I-Biograge
Endodaneni yezimbongi ezimbili ezinamakhono okumangazayo ngekhulu leminyaka elidlule, okuphambene nalokho, imvelo ayizange imelane. Naphezu kokuboshwa okungu-4 no-14, kuntshontshelwe amakamu aseStalin, uLev Gumilev washiya uphawu olukhanyayo ngesiko laseRussia nesayensi. Isazi sefilosofi, isazi-mlando, i-Geotagraph, isazi sesayensi yobuciko kanye nososayensi base-Orientale babeka umbono odumile bentshiseko, bathola inzalo ingamagugu amakhulu esayensi. Futhi waqamba izinkondlo nezinkondlo, wazi izilimi eziyisithupha, wahumusha amakhulukhulu emisebenzi yabanye abanye abantu.Ubuntwana nentsha
Ukuphela kwendodana ka-Anna Akhmatova noNikolai Gumeev kwazalwa ekwindla ka-1912 eVasilyevsky Island, endaweni yokukhosela eyamamatha ye-Empresdandra Fedorovna. Abazali bezingane balethe edolobhaneni lasebukhosini futhi ngokushesha babhapathizwa e-Ekateroninsky Cathedral.
Kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala zokuphila, indodana yezimbongi ezimbili yayinakekelwa ugogo wakhe, umama uNikolai Gumelov. Ingane ayizange ishintshe inkambo evamile yabazali yabazali, banikeza kalula imfundo nakho konke okukhathazayo ngomfana u-Anne Ivanovna Gumileva. Kamuva, uLevi Nikolayevich uzobhala ukuthi uMama nobaba bacishe bangaboni ebuntwaneni bakhe, ugogo wabathatha indawo yabo.
Kuze kube neminyaka emi-5 ubudala, umfana wakhulela ebumpumputhe, impahla kagogo, e-Bezhetsky District of Tver Province. Kepha ku-Revolutionary 1917 Gumilev, wesaba umlimi uthele, washiya isidleke somuntu ojwayelekile. Ukuthatha umtapo wezincwadi kanye nengxenye yefenisha, owesifazane onomzukulu wathuthela eBhezhetsk.
Ngo-1918, abazali bahlukana. Ehlobo lonyaka ofanayo, u-Anna Ivanovna wathuthela endodaneni yakhe ePetrograd. Unyaka umfana odluliselwe noyise, wahamba noNikolai Spanamanovich ngezenzo zokubhala, wahlala kunina. Kungekudala abazali baye bakha imindeni emisha: UGumilev washada no-Anna Engelhardt, ngo-1919 babenendodakazi ka-Elena. U-Akhmatova waphila nodokotela wase-Asiriya uVladimir Shileiko.
Ehlobo lika-1919, ugogo wakhe nomkhwenyana omusha nezingane baya eBhezhetsk. UNikolai Gumilev ngezikhathi ezithile wayephethe umndeni. Ngo-1921, uLeo wafunda ngokufa kukayise.
EBezhetsk, intsha kaLev Gumilyv yenzeka. Kuze kube yiminyaka eyi-17 washintsha izikole ezi-3. Ubudlelwano nontanga abuzange buhlakulele ubuhlobo. Ngokusho kwezinkumbulo zabantu ofunda nabo, uLeva wagcinwa phansi kwendlu. I-Pioliya neKomsomol bamlandela njengabamangazi: Esikoleni sokuqala "indodana ye-classo acletion" ishiye izincwadi zokufunda, ezincike kubafundi.
Ugogo wahumusha umzukulu esikoleni sesibili, ujantshi, lapho u-Anna Sverchkova afundiswa khona, intombi nengelosi enomusa yomndeni. ULev Gumilev wenza abangane nothisha izincwadi u-Alexander Peregrin, abhalwa kabusha ngaphambi kokuba afe.
Esikoleni sesithathu, okwabizwa ngokuthi yi-1ST SOVEST, amakhono okubhala akwaGumilye avezwa. Le nsizwa yabhala izindatshana nezindaba ephephandabeni lesikole, selithole iprimiyamu ngomunye wabo. U-Lev waba isivakashi esivamile emtatsheni wezincwadi wedolobha, lapho akhuluma khona nemibiko ebhaliwe. Ngale minyaka, kwaqala ukuvela kwe-petersburger, amavesi okuqala athi "axotic" avela lapho le nsizwa yamthuka.
Umama wavakashelwa eBezetsk endodaneni yakhe kabili: Ngo-1921, ngoKhisimusi, nangemva kweminyaka emi-4, ehlobo. Njalo ngenyanga wathumela ama-ruble angama-25, wasiza ekusindeni emndenini, kepha lapha ukubheka kwezinkondlo zendodana wazizwa eqinile.
Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni ngo-1930, uLev wafika eLeningrad, kunina, ngaleso sikhathi wayehlala noNikolai Puntin. Edolobheni laseNeva, le nsizwa iphothule kabusha ekilasini lokuthweswa iziqu futhi yalungiselela ukwamukelwa kwiHerzeng Institute. Kepha isitatimende sikaGumileva asikwamukeli ngenxa yemvelaphi enhle.
UNicholas Punin wahlangana ne-Humuleva efektri. Ukusuka lapho, ibhubesi lashintshelwa edepho le-tram futhi labhalisa umsebenzi wokushintshana, lapho athunyelwa khona ezifundweni, lapho alungiselela khona uhambo lwezwe. Eminyakeni yokuthuthuka kwezimboni, uhambo lwalungahlelwa ngenani elikhulu, ngenxa yokuntuleka kwabasebenzi, ababubheki eduze nemvelaphi yabo. Ngakho-ke uLev Gumilev ngo-1931 waqala uhambo lokuya eBajaker.
Indiza
Ngokwezilinganiso zama-biographiers, uLev Gumilev wavakashela ama-Expeditions amahlandla angama-21. Ngohambo, wathola imali futhi wazizwa uzimele, engathembeki kumama no-pun, okungelona ubuhlobo obulula.
Ngo-1932, uLeo waya kuhambo lwezinyanga eziyi-11 eTajikistan. Ngemuva kokungqubuzana nekhanda lokuphuma (uGumileva usolwa ngokwephula isiyalo - wazama ukutadisha ama-amphibians) ahlala epulazini laseHulumeni: ngamazinga angu-1930s, akhokhelwe kahle futhi afunwe. Ukuxhumana nama-Dehkans, uLev Gumilev wafunda ulimi lweTajik.
Ngemuva kokubuyela ekhaya ngo-1933, kwathatha ukuhumusha izinkondlo zababhali bama-Union Republibs, okwamlethela imali etholwayo. NgoDisemba wonyaka ofanayo, umlobi waboshwa okokuqala, ephethe izinsuku eziyi-9, kodwa akazange aphenye imibuzo futhi akazange akhokhise.
Ngo-1935, indodana ye-Classical University emibili yangena eNyuvesi yenhloko-dolobha yaseNyakatho, ikhetha ubuhlakani bomlando. Abasebenzi abafundisayo beNyuvesi kwakunguPentel Matrah: Udokotela waseGibhithe uCharjuly wasebenza e-Antiquity Solomon Lurie, eChina uNikolai KUNer, umfundi washeshe wakubiza ngokuthi uMfundisi nothisha.
UGumilev wayebhekiswe ngenhla kwalabo afunda nabo futhi ebangela ukunconywa ngolwazi olujulile nokukhulisa. Kepha isikhathi eside ukushiya indodana yokudutshulwa kweNdodana "izitha zabantu" kanye nezinkondlo ezingafuni ukucula uhlelo lweSoviet, abaphathi bebengafuni. Ngo-1935 waboshwa okwesibili. U-Anna Akhmatova waphendukela kuJoseph Stalin, ecela ukuba ayeke kubantu ababiza kakhulu (ngasikhathi sinye uPunin wasuswa noGumilev).
Bobabili badedelwa ngesicelo sikaStalin, kepha uLeo waxoshwa eyunivesithi. Kwinsizwa, ukuncishiswa sekuyinhlekelele: isifundi kanye nokukhokhwa kwesinkwa kubhalwe ama-ruble ayi-120 - ngakho-ke inani elivunyelwe ukususa izindlu futhi lingabulawa yindlala. Ehlobo lika-1936, uLev waya kuloluhambo e-Don, ekumbeni kweKhazar Settlement. Ngo-Okthoba, injabulo enkulu yomfundi yayo yabuyiselwa eyunivesithi.
Injabulo yahlala isikhathi eside: ngoMashi 1938, ibhubesi uGumileva liboshwe okwesithathu, limnika iminyaka engu-5 yamakamu aseNorilsk. Ekamu, isazi-mlando saqhubeka nokubhala i-thesis, kepha bekungenzeki ngaphandle kwemithombo. Kepha ngombuthano wokuxhumana uGumilev kwaba nenhlanhla: Phakathi kweziboshwa kwakuwumbala we-Intelligentsia.
Ngo-1944, wacelwa ngaphambili. Ngemuva kwezinyanga ezimbili zokutadisha, shaya i-Reserve anti-Fight Ground. UDemobilised, wabuyela edolobheni eNeva futhi ethweswe iziqu ekufundeni e-EADA. Ngasekupheleni kwawo-1940 kuvikelekile, kepha akuzange kutholakale iziqu zokhetho. Ngo-1949, uGumilev wanikezwa iminyaka eyi-10 yamakamu, ukubolekwa kwangaphambilini ecaleni langaphambilini. Isijeziso sesazi-mlando sasisebenza eKazakhstan naseSiberia.
