe ka-Abdul. Kepha ngokushesha nje emva kokuqala kobudlelwano, isekethe senziwa ukuzibulala, ngenxa yalokho umkakhe ayecindezelekile. Kusukela lapho, umbhali akazange abhale eminye imisebenzi.
Ukufa kukaJean Female
Maphakathi nawo-1980 kwathi kwaziwa ukuthi umlobi obomvu ugula kakhulu. UJean, ohlupheke ngesifo se-oncological, waphila e-morocco eshibhile eshibhile. Lapho bathola isidumbu sombhali, oshone ngo-Ephreli 15, 1986. Ngokusho kwentando kankosikazi wakhe, amalungelo obunikazi amalungelo okusebenza kwakhe angawomthandi wakhe wokugcina wama-Arabhu.I-Bibliography
- 1942 - "Ihlobo"
- Ngo-1944 - "I-Our Lady of Flowers"
- 1946 - "Isimangaliso Mayelana Rose"
- 1947 - "Ukugubha Umngcwabo"
- 1947 - "Okukhulu"
- Ngo-1947 - "Carel"
- Ngo-1949 - "Ukugadwa Okuphezulu"
- 1949 - "I-VOR Diary"
- 1955 - "SUYANI"
- 1956 - "I-Balcony"
- 1959 - "Negro"
- 1961 - "Ama-Shutters"