I-Biograge
I-Cardinal Riselieu noma i-Cardinal ebomvu abaningi abaziyo incwadi ka-Alexander Duma "ama-Musketefers amathathu". Kepha labo abangafundanga lo msebenzi, cishe babukela isikrini sakhe. Wonke umuntu ukhumbula umlingiswa wakhe wobuqili kanye nengqondo ebukhali. Ubuntu beRichelieu buphakathi kwabaphathi bezwe, nezinqumo zabo zisabangela izingxoxo emphakathini. Ushiye uphawu olukhulu kangaka emlandweni weFrance isibalo sakhe sabeka emugqeni owodwa noNapoleon Bonaparte.Ubuntwana nentsha
Igama eligcwele le-Cardinal Arman Jean Du Pleb de Richelieu. Wazalwa ngoSepthemba 9, 1585 eParis. Ubaba wakhe uFrancoisu du Plebieu wayeyisikhulu esiphakeme kakhulu sokwahlulela eFrance, wasebenza eHenrich III, kodwa waba nethuba lokusebenzela bobabili uHenry IV. Umama waseSusanna de La La Tart wenzeka emgqeni. Abazali babenengane yesine. Umfana wayenabafowethu ababili asebekhulile - u-Alfons noHeinrich, nodadewethu ababili - uNicole noFrancoise.
Kusukela ebuntwaneni, umfana wahlukaniswa ngempilo ebuthaka, ngakho-ke wayencamela ukudlala izincwadi nontanga. Eminyakeni eyi-10 wangena ekolishi laseNavarre eParis. Bekulula ukutadisha, ngasekupheleni kwekolishi waphetha kahle isiLatini, wakhuluma ngesiNtaliyane naseSpain. Ngasikhathi sinye kwaba nesithakazelo emlandweni wasendulo.
Lapho u-Arman eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, uyise wafa evela emkhuhlane. Wayeneminyaka engama-42. UFrancois washiya inqwaba yomndeni yezikweletu. Emuva ngo-1516, uHeinrich III wethule isikhundla sikababa u-Arman woMuntu ongokomoya wamaKatolika, kwathi ngemuva kokushona kwakhe kwakuwukuphela komthombo wezimali zomndeni. Kodwa ngaphansi kwalezi zimo, othile kwadingeka ajoyine iSan engokomoya emndenini.
Ekuqaleni, kwahlelwa ukuthi omncane kunabo bonke abancane bamadodana amathathu babezolandela ezinyathelweni zikaYise futhi bazosebenza enkantolo. Kepha ngo-1606 umfowethu ophakathi wenqabe eBishopia waya esigodlweni sezindela. Ngakho-ke, ngo-21, u-Arman Jana du Pesi de Richelieu kwadingeka athathe lesi siphetho. Kepha esemncane kangako, iSan engokomoya ayinikezelwa.
Futhi kwaba ukuxaka kwakhe kokuqala. Waya eRoma waya kubaba ngesinqumo. Ekuqaleni waqamba amanga ngeminyaka yakhe, futhi wamukela uSan, waphenduka. Ngokushesha iRichelieu yavikela ukubhaliswa kwakhe kobudokotela ngesayensi yenkolo eParis. U-Arman Jean Du Pleb de Richelieu waba umshumayeli wenkantolo omncane. UHeinrich IV ubize yena kuphela "umbhishobhi wami". Kuyiqiniso, ukusondela okunjalo enkosini akuzange kuphumule abanye abantu egcekeni.
Ngakho-ke, ngokushesha umsebenzi wenkantolo uRichelieu usuphelile, futhi wabuyela edolini lakhe. Kepha, ngeshwa, ngemuva kwezimpi zenkolo, iLesonskaya Diocese ibisesimweni esidabukisayo - abampofu kakhulu futhi badelela esifundeni. U-Arman wakwazi ukulungisa lesi simo. Ngaphansi kokuqala kwakhe, isonto lesonto labuyiselwa, indawo yokuhlala yombhishobhi. Lapha uKhadinali futhi waqala ukukhombisa abaguqukayo.
Ipolitiki
Eqinisweni, uKhadinali Richelieu wahlukaniswa 'ngokubi' kwakhe kokubhalwa kokubhala. Wayengusopolitiki onekhono futhi ohlakaniphile. Wenza okuningi ngobukhulu beFrance. Lapho ethuneni lakhe lihanjelwa nguPeter Mina, wathi uzosinika lesi sikhonzi, uma ngabe wasiza ekuphatheni isigamu sesibili. Kepha uDuma wakulungile lapho ngiveza iRichelieu ngenoveli ngumthandi wokuxaka. U-Cardinal usephenduke umsunguli wenethiwekhi yokuqala ye-Espionage eYurophu.
