I-Biograge
Inguquko enkulu yaseFrance yaqala ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaLouis XVI. Kwakungumuntu ozinikele, othembekile, kepha, njengoba kuphakanyiselwe abantu besikhathi, bethambile futhi benqikaza, abangamukeleki kumbusi. Wayesekulungele ukulahla i-Aboltutism, kepha akazange athathe izinyathelo ezinamandla zenguquko. Ukubulawa kwakhe kwakuwumhlangano womugqa obomvu obomvu phakathi koMbuso nohulumeni omusha.Ubuntwana nentsha
Inkosi yokugcina ye-oda yakudala yazalwa ngo-Agasti 23, 1754. Wayeyindodana kaDofne France Louis Ferdinand kanye nomzukulu weLouis XV - inkosi, eminyakeni edlule yokubusa kwawo ubukhazikhazi obutholakele.
Ekukhulisweni kwezingane, isikhulu nenkosazana akuzange kulandele amasiko egceke. ULouis Ferdinand ubesebudlelwaneni oshubile noyise, wakugxeka indlela yakhe yokuphila. Yena uqobo wayenobuhlakani futhi enikele. UDofin ngokungakhathali walindela ukukhuphuka kwakhe esihlalweni sobukhosi. Kodwa-ke, azange alinde. Washona eminyakeni eyisishiyagalolunye ngaphambi kwendodana yakhe, eyamiselwe ukuba yisisulu sokwesabisa okuvuselelayo, yagibela esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Umama uLouis XVI - uMaria Saxon, unkosikazi wesibili kaDofina France. Inkosi yesikhathi yesikhathi esizayo yakhula ngasemncane, yavalwa. Uthando lwabazali lugxile kumfowabo omdala. Kodwa-ke, intandokazi kaLouis Ferdinand iyinhlangano enhle, kodwa enobuhlakani futhi enonakalisiwe - egula ngesifo sofuba futhi yafa. Indodana ephakathi kukaDofina yaba yindlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi. Ebekwe eqinisweni lokuthi wathatha indawo yomfowabo, wamlandela iminyaka eminingi.
Ikusasa uLouis XVI achithe isikhathi esiningi ezincwadini. Wagcina uthando lokuba wedwa nasemnyakeni ovuthiwe. Uhlanganyele nsuku zonke kwiMathematics, umlando, isiLatini. Imiphumela yamakilasi kabili ngesonto ahlolwe ngabazali bayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bakhanga u-Louis Puty, ubulungiswa, nomusa. Ngemuva kokufa kukaYise, waba ngumuntu wokuqala eVersaille. Kepha-ke, noma ngabe sekufile umkhulu kungazange sisebenzise inhlonipho ngezihloko.
Ukubukwa komhlaba kwe-louis young young kwakhiwa ngaphansi kwethonya lemisebenzi eshumayela ukulingana kwabantu. Lapho nje efunde incwadi ethi "Telemahs" kaPhenon. Umlando weNkosi, ukhathazekile ngenjabulo yezifundo, waveza umbono wesikhathi esizayo waseFrance.
Ngokushesha umama kaLouis wafa. Yena uqobo, onegciwane kumfowethu ngesifo sofuba, wayegula impilo yakhe yonke. Okwesinye isikhathi, izinkantolo zazikholelwa ukuthi ngeke aphile isikhathi eside futhi akhulule isimo sesihlalo sobukhosi - ulele kumfowabo omncane.
Inkosi yesikhathi esizayo yaseFrance yatholakele. Noma kunjalo, kwakuyintsha ebuhlungu, ebuthakathaka. Izazi-mlando zikaLoung XVI osemusha zikuchaza njengensizwa enama-clumsy enesikhathi esinamahloni, ukudukisa umuntu nezwi eliphakeme eliphapheme. NgoLouis XV, uDofi walahleka, kwabonakala kuyethulwa kakhulu.
Ukwakheka kwemvelo yombusi waseFrance wesikhathi esizayo wathonywa yimvelo, izincwadi. Nobunye ubuhlobo noMaria Antoinetta. UDofin France washada nenkosazana yase-Austrian eneminyaka engu-16.
UBourbon noHabsburg balwa iminyaka eminingi yokubuswa. Ekugcineni, babekhathele futhi babona ukuthi isifiso sabo esingenamkhawulo sivula umgwaqo oya kuma-Dynasties amasha. Lapho-ke abaphikisi bakhumbula umbono wokwenqaba impi futhi usungule ukuthula. Lokhu kungenziwa ngosizo lwezinkontileka eziningana zomshado.
Umshado we-dauphine endodakazini ye-ampress yase-Austrian wawubaluleke kakhulu kwezepolitiki. Kwakunzima ukucabanga nge-pair engekho emthethweni. Kepha akwamukelwanga ngokuthanda kanye nezifiso zezingane zakini zemindeni yasebukhosini. Ngemuva komshado ovuthayo kaLouis noMaria-Antoinette phakathi kwama-Drownasties, umhlaba wabusa.
