I-Biograge
Igama lembongi yesiNgisi kaJohn Donna limi emgqeni ofanayo noWilliam Shakespeare noPhilip Sakhey. Ummeleli omkhulu we-Metaphysical School ezinkonzweni wahlanganisa izimiso ze-polar. I-abbot yethempeli, okungeyona eyamaKatolika, noma isonto lase-Anglican agculise. Umlobi wezintshumayelo ngaphandle kokubukeka okukhanyayo komhlaba nezinkondlo akayona zonke zigcwele ukwakheka kanye ne-subrate. Maphakathi ne-Donna Poetry, ilele emhlanganweni weRenaissance noBaroque, kukhona umuntu namandla ayo, inhlanganisela yomsebenzi wemizwa nengqondo.Ubuntwana nentsha
E-biography kaJohn Donna kukhona iqiniso elithandekayo - usuku lokuzalwa olunembile alaziwa. Emithonjeni ehlukene, kuboniswa ngoJanuwari 21, noma igebe kusukela ngoJanuwari 24 kuya kuJuni 19, 1572. UJohn wazalelwa emndenini womthengisi wesandla esiphakathi. Ngokusho komugqa kamama, waxoxelana neWilkrow Hew Hewawood nesazi sefilosofi, iNKOSI uChancellor waseNgilandi uThomas Maorma. Umndeni wanamathela okholweni lwamaKatolika athi ngemuva kwalokho athinte okuncamelayo kanye namathuba kaJohane.
Lapho eneminyaka emithathu, umfana wasala engenababa. Umama ushade noMongameli weRoyal Medical Academy kaJohn Simmide. Kakade eminyakeni eyi-10, uDonn wayazi isiLatini nesiFulentshi. Kubazali abangu-12 bathumela uJohane esigabeni sokuqala e-University of Oxford.
Ngalesi sikhathi, eNgilandi, washaya amandla omoya wokushintshana, kwathi ngo-1586 le nsizwa yaya eTrinitity College yaya eCambridge. Kodwa futhi akuzange kube ekuqaleni noma eyunivesithi yesibili engazange bathole i-juevele juwveile, ngoba yenqaba ukuthatha isifungo esiphikisana nemigomo yeSonto LamaKatolika. Isisulu sokungqubuzana kwamasonto amabili kwakungumfowabo kaJohane, uHenry, owafika ejele ngenxa yokufihlwa kompristi. UJohn wakwazi ukuqeda isikole seLincolnz Inn.
Ngaphezu kwesayensi yezomthetho, imbongi yafunda izilimi nezenkolo. Izinkondlo kanye neshashalazi zawela embuthanweni wenzalo. Kepha phakathi nasekupheleni kokutadisha, uJohn wangena ngengxenye yefa ekuhambeni nasekuzijabuliseni. UDonn wayehlala eSpain, eFrance nase-Italy iminyaka eminingana, lapho afunda khona amasiko nezilimi zalo mazwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wahlanganyela eWalter Rali's Pirate Adventures, omunye wabaholi bokunqotshwa kwe-Armanish Armada, noRobert Devroe, i-Essex Graf.
Ngo-1601, uJohn wakhethwa yiphini lendlu yendlu yama-commons. Kusukela ngo-1605 wasebenza njengombhishobhi womsizi kaThomas Morton, umbhikisho ongenamasosha noMlobi wemisebenzi, ake ucabange ngamaRoma Katolika. E-1610 inyuvesi yase-Oxford, inkosi ye-Master of Arts yabela iNkosi. Ngomhla zingama-1615, uJohn waqokwa njengeCellellane yeNkosi Yakov. Ngonyaka kamuva, uDonn wathola uprofesa wemfundiso wezenkolo e-Alma Mater - Isikole uLincolnz-Inn.
Into yokufunda
Abaphenyi bobuhlakani bakaJohn Donn bafinyelela esiphethweni sokuthi imbongi iqale ukubhala izinkondlo ekuqaleni kwama-90 ekhulu le-XVI. Kepha ngesikhathi sokuphila komsebenzi ababengashicilelwanga, izintshumayelo ze-prose nezenkolo zaziwa kakhulu. Umsebenzi wakhe wokuqala we-Saterical uqala emuva ku-1593. "Encwadini kaSatir Donna", umbhali wazama ukuphikisisa ukuzimela kwezwebulezwe okubangelwa ukuqina kwesonto, afune iphuzu lokusekelwa empilweni.
Ngo-1597 ezinyathelweni zohambo ku-Azores zibhalwe ngokuthi "isivunguvungu" kanye ne- "shtil". Into yemvelo yabonisa ukugcwala kukaJohn okuba khona komuntu, ngaleyo ndlela iqinisa le nsizwa okholweni kuNkulunkulu.
Ngesikhathi senkonzo kwaSir Thomas, imbongi yathola ukufinyelela okuphezulu kakhulu. U-Elegy wabhalwa nguye, ama-sonnets ayethandwa ngeBeaujda. Umbhali wathola abashisekeli obusezingeni eliphakeme, inkosi yaseYakovi ngabiza inkondlo kaDonna Divine.
Ngo-1601, uJohn Donn wabhala 'ukuvalela, ukwenqabela ukudabuka' okunikezelwe kumkakhe. Lesi ngesinye sezinkondlo zothando ezaziwa kakhulu. Akufanele kwembulwe kangcono yinto ekahle yothando lwembongi futhi ikhombisa amasiko othando lwezingoma zothando lweRenaissance.
