I-Biograge
I-Protopop avvakum - ubuntu bukhanya futhi buyaphikisana. Umpristi, abakholwayo abadala abasungule esimweni soSanta, abasibonanga i-Halftone futhi bayekethise. Ngokwemvelo enokhahlo nokulungela "umphefumulo ukubeka izimvu, wazonda izitha futhi abalandeli bakhonzwa.
Igunya lakhe lekhulu le-XVII lalinkulu: Abalandeli babizwa nge-Avvakum ngabalungileyo nabafel 'ukholo abashushiswayo. UVelmazbi kanye nabambalwa, abanamathela ezimisweni zamahhala bazonda ukuphuma kwecala elinokhahlo. Umpristi washaywa, waphonsa emigodini engadli nokugqoka, wabhekisela eSiberia nezinkulumo ze-avvakum akazange aphule muntu - namakhosi nama-velmazby.
Enye imvelo, umlandeli onethalente nomshumayeli, ukuvumela okuyiqiniso kwe-Orthodoxy nefilosofi yendawo yokuguga - wakhombisa isibonelo, okusho ukulwela kuze kube sekupheleni.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UVvakum Petrovich Petrov wazalelwa edolobhaneni laseGrigorovo Nizhny Novgorod County ngo-1620. Isibonelo umshumayeli wesikhathi esizayo kanye nomeluleki ongokomoya wabakholwayo abadala kwakungumama. UMaria (kamuva ngangiseduze futhi ngathola igama leMarfa) laletha i-Awakum ngobulukhuni nangokomoya. Ukulandela ama-Or Orthodons amadala, ekhuluma ngemikhuleko nokuthumela okungekho ngesikhathi somsebenzi, owesifazane wakhulisa indodana yakhe 'ngokwesaba uNkulunkulu.'
Ubaba - Umpristi wasesifundeni esiyifa - washona lapho indodana ineminyaka engu-15 ubudala. Ngokusho kukaVvakum, uyise wayethanda ukuphuza, okwakuyimbangela yokufa kusenesikhathi.
Ngo-22, uVvakum Petrov ngenkuthalo ngokholo nangokunamathela ngokuqinile emthethweni kaNkulunkulu wawenziwa ngesandla eDeacon.
Impilo Nezimfundiso
Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, i-avvakum yanikeza isifunda sesonto eLopader - idolobhana laseNizhny Novgorod Province. I-pop yakudala, efuna yena kanye nomhlambi, bashaya izicubu zabasebandleni, bajezisa ngisho nezono ezincane. Kwakungekho ukuguquguquka, akukho mpofu, nama-veelmes, owanikela ngemali eningi ethempelini.
Ngolunye usuku i-harmnica encane yafika ekuvumeni ukuvuma kwe-avvakum. Ngokwezinyoni zesonto, wachaza ngokuningiliziwe izono, futhi uma ingqondo ingamshiyi umpristi, khona-ke inyama yavukela. Ukuyinika, i-POP ngemuva kokuvuma okuvusa amakhambi amakhandlela amathathu avuthayo. Ubuhlungu bazuze izifiso zesono, namalungu amakholwa inhlonipho yakhe umpristi aphindwe kabili, afinyelela ku-avvakum.
Ngezenzo zokulunga nokubambelela okuqinile emithethweni ye-Orthodoxy Avvakum yabela isihloko se-Archprinest - amaProtopopopa. Amahemuhemu ngobaba onokhahlo, ehlukaniswe yi-plump eyeqisayo, ajikeleza esifundeni. Izixuku zamakholwa ngezeluleko nezibusiso zaya kuye.
I-Protopop avvakum yaduma njenge-exorcist. Wanikwa ukugula kwengqondo futhi uyahlanya, lapho umoya ongcolile uhlangene khona. Imvamisa umpristi wabashiya "ekwelashweni" ekhaya lakhe.
Isibusiso esivela eProtopopa ye-Avvakum sabizwa ngokuthi injabulo nezinsiba, futhi sicebile. Lapho nje i-VOI Vasily Sheremethev, eyahamba ngeVolga emkhunjini, ifisa ukubona ubaba odumile. Umpristi wayiswa emkhunjini, kwathi ngemuva kwengxoxo ehlukile yeVoivo yacela isibusiso ingane yakini. UMathewu Sheremesteva waletha eProtopope avvakum, kepha wabona uhlobo lwe- "croup" lohlobo lwendoda (wazama intshebe yakhe), wenqaba ukulahla ukuqunjelwa.
