I-Biograge
UCyril noMethodius badume umhlaba wonke njengamagumbi okholo lobuKristu kanye nababhali beSlavic ABC. I-Biography of the Callen of the Exwayen, uCyril unikelwe ukhiye wokuphila ohlukile, wadalwa ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokufa komuntu. Kodwa-ke, namuhla kungenzeka ukuthi ujwayelane nomlando omfushane wesiphetho sabashumayeli nabasunguli bezinhlamvu ezinzuzweni ezahlukahlukene zezingane. Abazalwane banesithonjana sabo, lapho baboniswa ndawonye. Iphathwe ngemikhuleko mayelana nezifundo ezinhle, inhlanhla yabafundi, engeza ingqondo.Ubuntwana nentsha
UCyril noMethodius bazalelwa edolobheni laseSolik yaseSolinti (The Sessaloniki yamanje) emkhayeni we-Commander ogama lakhe linguNgonyama, ababhali bezibusiso zababili abangcwele babonakala 'banomusa omuhle futhi bacebile.' Izindela zesikhathi esizayo zakhula phakathi kwabafowethu abahlanu.
Ngaphambi kokuba owesilisa, uMikhail noKonstantin babegqoke, kwathi owokuqala wayemdala - ezalwa ngo-815, naseKonstantin ngonyaka ka-827. Ngokuphathelene nobudlelwano bezinhlanga bomndeni emibuthanweni yezomlando, izingxabano namanje abasabhalisi. Abanye bangabakaSlav, ngoba laba bantu baphethwe ngokuphelele yiSlavic. Abanye kuthiwa yi-Bulgaria nase-Yebo, izimpande zamaGrikhi.
Abafana bathola imfundo egqamile, futhi lapho bethambekele, izindlela zabo zahlukaniswa. UMethodius wafingqa inkonzo yezempi ukuvikela umngani othembekile womndeni noDoros ngisho nakuMbusi wesiFundazwe saseByzantine. Encwadini ethi "Slavic Prince" wazimisa njengombusi ohlakaniphile nonobuhle.
I-Cyrill kusukela ebuntwaneni ebuntwaneni yayithanda ukufunda izincwadi, ishaye indawo ezungezile ngememori enhle namakhono ebala, yezwa i-polyglot - ngaphandle kwesiGreki nesi-Aramiic, yafakwa ohlwini lwesiHeberu nesi-Aramu. Eminyakeni engama-20, insizwa, i-Gradual Graduate of Magnavra University, isivele yafundisa izisekelo zefilosofi esikoleni senkantolo eTsargrad.
INkonzo YobuKristu
UCyril wenqaba ngokuphelele umsebenzi wokuziphilisa, yize kwanikezwa ithuba elinjalo. Umshado osofweni lesikhulu seHhovisi leTsarist e-yzantium wavula amathemba okuxinana - ubuholi besifunda eMakedoniya, bese kuba nesikhundla se-Commander-in-coveray. Kodwa-ke, izazi zemfundiso yenkolo ezisencane (uKonstantin zaphenduka kuphela iminyaka eyi-15 kuphela) zakhetha ukuhambisa endleleni yesonto.
Lapho esefundise eyunivesithi, indoda yakwazi ukunqoba ngisho nasengxabanweni yezenkolo ngaphezulu komholi wama-iConoborets, owake waba yinzalamizi uJohn Grammar, eyaziwa nangokuthi igama elithi Ammonium. Kodwa-ke, le ndaba ibhekwa njengenganekwane enhle.
Umsebenzi ophambili kuHulumeni waseByzantium ngaleso sikhathi kwaba ukuqiniswa nokusakazwa kwe-Orthodoxy. Ngokubambisana nama-diplomats, axoshwa yimizi nemizana, lapho kuholwa khona izingxoxo nezitha zenkolo, izithunywa zevangeli ziye. Baqala ngo-24, eKonstantin, bahlala nomsebenzi wokuqala obalulekile kusuka kuHulumeni - ukufundisa amaSulumane ngendlela efanele.
