I-Biograge
I-biography kaWilliam Berrowza iyinhlanganisela, izehlakalo ezibonakala zingahambelani, izenzo namanye amaqiniso. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukuthola iziqu eHarvard University, omunye wababhali baseMelika abaphambili bekhulu lamashumi amabili. Ngakolunye - uYise we-Psyylism, umfutho wama-hipsters, umbulali kanye nomlutha.Ubuntwana nentsha
NgoFebhuwari 5, 1914, emndenini womnikazi wefemu elikhulu le-Flit Flimer Berrowza nomkakhe uLauro Lee bazalwa indodana yesibili. Umfana waqanjwa ngokuthi ngemuva kukaSanta - UWilliam Sew. Ngakho-ke, ezincwadini ezibhekwayo, igama lomlobi liboniswa njengoWilliam Seward Burrow II. Lo mndeni uhlala endaweni ephakeme yaseSt. Louis, eMissouri.
Umkhulu - u-CEING Bill Gates wekhulu le-19, umsunguli waseMelika, umsunguli walowo makhiqizi omkhulu we-Computer Equipment Burroughs Burroughs angeza inkampani yomshini. Kepha osuthweni akusona isicebi nenzalo yefa elikhulu akazange ahambe.
Ebuntweni, ngenxa yemvelo engasebenzi, uWilliam washintsha izikole eziningana ezizimele, wathola imfundo yasesekondari esikoleni saseTaylor. U-Odnoklassniki unikeze umfana nge-affletting, ngesinye isikhathi amagama anesizotha. I-psyche engenzi isikhali yalowo osemusha kwakuwumbono ongabonakali we-roman jack blake "awukwazi ukunqoba." UBerrowza wakujabulela umuzwa wokubambisana owavela phakathi kwabadlali, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi amaqhawe ale ncwadi ayeyimilutha nezigebengu.
Ngo-1932, umngcele wangena kwi-Faculty of British Philology Harvard University. Ekupheleni kwayo, ngo-1936 waya eVienna, lapho ukunakwa kwakhe kushintshele khona kumuthi. Ngo-1939, imingcele ibuyela ezweni lakubo, yazama ukutadisha i-anthropology eHarvard's Graduate School. Kepha angifuni ukuphila ngokwemithetho eyamukelwe ngokuvamile. Usebenze umseshi wangasese, i-distinsector, i-bartender, i-courier.
Ngasikhathi sinye, ama-berrows aqala ukubhala amanoveli wobungqingili futhi asebenzise izidakamizwa. Emsebenzini onengqondo kunazo zonke, umbhali "ongenalutho" umbhali uzobiza umlutha wakhe owonakalisayo kulesi sifo futhi ahlu lezi zidakamizwa ezikwazile ukuzama ukukhohlisa kwe-narcotic.
Izihlobo, iLungu lesikhathi esizayo se-American Academy of ACROSTS kanye nezincwadi kwadingeka zihambele i-American Academy of Arts nezincwadi, zaphenduka uWilliam. I-Burrow yenza amacala amaningi, ukubulawa okungahleliwe kukankosikazi kaJoan kuba yi-apotholes. Kepha kwakuwumcimbi owanquma isiphetho sokuguga njengombhali.
Njengoba kamuva avunywa kuWilliam kwinoveli ethi "Pudid", ukube bekungengenxa yokufa komkakhe, wayengeke abe ngumlobi. Umgodi wakukholelwa ukuthi ngesikhathi sobugebengu, izenzo zakhe zalawulwa umoya othile. Ngakho-ke, ukuze sinqobe lo moya omubi, kuphoqeleka ukuthi kusebenze njengokubhala.
Into yokufunda
Imisebenzi emisha ye-berrowza yenqabile ukushicilela ezweni lakubo. Izincwadi ezingenalwazi, ezingalungiselelwe izifundo zokufunda zingashaqisa futhi manje. Umsebenzi we-Demut "Dzhanki. Ukuvuma izono ezimiswe izidakamizwa ezingalungile "kuyisitatimende somuntu wesidakamizwa. Umlando wempilo ye-heroin umlutha washicilelwa ngo-1953 ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym William Lee.