Lowo othukuthele wayala ukushiya i-Awakum emfuleni, futhi isimangaliso sakwazi ukusindisa impilo - abadobi bafika ngesikhathi.
I-Ascetic kanye nomphikisi wazo zonke izinhlobo zokuzijabulisa, i-avvakum yafika yathuthuka, ibona umphakathi kwaLopatrians. Lapho i-Circuschi enamathela futhi izinsimbi zomculo zeza edolobhaneni, amaprothophu egijimela enkampanini ehlekisayo enamabhasi. I-Circus yabulawa, ithamborini noDomra iphule, ibhere elilodwa lilimele, futhi owesibili wabaleka endle.
Iphrofetha le-avvakum alizange lesabi ukuguqula abampofu, bahlala baty kanye nabampofu. Lapho umfelokazi ekhononda ukuthi indodakazi yakhe yathatha indodakazi yakhe, umpristi, engacabangi. Izithelo zashaya nge-avwakum Petrovich zibe yingxenye efile zalimaza indlu.
Okwesikhashana nje wakhonza protopop we-avvakum nase-Yuryevts-Pobetsky, lapho ahunyushwa khona edolobhaneni laseLopatinets. Umugqa oqondile womshumayeli futhi nansi imbangela yezingxabano enamaPherishioners angafuni ukunamathela kumaconons amadala hhayi imiyalo yomalusi. UVvakuma washaya batoga futhi wanyathelwa, wamsongela yena nomndeni. Amakholwa amadala agijimela eMoscow ngo-1651.
Enhloko-dolobha, amaprothophip avvakum, okwesikhathi sanamuhla, wenza ubungane noMonarch we-Fronfesfer kanye nenzalamizi yesikhathi esizayo. Ngaleso sikhathi abakhonzayo Jeserch, umpristi wabamba iqhaza ekushicilelweni kwencwadi. Lapho iProtopop ka-Ogann Catherral kaJohane yasuswa esontweni lesonto, endlini ka-Avvakum imiswa, umpristi wakhe wambuza esikhundleni sakhe.
Ngokushesha, ubungani noNikoni baphenduka ubutha: Ifilosofi ye-Orthodox ye-Avvakum yayisuselwa okholweni lwesampula endala, nenzalamizi uNikon, owathatha indawo kaJosefa, waguqula ibandla. U-Arseny Greek wavela eMoscow. Izintandokazi zeNikon zezincwadi ze-Greek Gollary, ngenkathi u-Avvakum atshelwa i-Orthodox yakudala yaseRussia. Amaprotheni ka-Avvakum aphendukela enkosini ngesicelo, lapho uNikon agxeka khona nemicikilisho yesiGreek.
Ekwindla ka-1653, izimpahla ezindala zashushiswa - wadingiselwa e-Andronikov Monastery. Endlini engaphansi kwesishizi, u-Avvakum wathembisa izinsuku ezintathu, kepha akazange anqobe. UNikon wayala ukumuncwa kokuhlubuka, kepha inkosi ayizange ivumele, ifaka esikhundleni sokuncishiswa kwesixhumanisi sikaSana ku-Tobolsk.
E-Tobolsk, amaprothophu avvakum aqhubeka nokuphazamiseka nokugxekwa kwama-niconianiasioniaianiave, akhulume ngawo eTransbaikalia. Lapho lapho umshumayeli egxeka umnikazi wesifunda - i-nerchinsky voyage pashkov. Ushaya i-avvakum wabeka ububanzi ebusika.
Entwasahlobo, ukuvukela kwanqunywa enhlanganweni, okwakuthuthela empumalanga ngeBaikal, u-Amiru kanye ne-shale. Amadodana amabili amancane ka-Avvakum afela kulo mgwaqo osindayo. Ngo-1663, amaprotheni abuyela eMoscow, lapho inkosi ibizwa khona. Imbangela yoGrace ongalindelekile yayingu-Opal Nikon. Inkosi yasikisela amakholwa amadala ukuba abe umquba, kepha wenqaba, angaboni enhliziyweni yokuzibophezela kwenkosi emithini endala ye-Orthodoxy.