Umndeni omkhulu nobunzima bezinto ezibonakalayo obukhona bubuyise uDonna enkolweni futhi bagqugquzele ukubhala "La Corona" kanye "neSconered Sonetov". Kepha uma umjikelezo wokuqala kusekhona isisusa esijabulisayo esijabulisayo, khona-ke indatshana yesibili ivunyelwe ngokudangala, ukuhlupheka, ukuphenduka impilo ngaphandle kukaNkulunkulu. E-SONNETS, uJohane wazibona esenguFakazi wezikhathi ezivela empilweni kaKristu neNtombi Enyulu uMariya.
Ngo-1607, uJohn, ebhekana nenkinga yangaphakathi, waqala ukubheka impikiswano yokuzibulala. Izithelo zomcabango zaziyinkomba "Biatanatos". Ukuba ngummeli, uDonn wasondela ekunciphiseni impilo njengenye yezindlela zokubulala.
Umbono wakho wesithombe somhlaba awuchazwanga ngonyaka wokuqala "obhalwe uku-oda. Ngasikhathi sinye, iziphetho ezitholwe ngesikhathi sokuzindla kwakhe zifihliwe njengokuhlukaniswa okuhlukanisayo kubantu okubangelwa iNguquko yeSonto.
Kwi-1611th eshicilela inkomba enkulu "u-Ignatius kanye nesiphetho sayo", aqondiswe kumaJesuits. Le ncwadi yanikezwa indumiso enkosini yaseYakov I. enkondlweni ethi "Isikhumbuzo Sesibili", enyatheliswa ngo-1612, uDonn wazibuza ukuthi umphefumulo wawukuyini lokho akudingayo. Futhi kwafika esiphethweni sokuthi umuntu ngeke athole impendulo engqondweni eyodwa.
UJohn waheha amaphamfulethi akhe izihloko zenkolo. Inkosi yathola ukuthi umshumayeli omuhle uzophuma kuJohane. UDonn walimaza ukugcizelela kwathi ngo-1615 wamukela umpristi weSan. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, wathola isilinganiso semfundiso ye-DR. i-University of Cambridge. Kepha ngaphambi kokwamukela iSan John kwadingeka ukuba zinqobe: Wayazi ukushiyeka kwakhe futhi wakholwa ukuthi akukufanele ukumiswa. Ukungabaza uJohane wachayeka enkondlweni ethi "Kuhle NgoLwesihlanu", kubhalwe entwasahlobo 1613.
Kusukela ngo-1621st uJohn Donn - The Abbot of the Cathedral of St Pubral eLondon, elinye lamakati amakhulu kakhulu eYurophu yesikhathi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngonyaka we-16222 omiswe ijaji lomhlaba jikelele eKent naseBedordshire, umahluleli weRoyal Commission ezinkantolo zeSonto. Ngalesi sikhathi, inkazimulo yomunye wabashumayeli abahle kakhulu be-Era yeza kuJohane.
Ekupheleni kuka-1623, uDonn wayegula kakhulu. Ukuba phakathi kokuphila nokufa, uJohn akayekanga ukusebenza, ukuhlola uhlobo lomuntu. Owokugcina kwesibonakaliso umsebenzi wefilosofi "ukunxusa uJehova ngehora nangezinhlekelele."
Incwadi ifaka izigaba eziningana. Yilowo nalowo uqukethe izingxenye ezintathu: "Ukuzindla", "kukhuthaza" kanye "nomkhuleko". Mhlawumbe amagama adume kakhulu avela entshumayelweni - lokhu
"Akekho umuntu owayezoba njengesiqhingi, ngokwawo, wonke umuntu unengxenye yezwe, engxenyeni ye-sushi ... Ukufa kwawo wonke umuntu kuyancipha, ngoba ngingomunye onabo bonke abantu, ngakho-ke mina Ungabuzi, izingcingo zensimbi: uyakubiza ".Amagama avela enkonzweni yomkhuleko asetshenziswa yi-Ernest Hemingway egameni lenoveli ngempi eSpain.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukubuya ngo-1598 ohambweni, uJohn wangena kuNobhala Wenkonzo Egcekeni legceke elizabethe mina, umgcini weNkosi uSir Thomas Ejerton. Ngaphambi kokuba le nsizwa yavula ithemba elikhulu. Kepha ngo-1601, uJohane waphuthelwa leli thuba, ngasese ushade nomshana womqashi u-Anna Mor.Ngemuva konyaka, inkantolo ikuqinisekisile ukuba semthethweni komshado, futhi ngo-1609 kuphela, ubaba ka-Ana wahlukunyezwa ngomshado ongalingani nendodakazi yakhe. Abalingani bahlala efeni lomfazi wesifazane. Umzala u-Anna, uSir Francis Walley, wathatha uJohn kwinkonzo.
Cishe minyaka yonke izingane izingane zivele emndenini, kodwa kusukela ngo-12 zisindile eziyisishiyagalombili. Ukuqamba ingane yokugcina ngo-1617, kusho u-Ana. Mhlawumbe ukufa kwezingane noma okunye ukuhlupheka okungokomoya kwaholela Donna kusuka ku-Katolika ku-Anglican Church
Ukushona
Ngo-1630, uJohane wandisa lesi sifo. I-abbot yesonto laseSt. Pawula yafa ngo-1631. Kungcwatshwe lapho.
Umdwebi we-Donna wafakwa ngaphezu kwethuna, wadalwa yimiyalo yakhe ngaphambi kokufa.
I-Bibliography
- 1601 - "Farewell Ukuvimbela Usizi"
- 1607 - "La Corona"
- 1611 - "U-Ignatius kanye nesiphetho sakhe"
- 1612 - "Anatomy Omhlaba"
- 1624 - "Izikhalazo eNkosini ngehora nangezinhlekelele"
- 1631 - "I-Duel"