I-Biograge
Isitha sombuso weStalisast kanye nobukhomanisi, umvikeli weDemocratic Socialism, owalwa eMpini Yezwe II ohlangothini lwe-USSR, lo mbhali waba ngomunye wabantu abaphikisana kakhulu nesikhathi sakhe. Njengoba sebehlelele umbango wokulwa nomphakathi, okwakufunwa kakhulu ngakho, yena uqobo wabhala ngaye ukuthi umuntu ongamaziyo kulomhlaba nangesikhathi.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Eric Arthur Blair (ukudala i-pseudonymtyre george Orwell) wazalelwa edolobheni laseMotihari (BIHAR, India) ngoJuni 25, 1903. Ubaba ka-Erica wakhonza njengesikhulu eMnyangweni, owawulawula ukukhiqizwa nokugcinwa kwe-opium. Mayelana nonina womlobi wesikhathi esizayo biography uthule. Ngokusho kwezwe, umfana wakhula emkhayeni ogunyaziwe: ebuntwaneni naye wazwelana nentombazane emndenini ompofu, kodwa umama wakhe wamisa ukuxhumana kwawo, futhi indodana yakhe ayizange ifune ukumhambisa.
Eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili wangena esikoleni sesiNgisi kubafana, lapho afunda khona kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-13. Lapho eneminyaka engu-14 ubudala, u-Eric wanqoba umfundaze wokuqala, ngenxa yalokho angena esikoleni sangasese saseBrithani sabafana - i-Ion College. Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu esikoleni, u-Eric Arthur wangena kwinkonzo emaphoyiseni aseMyanmar (ekuqaleni kweBurma). Okudumele ohlelweni lwezepolitiki lomphakathi wanamuhla, uBlair waya eYurophu, lapho ayehlala khona lapho esebenza umsebenzi onamakhono aphansi. Kamuva, lesi sigaba sombhali wakhe wokuphila sizobonisa emisebenzini yakhe.
Into yokufunda
Njengoba esontekile ithalente lemibhalo, uBlair wathuthela eParis futhi wahlanganyela ezincwadini zokubhala. Lapho, wanyathelisa indaba yokuqala "enezinto zikaLicha eParis naseLondon," lapho achaza khona ukufika kwakhe ngesikhathi sokuphila eYurophu. E-UK, umlobi uyisithonjana, naseFrance, izitsha zensipho ezindaweni zokudlela zaseParisian. Uhlobo lokuqala lwencwadi lwabizwa ngokuthi idayari yesitsha sokugeza futhi sachaza impilo yombhali eFrance. Kodwa-ke, umlobi wathola ukwenqaba umshicileli, okwathi ngemva kwalokho wafaka ama-adventures eLondon encwadini futhi waphendukela kwenye indlu yokushicilela, lapho adilika khona nokwenqatshwa.
Kungumzamo wesithathu kuphela, osolwaphikazi noMshicileli uViktor Holland ulinganise umsebenzi we-blair futhi wamukele umbhalo wesandla ophrintiwe. Ngo-1933, le ndaba yashicilelwa, iba ngumsebenzi wokuqala kwaphela enye indawo engaziwa uGeorge Orwell. Lapho kumangaza umlobi, abagxeki baye basabela kahle emsebenzini wakhe, kodwa abafundi abengaphuthumisi ukuzungeza ukujikeleza kwencwadi.
Umcwaningi wokwakheka kwe-Orwell V.Nedoshivin waphawula ukuthi u-Orll, wadumala ngohlelo lwezenhlalo, wavukela umbuso esibonelweni segrafu yeTolstoy. Kwathi ngo-1933 umlobi ngokwakhe wathi uzizwa eyisihambi emhlabeni wanamuhla.
Ukubuyela eNgilandi kusuka eSpain ngemuva kokulimala, u-Orwell wajoyina amazinga eqembu labasebenzi elizimele, elisekela ukuthuthukiswa kobusoshiyali. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukugxekwa okubukhali kombuso wobushiqela we-stalinist kwabonakaliswa ekubukeni komhlaba komlobi. Ngasikhathi sinye uGeorge ukhiqiza umsebenzi wakhe wesibili - izinsuku "zenoveli eBurma."