Ngokushesha iphrofetha le-avvakum, futhi angizange ngicabange ukufunda intukuthelo engalawulwa kanye nesifiso sokusho konke acabanga ngakho, ngaphandle kokubheka imiphumela, kufike izitha ezintsha. Umnikazi wakudala ophikiswa ngokwezigaba esontweni, wabhapathizwa ngababili, hhayi iminwe emithathu, wayedlale isiphambano esinenhlanzeko esingu-8. Ngemuva konyaka, isihe soMbusi sathathelwa indawo intukuthelo nokuvukela, babhekisa esifundeni sase-Arkhangelsk.
Ngo-1666, uVvakum Petrovich waphinde wavela eMoscow enkantolo enkantolo phezu kweNikon. Ngemuva kokuzulazula okubi, wayelinde abantu, kodwa umshumayeli wayemi kuye. Inkantolo yesonto yathumela i-Anyakum esontweni futhi yathatha iziqu ezingcwele, yabangela ulaka nokubekwa kwe-anatema kwabaholi abaphezulu besonto.
Unyaka we-passionwater ugcinwe esigodlweni saseNuguga eduze kwaseKaluga, kodwa akazange aphule. Ngemuva kwalokho u-Avvakum wadluliselwa ku-emotorsk, esihlathini. E-SRUB, uhhafu wabhapathizwa ezweni eliyinhloko, umpristi waphela iminyaka eminingi eyi-14. Ukushumayela akuzange kuphonsekile: Ngaphandle kokuba nethuba lokukhuluma nabalandeli, umholi ongokomoya wathumela izwe kubantu abathembekile bencwadi. Ngakho-ke "impilo" edumile yavela, kamuva yabizwa ngokuthi i-autobiography yokuqala yobuciko.
Ama-mantis ageleza aya kumshumayeli, owabizwa ngokuthi oNgcwele. Kuye ngakwesobunxele, ukufihla izincwadi e-Fants. Izitatimende zikaSomlomo zigcinwe ngenxa yale milayezo eyimfihlo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Igama lamakholwa amadala adumile ahlotshaniswa nabesifazane ababili - Feodosia Morozova, ajwayelene nabantu besikhathi esinjengesoka iMorozov, kanye nonkosikazi kaNastasya Matovovna.
Owokuqala ungumfundi ongokomoya we-avvakum protopopa, njengaye, othintwe ukholo nokulimala. Wakhe - uthukuthele, ngamehlo avuthayo - kuboniswe uVasily Surikov. Njengomfundisi ongokomoya, uMorozova wafa, engafuni ukuguqula izinkolelo.
Okwesibili umlingani othembekile owazala umyeni wakhe wezingane eziyisishiyagalolunye. Ubumsulwa bomdala umdala umdala basekela impilo yakhe yonke. Njenge-Awakum, uNastasya wavuma ukudala kwakudala. Babeshade nezindinganiso zamanje ezisencane: umyeni wakhe wayeneminyaka engu-17, umkakhe uneminyaka engu-14 ubudala. Kusuka edolobhaneni elilodwa, zombili zemindeni empofu, izintandane ezihhafu.
Abashadikazi baphila, njengoba kuchaziwe kuDoodostroy: Umshumayeli wekusasa washada nentombazane eqonde ngqo kunina. Kepha uthando olungcwelisiwe: Unkosikazi walandelwa kabi ngumyeni wakhe ezinkomba nasekuzulazuleni. ESiberia, endleleni eya endaweni ebhekisele eJerobolsk, ngaphandle kokupheka izimo ezinzima, kwashona amadodana amabili ashonile.
UVvakum Petrovich wabona okuhle kowesifazane wase-Orthodox kumkakhe futhi wabiza uNastasya "osizayo ekusindisweni." UNastasya Markovna waba yisibonelo sabafazi bezindaba zodumo, abasolwa nabo bonke abadingisiwe, kwabesifazane abachazwe kabusha ngokuthula nokuzola impilo yakhe.
Encwadini ethi "Ukujezisa Ngaphandle Kwecala", u-Alexander Avdeenko wakhumbula le ndaba eyayifikile ngesikhathi sikaSontonives esibonisa ubudlelwano bombhangqwana. Ushiywe ngenye inkomba, uNastasya wabuza umyeni wakhe ukuthi, Wayezohlupheka isikhathi esingakanani ukuthi umpristi aphendula athi:
- IMarkovna! Kuze kube sekufeni."Kuhle, Petrovich, io haze phezulu."
