I-Biograge
Umkhuzi odumile webutho laseRussia, uNgqongqoshe onesihloko se-General Felmarshal, eyandisa amashumi ezimpi eziphumelelayo zempi ephumelelayo yempi yonyaka we-1812 kanye neRussia - uMikhail Barclay de Tolly. Le rrlord ingancintisana ngokuya ngezinga lokuthandwa ngisho no-Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov.
Amaqhinga amabutho asetshenziswa nguMikhail Bogwanovich ezimpini, agxekwa ngabantu besikhathi, kodwa inzalo yawazisa ubuchwepheshe bochwepheshe omkhulu waseRussia. Ukunikezelwa kweBarclay de Tolly kanye nokuzinikela kweRussia yakhe kubonisa amazwi endoda yezempi eqinisweni lokuthi wayekulungele ukuwela empini eBorodino, uma kungathatha ukunqoba.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Umlando wemvelaphi yomndeni weBarclay de Tolly usekelwe kwikhulu le-XI futhi ujule ezwekazini laseYurophu. UNikolai Bogdanovich Nikolai Bogwanovich uyinzalo yohlobo lwasendulo lweScotland, umlando uqala ngeRobert Barclay. URobert uqobo uyaphuma emazweni aseScandinavia. Njengengxenye yebutho le-Duke of Normany Wilhelm I Lond (Wilhelm Norman), uRobert Barclay wayeseBrithani, lapho kwahlala khona ukuhlala. Indawo yokuhlala, le ndoda yakhetha umzana ngegama legama lakhe lencwadi. Inzalo kaRobert yahlukaniswa yaba amagatsha amabili afanayo - i-barclay yeGartley (ngokushesha iyeka ukuba khona) neBarclay yeTouie. Izizukulwane ezimbalwa ezimbalwa zaguqulwa zizothambisa.
Umndeni wakwaBarclay de Tolly wakujabulela ukuthandwa yinkosi yomndeni futhi wandisa ngempumelelo ingcebo yawo, kodwa izehlakalo zezepolitiki eBrithani, ezihambisana nokufika kuka-Oliver Cromwell, waphoqa ukuthi abazalwane base-Oliver Cromwell, baphoqa iBarclay Delly Brothers ukubalekela eBrithani. Umkhulu wabamkhulu wabaphathi abadumile wahlala eRiga, lapho benza khona ezentengiselwano futhi benze amandla abo.
Ngemuva kokuthi iLatvia yaba yingxenye yoMbuso WaseRussia, uWingold Gottland (ubaba wenhlanganyelo yesikhathi esizayo) wathola isihloko senkosi. Njengoba ngikhonze empini, uWungld washada nentombazane yasendaweni uMargarita-Elizabeth von Smthanten. UMargarita wayengumJalimane ovela emsukwini, waba nesihloko esihle futhi wazalwa noma wazalelwa emndenini wabanini bomhlaba abacebile, noma emndenini wompristi ohlonishwayo.
Ngo-December 13, 1761 (Ngokwalokho ngolunye ulwazi, ngo-December 27) Emndenini kaWongld Gottland noMargarita-Elizabetheth, kwazalwa indodana. I-Biography of the Commander ayizange igcine kuphela usuku, kodwa futhi nendawo yokuzalwa kukaMikhail, kulo mcimbi kusenezimpikiswano phakathi kwezazi-mlando.
Umfana waqanjwa ngokuthi yiJalimane Master Mikhael Andreas. Kodwa-ke, ngobhapathizo, uMikayeli walithola igama elithi Mikhail. I-Patronynym Bogdanovich ixhumeke ne-etymology yegama likayise: UGottland ngesiJalimane usho ukuthi "Lo Nkulunkulu." UMikhail waba yindodana yesibili yombhangqwana osemusha.
Kusukela ngekhulu le-XVIII phakathi kwezikhulu zaseJalimane ezikhuliswe yisiko lemindeni engenazingane ukufundisa izihlobo ezincane, eminyakeni emine abazali bathumela uMikhail ekukhulisweni eSt. Petersburg, emndenini ka-Anti kamama. UColoneli nonkosikazi wakhe, eba abazali bakhe abayi-Commaller, ngenkuthalo bagcwalisa imisebenzi yabo, ngenxa yalokho umfana athola imfundo enhle yasekhaya. Ngiseyingane, umfana waba nesithakazelo emlandweni wamasosha, amaqhinga kanye nezempi yempi, wakhuluma izilimi ezimbalwa zakwamanye amazwe.