Ukuqala kwebhodi
Ngo-Ephreli 1774, inkosi yaseFrance yazizwa isilima ngokuzumayo. Walibangisa esigodlweni sikaTrianson, lapho odokotela bakubeka khona ukuxilongwa okudumazayo: Opa. Ngokwesiko leNkantolo yasebukhosini, umbusi akalimazi, futhi akafanga okulungile ayengenazo ama-verailles. Wathunyelwa esigodlweni esikhulu. NgoMeyi 10, 1774, inkosi yafa. ULouis XVI wasukuma esihlalweni sobukhosi.
Ukuba yiDofina France, uLouis wachitha isikhathi esiningi ekuzingeleni. Kodwa-ke, ukuba yinkosi, okwesikhashana wenqaba amakilasi akhe othandekayo futhi waqala ukuchaza izindaba lapho ayeqonda khona kancane. Inkosi eneminyaka engu-20 ubudala, njengomlingani wakhe omncane, yayijabulela uthando olukhulu lwabantu baseFrance.
Ukubona isixuku esinabantu abaningi emigwaqweni yaseParis ngemuva kokushona komkhulu wakhe, uLouis wezwa umthwalo omkhulu olele emahlombe akhe. Waphinda wadlula "uTelemach", wabe esecela usizo kungunobhala wangaphambili - ukubala kolwandle. Kwakuyiphutha eliphelele lenkosi encane.
Ulwandle lwasenzeka kuthathe umhlalaphansi ngo-1749. Ingxenye yengxenye yekhulu leminyaka, wayesesigodlweni sasePonchartren. Kuqoqwe ngokuzungeza Kwabuyiselwa, amalungu ePhalamende, ama-physictionalats. Ukubala ulwandle kwakuyinto efana nekhadinali elimpunga. Kodwa-ke, akakwazanga ukusiza inkosi encane ukuba ixazulule imisebenzi ethile eyinkimbinkimbi.
Emasontweni okuqala ngemuva kokushona kukaLouis XV, abaculi, abaculi, abaculi kanye nabathengisi babenenkinga enkulu: imidwebo yabalingani obukhulu. Ngomfanekiso we-Blond Maria-Anteitetto ubunzima kubaculi akuvelanga. Indlovukazi esencane ibivele isiShayamthetho semfashini, yayithathwa njengesampula yesitayela esiyinkimbinkimbi. Kwakungelula ukunikeza i-Royal Magigia kaLouis XVI.
Esithombeni esibonisa lo mmeleli weBourbon Dynasty, ungabona umbusi omuhle kakhulu. Kepha lesi sithombe, ngokwemithombo yomlando, sihlotshiswe. ULouis wayemude omude, enesihluku. Kusukela eminyakeni yokuqala, ngangikuthanda ukudla ngokuqinile, ngenxa yokuthi ngangikhuluphele ngokweqile.
Abaculi bekufanele bagxeke umphefumulo, okubonisa ummeleli omusha wenkosi kanye ne-slim. Wayenamahloni ahlekisayo, futhi kwakungekho lutho lwasebukhosini ngokubonakala kwakhe. Ezinhlelweni zegceke, kwathiwa ummeleli wegceke:
"Waphoqeleka ngenkemba futhi akazange azi ukuthi enzeni naye."Ukungathandi inhlonipho yasebukhosini kanye nemibono mayelana nokulingana kuye kwakha indlela yokuziphatha engahambisani nombusi. ULouis angavela enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi ngaphandle kwe-suite. Kukhulume ngokungazelelwe, kwesinye isikhathi kunamahloni. Kepha into esemqoka, ayithandayo hhayi amakilasi asebukhosini. ULouis XVI wayethanda ibhizinisi lokuphamba amapayipi, iwashi lanyamalala emhlanganweni wokusebenzela e-attic.
Inkosi kalula, ngaphandle kogalelo wempilo, ingafinyelela abantu futhi ikhulume nabalimi. Kwabangela ukugxekwa kwenkantolo. Nokuqina ngokwengeziwe kunokulahlwa kokuziphatha okubi kwandulela kwayo.
Inqubomgomo yangaphakathi nangaphandle
Abantu basheshe basakaza amahemuhemu ngokuthembeka nezinhloso ezinhle zenkosi. Into yokuqala kaLouis XVI yenziwe, yathunyelwa kuMadame Dubarry, intandokazi yandulela ngaphambili.
Inkosi yakhansele insizakalo ye-feudal, yaqeda amalungelo asebukhosini, yanciphisa izindleko zenkantolo. Uqhube ukuguqulwa kwezezimali, wenza izinguquko kuyo yonke imikhakha yempilo yabantu. Kulokhu, wasekelwa yiMulserrs - uPatriot kanye ne-Templent Mpunikazi.