Impendulo yowesifazane yaba uhlobo lwesiqubulo sabo bonke abafazi abahlukanisa isiphetho sabayeni bakhe. U-Anastasia Markovna washona phambi komlingani. Ukufa kwengxenye yesibili, umyeni wasinda kulukhuni: ukusekelwa okuyinhloko, umeluleki nomngane uhambile.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokufa kwenkosi, u-Alethei Mikhailovich Tron wathatha indodana kaFyodor Aleksevich, ephelele futhi egcizelela. URezero avvakum, wethemba lokuthi uzokwazi ukuchitha inkosi emkhosini ozondayo wamaGrikhi, wambhalela incwadi. Uthe wabona iphupho ngeBathyushka Alexei Mikhailovic, evutha eLellish Flame evunyelwe yi-Nikonian Doctrine.
AmaProtop angenalo ukubala lelo Jeees amnqabela "ngeHula elikhulu endlini yobukhosi" kanye nesonto lihlukana. Ophila ngesikhathi senkosi wajezisa ngonya. Ngo-1682, amakholwa amadala anabalingani baka-Epiphany, uLazari noFyodor babulawa emehlweni esixuku. Baboshelwe emakhoneni e-srub, baphonsa amalogremu namagatsha omile bese bazishisa.
I-Protopop avvakum yayazi ngokulungisa, yanikeza izincwadi nempahla ekhanyayo, yabeka ihembe elimhlophe. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi wacabanga ukuthi umlilo uyahlanzwa futhi waphinda wabiza ukuzilimaza. Wazibona emlilweni.
Ukubulawa kwenzeka ngoLwesihlanu isonto lomdlandla. Ngokwemininingwane edingekayo, lapho ilangabi lidubula esibhakabhakeni, uVvakum waphakamisa isandla sakhe ngomlomo ophindwe kabili wababaza:
"Orthodox! Uma isiphambano esinjalo sizothandaza - ngeke afe eminyakeni eyikhulu. Suka lesi siphambano, nomuzi uyoletha isihlabathi sakho, khona-ke ukuphela kuyofika lapho sekuphele! ".Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- I-Avvakum ibizwa ngokuthi ukhokho wegama lamahhala, iprosesa le-confession kanye nezincwadi ezingokomfanekiso. Ubizwa ngemibhalo engama-43, kufaka phakathi "incwadi yezingxoxo", "Incwadi Yombuthano", "Incwadi Yezincwadi Zokutolika". Umsebenzi odumile kakhulu "impilo", ukuhunyushwa kwezincwadi ezithandwa yizo namuhla.
- I-Avvakum Protopop - iqhawe lefilimu le-20 lerial nicholas lithole "ukuhlukaniswa". Isihloko esikhulu sochungechunge - izinguquko ezenziwa yinzalamizi nikon kanye nokumelana, okwakuholwa yiprotop ye-avvakum.
- Amakholwa amadala abizwa ngokuthi umshumayeli wokuqala wokuzibulala ngobuningi ezimfundisweni zenkolo zomhlaba. Eminyakeni yokuthandwa kwakhe, inani lamadiphozithi amaningi landa. Ekuqaleni kuka-1687, abantu abangaphezu kuka-2 000 bashiswa esigodini sasePalesterstyky. Ngo-Agasti 9, ngonyaka ofanayo eBerezov of Olonetsky County - ngaphezu kwe-1000.
- Izithonjana zamakholwa ezindala, ezazisebenzela i-avvakum, zihlukaniswa ngokubhalwa kwemibhalo emikhakheni, ubuso obumnyama. Ekhulwini le-XVIII, i-Orthodoxy esemthethweni yavimba ukwenziwa kwezimpawu ezinjalo.
- Ematheksthini e-avvakum agcina izitatimende ezibizwa ngokuthi "ngesiprofetho." Kuzwakale ngokukhethekile eminyakeni yokuvukela kanye nokucaphuna kwezimpi zombango eVvakum: "I-Russia ekhazimulayo kaSathane ikhule kuNkulunkulu, iyayibonisa ngokufezekiswa kwegazi."
- UM. S. svain izinkulumo zakhe e- "People's University" uhumushe i-GriGory Raspuputtin njenge "Isibhamu se-Avvakum Protopopa" endlini yeRomanov.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, isonto elidala labakholwa limbeka ebhekene nobuso bamaSanta, nasedolobhaneni laseGrigorovo ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-XX lesikhumbuzo esise-Avvakum.