Ngokokuqala ngqa, umsebenzi unyatheliswa endaweni yase-United States. Le ncwadi ibuye ibonise isikhathi esithile sempilo yombhali, ikakhulukazi, inkonzo ePhikweni Lamaphoyisa. Umbhali waqhubeka nalesi sihloko ezindabeni ezithi "Ukubulawa Kwe-Hanging" futhi "njengoba ngangidubula indlovu".
Ukubamba iqhaza kwethamo endaweni yaseSpain ezinhlwini zeqembu le-Orewoll Marxist elichazwe endabeni eyaziwayo ye- "Memory of Catalonia". Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, umbhali wenziwa ohlangothini lwe-USSR, naphezu kokwenqatshwa kombuso womholo weSoviet I.V. Stalin. By the way, egxeka inqubomgomo ye-USSR emisebenzini yezemibhalo kanye nasezindaweni ezingakaze zivakashele iSoviet Union, futhi izinsizakalo zobuhlakani baseBrithani futhi bamsola yena ngobuhlobo bezepolitiki namaKhomanisi.
Ekupheleni kwebutho kanye nokukhululwa kwe-Europe kusuka kumaFascist, o-Orll wabhala "i-Dvor yezepolitiki" engezansi ". Abacwaningi be-George Creativity Abaphenyi bacabanga ngesisekelo sendaba. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, kucatshangelwa umhlaba womlobi, abagxeki bemibhalo bathi igceke le-livetle liphika izehlakalo ze-1917 Revolution eRussia nasezenzakalweni ezalandela. Indaba igqamile futhi ihlolwe ngokusobala ukuthi umbono we-elite elibusayo ushintsha kanjani ngesikhathi sokuvuselelwa.
Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ngemuva kokunqoba kwe-USSR eMpini Yezwe II, imibono yezepolitiki ka-Orll iye yashintsha izinguquko eziningi, futhi le ndaba ingakhombisa izehlakalo e-UK. Naphezu kokungafani kwabagxeki nabaphenyi, le ndaba yashicilelwa eSoviet Union kuphela ngesikhathi sokwakhiwa kabusha kwezikhathi zokwakhiwa kabusha.
Lesi simo sasisuselwa esimweni segceke lezinkomo, lesi simo sasingufakazi woFakazi wakhe wawukungumlobi. Edolobhaneni laseNgilandi, uGeorge wabona umfana ngenduku shayela ihhashi lakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho u-Orewell waqala wavakashela umbono wokuthi uma izilwane zinokwazi, bekuzolangazelela ukuqeda ingcindezi yomuntu obuthakathaka kakhulu.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emihlanu, uGeorge Orwell wabhala inoveli eyamlethela inkazimulo yezwe. Le yincwadi ebhalwe ngesitayela se-anti-nighwopia. Lolu hlobo lwangena ngemfashini phambilini, ngemuva kokufinyelela eRoma lase-Aldos Huxley "ezweni elisha elihle". Kodwa-ke, uma uHuxley egijima phambili phambili, echaza izehlakalo zekhulu lama-26 futhi ugxile ezinhlangothini zomphakathi kanye nohlelo lokusebenzisa, khona-ke i-eroxell izoma encazelweni yombuso wobushiqela - isihloko esinentshisekelo umlobi asathandayo Ukuqala kwendlela yokudala.
Abagxeki abaningana bemibhalo basola i-Orwell ekubunjweni kwemibono eboniswe kwinoveli yomlobi weSoviet Zamyatina "We", futhi esikebheni sikaGeorge ngempela kunemininingwane yethu ngokususelwa emibonweni ye-Tine . Sekuvele ngemuva kokufa komuntu ngenxa yenoveli, kwasuswa amafilimu amabili angaziwa.