Imibono emisha ayizange ithande noma abefundisi noma abefundisi. Abamele la makilasi agcinwe ngokuqinile amalungelo awo. ULouis wafuna ukunciphisa ukuhlukunyezwa, kepha akakwazanga ukuwaqeda ngenxa yokungazinzi kwakhe nokuthamba. Indima enkulu ekubambeni izinguquko yadlalwa yi-Economist nesazi sefilosofi saseTurgot.
Kodwa-ke, inkosi kwakunzima ukumelana nobukhosi. I-turgo kwakufanele isuswe egcekeni, ngemuva kwalokho umuntu owayenomkhawulo wabusa emkhakheni wezezimali. Idumela likaLouis lahlazisa kakhulu ukuchitheka kwendlovukazi. Ezindabeni zenqubomgomo yakwamanye amazwe, uLouis wayehlakaniphile kunomkhulu wakhe. Ngokwemvelo, wayengumuntu onokuthula, umnqobi akazange alwele inkazimulo. Ekuqaleni kweBhodi, wathi:
"Angifuni ukuphazamisa izindaba zezinye izifundazwe futhi ngilindele ukuthi ngeke bangiphazamise."Inguquko
NgoMeyi 1789, kwabanjwa umhlangano wezifundazwe jikelele. Isidingo sokuguqula amandla amadala sabhekwa. ULouis uhlala wangabaza, wasekela izintshisekelo zabantu, izintshisekelo zabathwali. NgoJuni 14, ukuthuthuka kwenzeka enhlokodolobha. Amandla aye emhlanganweni okhona, okwathi ngemuva kwalokho inkosi yahlala eParis. I-Flconery isiphenduke isikhalazo ukusiza e-Austria naseSweden.
Ekupheleni kukaJuni 1791, inkosi, kanye nomndeni wakhe, kwaba nokuphunyuka okungaphumelelanga. Ngemuva kokubuyela eParis, kwadingeka amukele uMthethosisekelo omusha. Izingxoxo ezilandelayo namandla aphesheya aholele ekuchithekeni kwenkosi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
E-biography kaLouis, izinkinga zemvelo obuseduze zivame ukushiwo. Futhi akunakwenzeka ngengozi. Eminyakeni eyisikhombisa yokuqala umshado, inkosi ayikwazanga ukufeza imisebenzi yomshado. Konke, ngokusho kwabaphenyi, i-Phimosis. Kungenzeka ukuxazulula inkinga ngemuva kokuthi inkosi yavuma ukuhlinzwa.
Akunakubanjiswa kuphela abamele umndeni wasebukhosini owakwaziyo ngokuhluleka ukukhokha izikweletu zeLouis. Kwaxoxwa ngakho ngabaphathi, izinceku, amaKamers, amaCavaliers, izikhulu. Inkosi yavalwa ngokwengeziwe. Akazange athande ukuchitheka kukaMariya Antoinette. Kepha wayengemnandi, wakuzwa ukuthotshiswa, futhi ngenxa yalokho kwaba nokuzivikela phambi kowesifazane, obanikazi babo bakhule ngosuku ngalunye.
Ngo-1778, indodakazi yazalelwa emndenini wasebukhosini. UMaria Teresa ukuphela komuntu wezingane zikaLouis, esifinyelele kumdala. Indodana endala yafa ejele tampl. Isiphetho somfana wesibili sisebuhlungu kakhulu. Ngemuva kokubulawa kukaLouis, amaJacobine atholakele eLouis Charles, eyishumi uCharlel of Testmony of Umama. Ngemuva kwalokho baphahlaze ubuciko obungenamntwana. Wafa ngesifo sofuba, kodwa emzimbeni wakhe, odokotela bathola iminonjana ekushayweni. Indodakazi encane uLouis ayihlalanga futhi ayiminyaka.
Ukushona
Izinsuku zokugcina zikaLouis XVI zichithe isipoti. Isiboshwa efulethini lasejele, manje wayethathwa njengenkosi emndenini wakhe. Echo kwemicimbi yaseParisian yeza kuye, kepha manje wenza njengesibukeli nje.
Inkantolo yaqala ngo-December 1792. Inkosi ikhombise ukukhishwa okumangalisayo nokuzithemba. Walalela ngesizotha isigwebo sentambo. NgoJanuwari 21, ngonyaka olandelayo, uLouis wakhuphuka njengombala. Amagama akhe okugcina:
"Thethelela wonke umuntu onecala lokufa kwami."Ukukhumbula
- Ukuhlonipha uLouis XVI, idolobha laseMelika uLiusville liqanjwe igama.
- ENante, kwakhiwa isikhumbuzo senkosi.
- Isithombe senkosi ebulasiwe sifakwe kumafilimu "uMaria-Antoinetta" (1938), "izwe elisha" (1982), "i-French Revolution" (1989), "Maria Antoinetta" (2006) .