Ukukhishwa kanye nokuvuselela kwenzeka ngo-1956. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-6 yokusebenza eHermitage, uLev Gumileva wathatha uMbuso eCoclet of Geography LSU, lapho asebenza khona kwaze kwaba ngu-1987. Ngakho-ke umhlalaphansi. Ngo-1961, usosayensi wavikela ukuvezwa kwakhe kobudokotela emlandweni, kwathi ngo-1974 e-geography (isitekisi sesayensi azange sivume i-wak).
Ngawo-1960s, uGumilev uthengela ukuhlanganisa iphepha elinengqondo ekuphepheni umbono onothando lo-Ethnogenesis, abeke inhloso yokuchaza ama-cyclicity nephethini lomlando. Ozakwethu abavelele bagxeka umbono ngokumbiza ngesayensi yakhe ngamanga.
Iningi lezazi-mlando zaleso sikhathi nomsebenzi oyinhloko webhubesi uGumlyev, obizwa ngokuthi "Ethnogenesis kanye ne-biosphere yomhlaba", akazange akholwe. Umcwaningi wanamathela ngombono wokuthi amaRussia ayinzalo yamaTatar aqala ukubhapathizwa, kanye neRussia - ukuqhubeka kweHorde. Ngakho-ke, iRussia ihlala e-Russian-Turkic-Mongolian Fraternity, i-Eurasia ngemvelaphi. Lokhu kumayelana nale ncwadi ethandwayo yombhali "ovela eRussia eya eRussia". Isihloko esifanayo sithuthuka kwi-monograph "Russ yasendulo kanye ne-Great Steppe."
Abagxeki bakaLev Gumillyv, behlonipha imibono emisha yomcwaningi kanye nolwazi olukhulu, ibizwe ngokuthi "isazi-mlando esinemibandela." Kepha abafundi baqapha uLeo Nikolayevich futhi babheka ososayensi, wayenabalandeli abanamakhono.
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila kwakhe, uGumilev washicilela izinkondlo, futhi abantu besikhathi esithile babona ukuthi izinkondlo zendodana azikho ngaphansi kwamandla obuciko bezinkondlo zabazali bezenkolo. Kepha ingxenye yamagugu enkondlo ilahlekile, futhi uLev Gumilev akazange abe nesikhathi sokushicilela imibhalo egciniwe. Uhlobo lwesitayela sezinkondlo lusenzwini, azinikela ngalo imbongi: "Indodana yokugcina yenkathi yesiliva."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Le ndoda iyakha futhi othandweni, uGumilev wafika ekudingisweni kwesipelingi sowesifazane kaninginingi. Enkonzweni yaseLeningrad Comsal, lapho ehlala khona, abangane, abafundi kanye nabalingisi beza.
Ekwindla sekwephuzile ngo-1936, uLev Gumilev wahlangana noMongolia wenziwa nguNamerikev. Esifundweni esincane seziqu, ibhubesi elineminyaka engu-24, izinwele ezinezinwele ezinemikhuba ye-aristocrat, yenza umbono ongafinyeleleki. Ngemuva kwamakilasi, lo mbhangqwana uhamba e-University Embankment, wakhuluma nge-pushkin, umlando, ubuciko bemivubukulo. URoma wagcina ukuboshwa ngo-1938.
Ngowesifazane wesibili, uNatalia Varbannets obizwa ngegama lenyoni, uGumilev wahlangana futhi emtapweni wezincwadi ngo-1946. Kepha ubuhle bathanda umshikazi wakhe - isazi-mlando esishadile esishadile uVladimir Lublinsky.
Ngo-1949, lapho umlobi nososayensi bajoyina ikamu, uNatalia noLevi babhala kabusha. 60 Izincwadi zothando zagcinwa zibhalwe yi-Gumeler Coopener ye-State Public Library ye-Varbanese. Emnyuziyamu wombhali kukhona imidwebo yezinyoni ayithumele ekamu. Ngemuva kokubuyisa uLev Gumilev wahlukana noNatalia, isithombe lapho uLublin ahlala khona.
Maphakathi nawo-1950, ibhubesi uNikolayevich lavela othandekayo - uNatalia Kazakeshich oneminyaka engu-18 ubudala, wangena emtatsheni wezincwadi we-hermitage, etafuleni elihlukile. Ngolwazi olungqubuzana, uGumilev waveza le ntombazane, kodwa abazali baphikelela ekhefu lobudlelwano. Ngokufanayo, c Kazakevich Lev Nikolayevich banakekela umsunguli weTatiana Kryov, ofunda izincwadi zakhe nezincwadi.
URoman no-Inna Nemilovoy, ushade noBeauty ovela eHermitage, wahlala emgaqweni omningi womlobi ngo-1968.