Ukuqhubeka okuqhubekayo kwe- "Dzhanki" engqikithini yobungqingili kwakuyinoveli ethi "Pudid". Shicilela okufanayo eMelika, okhathazekile ngokuzingela kokuthatha, akubonakale kungenzeka. Incwadi yalala ngaphansi kwendwangu kuze kube ngu-1985.
Isikhathi esichithwa edolobheni laseMoroccan laseTangier, laziwa ngaleso sikhathi, ububanzi bokuziphatha kanye nokungabizi kwezidakamizwa, badideka i-berrowz ukubhala "isidlo sasekuseni esingenalutho". Igama lenoveli laqhamuka nomngani womlobi uJack Keruac, omunye wababhali ababalulekile kakhulu baseMelika, "INkosi yeHipster".
Inoveli ibhalwe yindlela "ye-mosaic" noma "indlela yokusika" futhi ingumbiko womlutha wezidakamizwa ekuncikeni, okucatshangelwe esihlokweni sokungeyona nendabuko yemicabango ye-narcotic.
Emsebenzini we-burrows ubiza imbangela eyinhloko yokulutha kwezidakamizwa. Lokhu okunamathiselwe komuntu, ukuncika kwakhe emvelweni - umndeni, osopolitiki, inkolo. Ngokokuqala ngqa, uRoman wanquma ukushicilela indlu yokushicilela i-Olimpia eParis ngo-1959.
EMelika, le ncwadi yayithathwa njengezinhlambazo futhi yakhala, yawa ngaphansi kokuvinjelwa futhi yashicilelwa kuphela ngo-1966 kuphela, bese kuphela ngemuva kwamacala. Kepha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi, ayikho inkantolo yaseMelika esethathe isibindi sokulengiswa emsebenzini wezincwadi welebula le-ilebula.
Njengamanje, "isidlo sasekuseni esingenalutho" kubhekwa njengomunye wemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yezincwadi zaseMelika engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XX. NgokukaNorman Malera, kule noveli evumile, ubuhlakani bavuka.
Isetshenziswa ngubo obolekayo "indlela yokusika" yathola abalandeli ababongayo. Indlela isuselwa kubuchwepheshe besampula emculweni. Iqembu laseNirvana lalibhala ngisho izwi lakhe kwesinye sezingoma zakhe.
Imisebenzi yakamuva kaWilliam Berrowza yabhalwa ngendlela efanayo. Ngawo-1960s, "trilogy nova", equkethe amanoveli "umshini othambile", "ithikithi eliqhuma", "kusho uNova Express". Izincwadi zazithonywa kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa kohlobo lwe-cyberpunk. Lapha okokuqala ngqa igama elithi "Hvi-Metal" liyavela.
Ngawo-1970s ashicilelwe "iLondon Trilogy" ("abafana basendle", "ama-dissoncector", "ethekwini labangcwele"). Owokuqala wabo, mayelana nentsha yabaphangi, walala phansi iculo likaDuran Duran "abafana basendle". Umculi waseBrithani Rock kanye nomkhiqizi uDavid Bowie basebenzise amathuba ezichazwe ku- "Wild Boys", i-hairstyle kanye nokwenza ukwakheka ukudala isithombe esingalibaleki.
Ngasikhathi sinye, umfutho wadonsela ukunaka kwezindlela ezincane. Ngenxa yalokho, kukhona ama-eseyi kanye nezindaba, phakathi kwazo - "incwadi yokuphefumula" (1974), "ruka" (1984), "u-Alley Tornado" (1989), "lapha ah Puch" (1979). Okulandelayo, okuxakayo ngokwanele, ekuqaleni kwavela ngesimo se-comic, kwathi kamuva bathatha ikhathuni.
Ngeminyaka yama-1980s, i-Trilogy ye- "Cities of Red Night" yashicilelwa, kufaka nenoveli efanayo namanoveli "isikhala semigwaqo efile", "Amazwe aseNtshonalanga". Igama lencwadi yesibili lathatha iLondon Indi-Rock Group "i-Poce yemigwaqo efile".
I-Autobiographical Roman "Cat ngaphakathi", eyayiphume nokujikeleza okuncane ngo-1986, inikezelwe emakati, umbhali amthanda kakhulu. Njengoba ama-berrerows ekhuluma ngomlomo weqhawe lakwaRoma, okuwukuphela komthetho ovumelana ngokuphelele nomthetho ngokuvikelwa kwezilwane.