URichelieu uhlangana noMaria Medici nentandokazi yakhe yaseKonchino Konchini. Ngokushesha anqobe ukuzethemba kwabo futhi abe yisikhonzi ehhovisi likamama wendlovukazi. Uqokwa yiphini leSeraty States. Ubonakalisa ubuhlakani bokuqamba izintshisekelo zabefundisi ezingaphindisela izingxabano phakathi kwama-oda amathathu. Ngenxa yobudlelwano obusondelene nokwethembayo kwendlovukazi, uRichelieu ubangela izitha eziningi enkantolo.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uLouis XIII, owayeneminyaka engu-16 ngaleso sikhathi, uvumelana nozungu lokulwa nesithandwa sikamama. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uRichelieu uyazi ngobugebengu obuhleliwe bokuphela, kepha akaxwayisi. Ngenxa yalokho, uLouis uhlala esihlalweni sobukhosi, umama uthunyelwa kusixhumanisi esiya enqabeni yeBlois, naseRichelieu - eLeson.
Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, uMaria Medici uphunyuka ekuxoshweni kwakhe futhi wakhe amasu wokugumbuqelwa yindodana yakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi. Lokhu kubona iRichelieu futhi iba ngumlamuli phakathi kwe-Medici noLouis XIII. Ngemuva konyaka, isivumelwano sokuthula sasayinwa phakathi kukanina nendodana yakhe. Vele, lo mbhalo wabhalwa kuMbhalo kanye nokubuya kweKhadinali egcekeni lasebukhosini.
Kulokhu uRichelieu ubheja enkosini, kungekudala uba ngumfundisi wokuqala waseFrance. Kulesi siposo esiphakeme, wakhonza iminyaka eyi-18.
Abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi umgomo oyinhloko wokubusa kwakhe kwakuwukucebisa komuntu siqu kanye nesifiso esingenamkhawulo samandla. Kepha akunjalo. UCardinali wayefuna ukwenza iFrance eqinile futhi azimele, efunwa ukuqinisa amandla asebukhosini. Futhi yize uRichelieu ethatha iSONI Engokomoya, wahlanganyela kuzo zonke izingxabano zamasosha, ezangena eFrance ngaleso sikhathi. Ukuqinisa isikhundla sezempi sezwe, uKhadinali usebenze ukwakhiwa kwemikhumbi. Kusize nokuthuthuka kobudlelwano obusha bezohwebo.
URichelieu wabamba izinguquko eziningi zokuphatha izwe. UNdunankulu waseFrance uvimbele i-duel, wahlela kabusha uhlelo lweposi, wasungula okuthunyelwe okwamiswa yinkosi.
Omunye umcimbi obalulekile emisebenzini yezepolitiki yekhadinali ebomvu kwakungukucindezelwa kokuvukelwa kukaHunuenov. Ukuba khona kwenhlangano ezimele lelo kwakunguRichelieu hhayi ngesandla.
Futhi lapho ngise-1627, imikhumbi yaseNgilandi yathatha ingxenye yogu lwaseFrance, uKhadinali wawathatha ubuholi bomkhankaso wamasosha kanye nenqaba yamaProthestani aseLa Rochelle yathatha inqaba eyayiphikisa. Kwabulawa abantu abayizinkulungwane eziyi-15 kuphela ababulawa yindlala, futhi ngo-1629 ukuphela kwale mpi yenkolo kwabekwa.
UCardinal Richelieu ufake isandla ekuthuthukiseni ubuciko, amasiko nezincwadi. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kwakhe, kwenzeka ukuzalwa kabusha kukaSorbonne.
URichelieu wazama ukugwema ukuhlanganyela ngqo kweFrance empini yeminyaka engamashumi amathathu, kodwa ngo-1635 izwe langena engxabanweni. Le mpi isishintshe ukubekwa kwamabutho eYurophu. UFrance waqhamuka ophumelele. Izwe likhombisile ukuphakama kwalo kwezepolitiki, kwezomnotho nakwezempi, futhi kwandise nemingcele.
Abalandeli bazo zonke izinkolo bathola amalungelo alinganayo embusweni, kanye nethonya lezinto zenkolo empilweni yombuso buthaka kakhulu. Futhi yize obomvu bengaphile ngaphambi kokuphela kwempi, ukunqoba kule mpi yaseFrance kumele kuqala kubo bonke.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi weNkosi uLouis XIII kwakuyi-Spanish Anna Austrian Infanta. Umquba wakhe waqokwa uKhadinali Richelieu. Le ntombazane yayingumbala wendwangu onamabala aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka. Futhi uKhadinali wathandana. Ngenxa ye-anna, wayekulungele kakhulu. Futhi into yokuqala akwenzayo, ngakho-ke yayala inkosi. Ubudlelwano buka-Ana noLouis bakhathazeka kakhulu kangangokuba maduze nje inkosi yayeka ukuvakashela egumbini layo lokulala. Kepha umfanisi utholile lapho, bachitha isikhathi esiningi ezingxoxweni, kodwa, njengoba kwenzeka, u-Ana akazange aqaphele imizwa yekhadinali.