Ngomkakhe uNatali Simonovskaya, umdwebi weMosco-schedule, iminyaka engu-8, uLev Gumilev wahlangana enhlokodolobha ehlobo lika-1966. Ubudlelwano buthuthukiswe kancane, bekungekho ukumba kwentshisekelo. Kepha ngokubambisana lo mbhangqwana wahlala iminyaka engama-25, futhi abangane bombhali babiza umndeni abakade benza umkhaya, lona wesifazane onikezele kumfazi onethalente, eshiya wonke amakilasi adlule, abangane nomsebenzi.
Kwakungekho zingane ezivela kumbhangqwana: Bahlangana lapho uLeru Gumilev eneminyaka engama-55, futhi owesifazane uneminyaka engu-46 ubudala. Ngenxa yeNatalia Gumileva nezinkinga zakhe kulo mbhangqwana maphakathi nawo-1970 athuthela enkonzweni yomphakathi. Lapho indlu, ngenxa yokwakhiwa okwenzeka eduzane, yabuza, Lo mbhangqwana wathuthela efulethini kuKolomna, lapho ahlala khona kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe. Namuhla, umnyuziyamu womlobi uvulekile lapha.
Ukushona
Ngeminyaka yama-1990s, iNgonyama Gumillév yatholakala ukuthi inesifo sohlangothi, kepha usosayensi wasebenza, waphela ngokungafanele embhedeni. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, wasuswa gallbladder. Ukusebenza kwendoda eneminyaka engu-79 ubudala yahlupheka kanzima - ukopha kwavuleka.
Amaviki ama-2 adlule uGumilev ayesekuhlanganeni. Yayinqanyulwa kumadivayisi wokuxhaswa kwempilo ngoJuni 15, 1992.
Ungcwabe indodana ka-Akhmatova ngase-Alexander Nevsky Lavra, emathuneni aseNikolsky.
NgoSeptemba 2004, ithuna lomkayo lavele eduze kwethuna likaLeo Gumileva: UNatalia wasinda lapho umyeni wakhe iminyaka eyi-12.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Umama uGumilev akazange akhulume iminyaka engu-5 edlule yempilo yakhe. Ku-Requiem, akhmatova ebizwa ngeLeo "Uyindodana kanye Nokwesaba Kwami".
- UGumilev akazange abekezelele amazambane futhi akholelwa ukuthi uyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu empilweni yomlimi waseRussia. UNatalia Viktorovna wakhulelwa ukuphindaphinda isobho.
- Isiteshi sesitimela saseGumilev saqhamuka emgomeni ngehora ngaphambi kokusuka - kuthiwani uma bethumela ngaphambili?
- Izwe eliphesheya, uLev Gumilev wavakashela okuwukuphela kwesikhathi ngo-1966, ethatha uhambo oluya engqungqutheleni yemivubukulo ePrague.
- Ekupheleni kokuphila, umbhali wababetha abaseshi nenganekwane yesayensi. Uncamela umsebenzi kaRay Bradbury, uStanislav Lema, u-Arkady noBoris Strugatsky, u-Agatu Christie.
- UGumilev Terepo wawungodakwa nokubhema. Uye waphikisana ngokuthi "ivodka ngumqondo we-psychological". UGumilev wabhema kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila kwe- "White Chernival", ekushayela ugwayi omusha ovela ku-ken. Wayekholelwa ukuthi ukubhema bekungengozi.
- Isici esiyingqayizivele sobuntu beGumilev kwakunguTurkopilia. Kusukela ngo-1960s, wakhula wasayina izincwadi zakhe "u-Arslan-Beck" (ukuhumusha okuqanjwe ngebhubesi ngolimi lwesiTurkic).
I-Bibliography
- 1960 - "Hongna: I-Asia eliphakathi nasendulo"
- 1962 - "Feat Bakhrama Chubina"
- Ngo-1966 - "Ukuvulwa KweKhazaria"
- Ngo-1967 - "AmaTurkey asendulo"
- Ngo-1970 - "Ufuna uMbuso obonakalayo"
- 1970 - "Ethnogenisis kanye ne-Ethnosphere"
- 1973 - "Hunny eChina"
- Ngo-1975 - "Ukupenda kweSturdoburreryat"
- 1987 - "Millenium ezungeze iCaspian"
- 1989 - "I-Ethnogenisis kanye ne-Biosphere Yomhlaba"
- Ngo-1989 - "Russi Lasendulo Nesinyathelo Esikhulu"
- 1992 - "Ukusuka eRussia kuya eRussia"
- Ngo-1992 - "ukuphela kanye nokuqala okusha"
- 1993 - "Ethnosphere: Umlando wabantu nomlando wemvelo"
- 1993 - "Kuvela emlandweni we-Eurasia"