Uma kucatshangelwa okuthunyelwe nguYise wokutholwa, kanye nezintshisakalo zengane uqobo, umbuzo wokukhetha umsebenzi wawungemi kuye. Eminye iminyaka eyisithupha, uMikhail wabhalwa ezinhlwini zenhlangano yeNovotroitsky Kiraskian, eyayala uyise wokutholwa. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uMbuso WaseRussia waqala impi noMbuso Wase-Ottoman. UMichael omncane wayebheke phambili ezincwadini ezivela kuMalume futhi wazibuka inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi yezobutha.
Umbutho wezempi
Inkonzo yezempi uMikhail yaqala ngemigqa yenhlangano ye-PSKOV Carabinerian. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, le nsizwa yathola isikhundla se-cornet, kwathi eminye iminyaka emihlanu kamuva, uMikhaili weza isikhundla se-podoruk. UMikhail uvelele kakhulu ngemuva kwesizinda esijwayelekile semfundo nothando lokufunda. Kodwa-ke, leli qiniso kwakuyisizathu somona wamasosha akanye nawo empumelelweni ye-barclay de tolly. Ngemuva kwalokho uPatkul ojwayelekile wahumusha uMikhail enkonzweni eSt. Petersburg. Lapho, i-Lieutenant esencane ikhuphule izimfanelo kwiMemoram M.I. Kutuzov. UMikhail IllarionOVich wayegxile kokuqukethwe kanye nenhlala-kahle yamasosha ajwayelekile, kanti uBarclay de Tally wathatha lolu mbono.
IColonel ye-barclay encane declay delly yaba yiminyaka eyishumi kuphela yenkonzo yezempi. Ukuya kwiNkosana yaseViktor Shaloumbourgsky esigabeni sakwakaputeni, uMikhail uthole okuhlangenwe nakho kokuqala ekwenzeni izikhuthalo zangempela - impi yaseTurkey yango-1878 yaqala. Ngalesi sikhathi, iBarclay yaduma njenge-Commander ekhethekile nebandayo, ekwazi ukuthatha izixazululo ezinesisindo ngqo enkundleni yempi.
Ngo-1788, amabutho aseRussia athatha ukuhlaselwa kwe-Ochak. Ngalesi sikhathi sokusebenza, i-barclay encane yahlangana nomeluleki wakhe uKutuzov, futhi nokubona futhi ukwehluleka kwezempi kukaSuvorov nokuxaka kwakhe nge-potemm. Futhi ngenxa yokusindiswa kwePrince Aflalta Mikhail uthole umklomelo wakhe wokuqala - umyalo weSt Vladimir.
Ngo-1879, uMikhail Bogdanovich, owathola okunye ukwanda, kudluliselwe phambili kwempi yempi namaSweden. Kubulewe empini kanye noPatrin Mikhail Prince Ahalt. Ngaphambi kokuba afe, inkosana eyethule i-barclay inkemba lapho uMikhail Bogwanovich kamuva angcwatshwe kamuva entandweni yakhe.
Omunye umhlangano we-Barclay noSuvorov wenzeka ngo-1794 edolobheni laseGrodno, njengengxenye yomkhankaso wokucindezelwa ukuvukela kwesiPolish. Ngesibindi nesibindi ekulweni nabavukeli, uMikhail Bogdanovich uthole umyalo weSt George.
Njengoba sesithole isihloko sikaColoneli, ama-Barclay de toll asinda ekufeni kukaKatherine II, lapho kufika uSuvorov efanayo. UMikhail Bogwanovich waqhubeka nokuhola ibutho lesi-4 laseHanish ezifundeni zeBaltic, lapho waqhuba khona mathupha ekuqasheni futhi wabafundisa. Inkonzo ezolile yoMbusi ayiyekanga i-barclay nangokufa kukaPawulu kanye nokufika kuka-Alexander I.
Ngo-1806 kuphela, uMikhail Bogdanovich waphinda walwa nebutho lakhe, ebhekene nebutho likaNapoleon. Ngentuthuko ezimpini nge-barclay yomphikisi, umyalo weSt George wanikezwa. Ngemuva konyaka, uGeneral Mikhail Bogdanovich wakulimaza kakhulu empini. Ngemuva konyaka, ngemuva kokwelashwa kwesikhathi eside esibhedlela, uBarclay wabuyela enkundleni yempi eFinland.
Ngo-1809, i-Barclay de Tayly yenza umsebenzi wezempi, ongakaze abonwe, ngenkathi uhamba nezidumbu zakhe ze-quark eqhweni elincanyana futhi avele ngemuva esitheni. Lokhu kusebenza okuhle okuqhakazile sekuyisiqalo sokuphela kwezalo phakathi kweRussia naseSweden. Ngenxa yokuhlinzwa, insimu yaseFinland yanamathiselwa eRussia, futhi okuvamile kwaba ngumbusi wayo.