Eminyakeni emibili ngaphambi kokushona kombhali, inoveli yokugcina "imfundo yami: Kushicilelwe incwadi yamaphupho. Ngemuva kokubhala ama-memoir, ama-berrows ashintshele ezincwadini ezilalelwayo ekwakhiweni kwawo. Ngakho-ke, kwidiski yomsakazo wedolobha elishonile, ngaphezu kokucashunwa kusuka emisebenzini, izimpikiswano zomlobi ngobuKristu nokuphawula kwalo kweBhayibheli kufakiwe.
Igama lencwadi ethi "INew Ocean" ekhishwe yizinjini zokucinga azihlobene neWilliam Seward Berroud (William s.Burroughs). Umfundi olalelayo uzophawula ukuthi elinye igama likhonjiswe kwisembozo - uWilliam E. Burrows.
Umlobi wakhangwa futhi njengomlingisi nombhali wesikrini, okubandakanya amafilimu abhalwe nguye ("kwasemini Nagishom"). Amafilimu ahlungwa ezinhlotsheni ezivela kumahlaya "wesabekayo" ("Tornado", "ekhemisi iCowboy" "Decoder").
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngaphambi kweMpi Yezwe II, uWilliam Burrow wazithola e-Austria. Nangu umqondo obhalwe phansi we-anti-fascism, waze washada nomJuda ogama lakhe lingu-Ilza Bracper ukuze amsindise emakamu okuhlushwa athathe eMelika.
Ngo-1939, uChicago Burrow waba ngokungathi sína ngezinsizwa ezigama linguJack Anderson. Umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wayefisa ukuhumushela ubuhlobo eduze. Efuna ukwenza umbono ngensizwa ethile, uWilliam wasika isithupha sakhe sakwaMizinz, wabe esebhala endabeni "umunwe".
Ngemuva kwalesi sigameko, ama-berrows afike ekwelapheni esibhedlela i-paithery whitney's Psytiatric Hospital. Ukuba khona kokuphambuka ku-cyrres ye-psyche esetshenziswe esikhathini esizayo ukuze ungakhonzi ebuthweni.
Ngo-1944, uWilliam wahlangana noJoan volver, waba ngumkakhe ongekho emthethweni. Ngo-1947, umbhangqwana wanendodana, futhi uWilliam Brerrows. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4 ephathini, umama washona ezandleni ze-burrowza Senior. UWilliam uchithe amasonto amabili ejele laseMexico. Ngokolwazi olungaqinisekisiwe, umfowabo wafumbathisa izikhulu ukuba zisindise uWilliam ngebheyili.
Ama-Berrows abuyiselwe e-USA aqala isigwebo sokubulala ngokunganaki, ngaphandle kokungenziwa endaweni yelinye izwe. Indodana yafa phambi kukaYise, ngo-1981, kusukela esibindini se-cirrhosis.
Ngo-1975, uBurrowz wahlangana noJames Gurlerfor. Iminyaka engamashumi amabili nambili, lo muntu wayengeyena umngane osondelene naye kuphela, kodwa futhi unobhala, kanye nomlobi weNanny. Ku-Intanethi ungathola izithombe eziningi zazo zombili uWilliam Berrowza, kanye nabangane bakhe.
Ukushona
Naphezu kokusetshenziswa kweminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yezidakamizwa ezisindayo, impilo engcolile yocansi, uWilliam Burrowz waphila iminyaka engama-83.
Umlobi ushone ngo-Agasti 2, 1997 kusuka ku-MyCardial infarntaction.
I-Bibliography
- 1953 - "Dzhanki"
- 1953 - "Pudd"
- 1959 - "Ukudla kwasekuseni okunqunu"
- 1962 - "Ithikithi eliqhuma"
- Ngo-1964 - Nova Express
- 1971 - "Abafana Basendle"
- 1973 - "I-Disinsector!"
- 1981 - "Amadolobha Abusuku Obuhle"
- 1983 - "Isikhala semigwaqo efile"
- 1986 - "Ikati ngaphakathi"
- 1989 - "Alley Tornado"
- Ngo-1991 - "I-Ghost Access"
- 1995 - "Imfundo Yami: Incwadi yamaphupho"