Kwakuvela kubaphathe ka-Orwell okwaba yinkulumo ethandwayo ethi "umfowethu omkhulu ekubhekile". Engxenyeni ethi "1984" Ngaphansi kokuthi "Mfowethu omkhulu" umlobi washo umholi wombuso wekusasa. Lesi sakhiwo se-anti-nightpia siboshwe ngoMnyango WePravda, okuthi ngosizo lwemizuzu emibili yenzondo, kanye nokwethulwa kweNovoyais, umphakathi wohlelo. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sobuthonisi, uthando olubuthaka luthuthuka phakathi kweqhawe eliyinhloko leWinston nentombazane esencane uJulia, nokho, okungamiselwe ukunqoba umbuso.
Kungani umbhali ebizwa ngokuthi amaRoma "1984", akwaziwa. Ingxenye yabagxeki baphikelela ukuthi umbhali akholelwe ukuthi ngonyaka we-1984 iNhlangano izoba nefomu elichazwe kwinoveli uma kuguqulwa izinguquko zomphakathi. Kodwa-ke, okwamukelwa ngokuvamile yinguqulo igama lenoveli elibonisa unyaka wokulibhala - 1948, kodwa ngezibalo zokugcina eziboniswe kwisibuko.
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi iNhlangano echazwe kwinoveli yayisimangaza umbuso we-USSR, le ncwadi yavinjelwa eSoviet Union, futhi umlobi ngokwakhe wasolwa ngokuhlaselwa okungokombono. Kwathi ngo-1984, lapho inkambo yokwakhiwa kabusha yayiswa e-USSR, umsebenzi wakwa-Orwell wabuyekezwa futhi wethulwa abafundi njengomzabalazo ngombono wobumbano.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Naphezu kokungabikho okuphelele kokuqina empilweni, u-Orwell wakwazi ukuthola injabulo yakhe futhi ahlele impilo yomuntu siqu. Ngo-1936, umlobi washada no-Ibline O'Shognessness. Kwakungekho zingane zakhe ezivela kubalingani, kodwa bamukela umfana ogama lakhe linguRichard Horatio.
Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, abasanda kushada banquma ukubamba iqhaza ezingxabanweni ezihlomile phakathi kweRiphabhulikhi yesibili yaseSpain kanye ne-F. FRANCO FRANCO, eyasekela uhulumeni weFascist Italy. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisithupha, umlobi walimala kabi, ngenxa yalokho angeniswe esibhedlela. Ngaphambili, orwell akakaze abuye.
Unkosikazi kaGeorge wafa kungazelelwe ngo-1945. Ukulahleka kwendoda eyodwa esondelene kungabaza umlobi, ngaphezu kwalokho, yena ngokwakhe wayenezinkinga zempilo. Ngenxa yalokho kwaKho kwe-George yakhe, wathatha umhlalaphansi esiqhingini esincane futhi wagxila ekwakhiweni kwenoveli, eyayihlelela ngayo iminyaka eminingi.
Njengoba umlobi uyisizungu, waphakamisa umshado "ongumlingani" wesifazane abesifazane abane. Ngavuma kuphela nguSonye Braunkell. Bashada ekwindla ka-1949, kodwa bahlala ndawonye izinyanga ezintathu kuphela ngenxa yokufa kokuqala kwe-Oryell.
Ukufa kukaGeorge Orwell
Ukuqagela ukuhlela inoveli-anti-nighbopia "1984", uGeorge wabhekisa enhlangothini ebukhali esimweni sempilo. Ehlobo lika-1948, umbhali waya esiqhingini esikude eScotland, lapho ahlela khona ukuqeda umsebenzi emsebenzini.
Nsuku zonke, o-Orwell wayesindayo emsebenzini ngenxa yesifo sofuba esithuthukayo. Ukubuyela eLondon, uGeorge Orwell washona ngoJanuwari 21, 1950.
I-Bibliography
- 1933 - "Amakhilogremu kaLinga eParis naseLondon"
- Ngo-1934 - Izinsuku eBurma "
- Ngo-1935 - "Indodakazi Yompristi"
- Ngo-1936 - "I-Ficus ende!"
- Ngo-1937 - "Umgwaqo oya eWigan's Berth"
- Ngo-1939 - "Ukungcolisa umoya"
- 1945 - "Star Dvor"
- Ngo-1949 - "1984"