Njengoba sinesikhundla esisha, uMikhail Bogwanovich wabhekana nokubi ngaphezu kwemisebenzi yezempi, maqondana nalokho ngo-1810 waqokwa uNgqongqoshe Wezempi woMbuso WaseRussia. Esimweni esisha emahlombe, uBarclaya wabeka umsebenzi osindayo futhi onesibopho - ukulungiselela impi ngempi ezayo neFrance. Ngemuva kwesimiso saso ngokubaluleka kwenhlala-kahle yamasosha ukuze impumelelo ekufezeni imisebenzi yokulwa, uNgqongqoshe ithole ukwanda kwezimali zempi futhi yandise umbuso.
Njengoba sesifunde isu lesitha, uMikhail Bogwanovich uthuthukisa owakhe impi yokulwa, ngakho-ke amabutho akhe okwakufanele aguqukele ekujuleni kwezwe, okuphezulu ngokwelula ukuxhumana kwebutho le-napoleon nokuphumula. I-Barclay de Tolly "Scythian Strategy" yabangela inqwaba yokulahla "ekukhasheni" kwakhe ku-Tsar Alexander, kufaka phakathi okubhalwe phansi.
Kodwa-ke, amabutho aseRussia aqhubeka nokulungiselela ngendlela, eholela ekufeni kwesiFulentshi esizethembayo. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi ezindleleni eziya kuSmolensk, amaFulentshi aqala ukukhuthazelela ukwehlulwa, ingcindezi esenkosini engxenyeni yamajene kanti abantu ababuphofule, futhi u-Alexander uphoqeleka ukuthi asuse uMikhail Bogwanovich ehhovisi. Ibutho laliholwa nguMikhail Illrianovich Kutuzov. Futhi, i-barclay yagcwalisa inkosi ukuba yayixosha empini, impendulo ayengayilindi.
Kamuva, uMikhail Bogwanovich wabhala ukuthi isifiso sakhe esiyinhloko empini yaseBorodino sasihlala enkundleni yempi phakathi kwabawile. Amathemba alo awamiselwe ukugcwaliseka, kepha isibindi sikaBarclay sabuya indawo yamajene namasosha ajwayelekile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UMikhail Bogwanovich wacabanga ukuthi umsebenzi wakhe enkonzweni, ngakho-ke umphathi wayengenasikhathi sokuphila kwakhe. Kodwa-ke, ngo-1791 wasashada nomzala u-Elena Agaguus Eleonor von SMITTINEL. Emshadweni u-Elena wabeletha izingane eziningana, kepha munye kuphela wasinda - uMagnus ka-Agasti. Ngaphezu kweNdodana, amadodakazi amathathu angewona ama-ferrous - uCarolina, u-Ana kanye no-Catherine bakhuliswa yisiko lakudala emndenini wakulo.
U-Ernst wahamba ezinyathelweni zikayise futhi wakhetha umsebenzi wezempi, esefinyelele esihlokweni sikaColoneli. U-Ernst washada kabili, kepha akazange ashiye izingane kunoma yimiphi imishado - uBarclay de Tolly waphela kukho.
Ukushona
Ngo-1812, uMikhail Bogdanovich washiya isikhundla sokuba nguNgqongqoshe wezempi, ngaphandle kokuba nokubonga nempi namaFulentshi anqotshwe amabutho akhe. Umkhuhlane wangaphambili wangaphambili waya kuma-manor ajwayelekile ukuthuthukisa impilo. Yonke indlela ahambisana neziqalekiso nokwedelela kwabantu.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva nje kokubuyisa uMikhail Bogwanovich, baphinde babuze amanani empi, lapho ahola ngempumelelo amayunithi ngamanye emikhankasweni yakwamanye amazwe, okwanikezwa isihloko senkosi. Isiqubulo somndeni wawungamagama athi "ukwethembeka nokubekezela", nejazi lezingalo laseBarklaev liqukethe izimfanelo ezingaguquki zenkonzo yezempi kanye nokwethembeka ebukhosini.
Ebusika bango-1818, uBarclay wezwa ukuwohloka kwezempilo futhi wacela imvume yokuthola ukwelashwa eJalimane, kodwa washona endleleni ngoMeyi 14, 1818. I-Great Russian Stratestiost emazweni aseBaltic angcwatshwa.
Izithombe ze-Commander kuma-bust amaningi nezithombe zincike emfanekisweni womculi uGeorge Dow.
Ukukhumbula
- Ngo-1823 - Mausoleum Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de tolly
- Itsheni lesikhumbuzo se-Commander eYygevest, eKazan Square of St.
- Isithombe kumafilimu athi "Kutuzov", "Baghtion", "Impi Nokuthula"
- Ngo-1962 - Brand enesithombe se-barclay de toll
- 2012 - I-CBR COIN ekhombisa i-Barclay Decre