URichelieu wayeqonda ukuthi iFrance idinga indlalifa, ngakho nganquma "ukusiza" u-Ana kule ndaba. Lokhu kwamholela ekuthukutheleni, wakuqonda ukuthi kulokhu uLouis ngokuqinisekile "okuthile kuzokwenzeka" futhi inkosi izoba uKhadinali. Ngemuva kwalokho, ubudlelwano babo buwohloka kakhulu. URichelieu wacasulwa ukwenqaba, no-Ana - isiphakamiso. Iminyaka eminingi, uRichelieu akazange aphumule indlovukazi, wayebeka ukucaphuna nokuhlola ngemuva kwakhe. Kepha ekugcineni, uKhadinali wakwazi ukucosha u-Ana noLouis, wabeletha inkosi yamafayili amabili.
U-Anna Austrian - kwakuwumuzwa onamandla kakhulu wekhadinali. Kepha mhlawumbe uqine njengo-Ana, uRichelieu wayewathanda amakati. Futhi lezi zidalwa kuphela ezihlaselwe ezaboshelwe ngempela kukho. Mhlawumbe isilwane sakhe esidume kakhulu sasinguLusifa omnyama wekati, wabonakala kuKhadinali ngesikhathi umzabalazo nomuntu othakathi. Kepha othandekayo kwakunguMariam - ikati elimhlophe elimhlophe. Ngale ndlela, okokuqala kwayo eYurophu kunekati ozalwaneni ngo-Angora, walethwa e-Ankara, wambiza nge-Mimi-Poinon yakhe. Futhi enye engiyithandayo yayinegama leSumis, lokho ekuhumusheni kusho ukuthi "Ukuziphatha okulula kakhulu."
Ukushona
Ngokwindla ka-1642, impilo yeRichelie yawohloka kakhulu. Amanzi okuphulukisa, noma ukuncoma kwegazi kwasiza. Le ndoda ilahlekelwe njalo. Odokotela bathola ukuthi - Purelent Pleurisy. Wazama konke okusemandleni akhe ukuqhubeka nokusebenza, kepha amandla akhe asele. NgoDisemba 2, uLouis XIII ngokwakhe wavakashela isithando esifayo. Engxoxweni nenkosi kaCredinali yamemezela lowo ozongena esikhundleni - baba nguKhazinali. Futhi, izithunywa zika-Anna Austrian noGaston Orleans bavakashelwa.
Akamshiyanga ezinsukwini zokugcina umshana weDuchess de Egiyon. Uvumile ukuthi uyamthanda kakhulu emhlabeni, kodwa akafuni ukufa ezandleni zakhe. Ngakho-ke wacela intombazane ukuthi ishiye igumbi. Ubaba uLeon weza endaweni yakhe, eyathi ukufa kukaKhadinali. URicheliete ushone ngoDisemba 5, 1642 eParis, wamngcwaba esontweni emhlabeni weSorbonne.
NgoDisemba 5, 1793, abantu abanqoba ithuna laseRichelieu endabeni yemizuzu, baphukele ethuneni ethuneni endabeni yemizuzu. Abafana emgwaqweni badlale ikhanda likamantiwali elinamahloni, othile waklebhula umunwe wakhe nge-Pernet, futhi othile ahudule imaskhi ethu. Ngenxa yalokho, lezi yizinto ezintathu ezaqhubeka noshintsho olukhulu. Ngokuhleleka kukaNapoleon III, ngo-December 15, 1866, uhlala uvuswe kahle.
Ukukhumbula
- Ngo-1844 - AmaRoma "ama-Musketeers amathathu", u-Alexander Duma
- Ngo-1866 - "I-Red Sphinx" yaseRoma, i-Alexandra Duma
- 1881 - Ukupenda "uCardinal Richelieu ekuvinjezelweni kweLa Rochelle", Henri Mott
- 1885 - Umdwebo "Phula uCardinal Richelieu", uCharles Edward Delor
- 1637 - "Imidwebo kathathu yeCardinla Richelieu", uPhilip de Champagne
- 1640 - ukupenda "uCardinal Richelieu", uPhilip de Champagne
- 1939 - Ifilimu le-Adventure "Man in Iron Mask", James waile
- Ngo-1979 - Uchungechunge lweSoviet "d'artagnan kanye nama-musketeers amathathu", Georgy Jungvald-Khilkevich
- Ngo-2009 - isenzo se-adventure "musketeers", uPaul Anderson
- 2014 - Idrama yomlando "Richelieu. I-MATLELE neGazi, uHenri Elf