Ngasekupheleni kwama-50s, abafowethu bekhulu le-9, bashayisana nengxabano yezwe, umhlalaphansi baya esigodlweni sezindela, lapho uMethodius oneminyaka engu-37 ethatha khona okuthunyelwe. Kodwa-ke, iKirill ayivumanga isikhathi eside ukuba iphumule: Sekuvele ngo-860, indoda ethile yafuna isihlalo sobukhosi se-Emperor yayalwa ukuba ihlanganise nezinhlaka ze-Khazar Mission.
Iqiniso ngukuthi uKhazar Kagan umemezele impikiswano ephikisayo, lapho kwakuhlongozwa khona amaKristu ukuba afakazele iqiniso lokholo kuJuda nakumaSulumane. Ama-Khazars avele akulungele ukudlula ohlangothini lwe-Orthodoxy, kepha abeka isimo - kuphela esimweni sokunqoba kwenzuzo yeByzantine ezingxabanweni.
UCyril wathatha umfowabo wagcwalisa ngokugqamile lo msebenzi owabelwe amahlombe akhe, kodwa nokho umsebenzi wehluleka ngokuphelele. Isimo seKhazar of Christian akazange, yize kagan futhi savumela abantu ukuba babhapathizwe. Lolu hambo lwenzekile kakhulu kumakholwa umcimbi ongokomlando. Endleleni, amaByzantines abheke eCrimea, lapho iKirill yathola khona izingcezu ze-clement, upapa oNgcwele, owesine, owawunikelwe eRoma eduze kweChersones.
Abazalwane bayabandakanyeka kwenye injongo ebalulekile. Uma nje usizo oluvela kuConstantinople lwabuza umbusi wamazwe aseMoravia (Stal State) Rostislav - Uthisha - isambulo senkolo yenkolo kwakudingeka ukuthi labo abasolimini abangabizi batshele abantu ngoLici lweqiniso. Ngakho-ke, inkosana yayizophunyuka ethonyeni lamaBhishobhi - amaJalimane. Lolu hambo selube yisibonakaliso - kwavela izinhlamvu zamaSlavic.
EMoravia, abafowethu basebenze hhayi ukusonta izandla: bafundisa amaSlav ka-Aza wokufunda, izincwadi, futhi ngasikhathi sinye bafunda ukuhola ukukhulekelwa. "Ukuhamba" kwathatha iminyaka emithathu. Imiphumela yezabasebenzi yadlala indima enkulu ekulungiseleleni ukubhabhadiswa kweBulgaria.
Ngo-867, abafowethu kwadingeka baye eRoma ukuze bagcine impendulo ngokuthi "inhlamba." UKirill noMethodius Western Church ababizwa ngokuthi ama-herhetics, bamangalela ukuthi bafunda izintshumayelo kubandakanya eSlavic, kanti oPhezukonke kungenzeka ukuthi ukhulume kuphela ngesiGreki, isiLatin naseJuda.
Endleleni eya enhlokodolobha yase-Italy, bama kuthishanhloko oyi-blatensky, lapho baqeqesha khona abantu bencwadi. Kulabo abafikile eRoma kanye nezingcwecwe zeClement ngakho sajabula ukuthi uDad Adrian II omusha uvumele ukukhonza eSlavyansky futhi wavumela ngisho nezincwadi ezihunyushiwe ukuba zibole emasontweni. Kulomhlangano, uMethodius uthole i-Episcopian San.
Ngokungafani nomfowabo, uCyril kuphela osemgqeni wokufa, wadideka ezimoni - kwakudingeka. Ngemuva kokushona komshumayeli, uMethodius, owaletha abafundi, wabuyela eMoravia, lapho kwadingeka alwe nabefundisi baseJalimane. URostislav oshonile washintsha umshana weSvyatopolk, owasekela ezombusazwe zamaJalimane, ezazingazange zisebenzele ngokuthula ukuze zisebenze ngompristi waseByzantio. Noma yimiphi imizamo yokusabalalisa ulimi lweSlavic njengoba isonto limiswe.
UMethodius wake wahlala ekuphetheni ngesikhathi sezindela. UPapa ongumRoma uJohn VIII wasizwa ukuba mahhala, owabeka ukuvinjelwa kwe-Liturgy kuze kube uMethodius ejele. Kodwa-ke, ukuze ungaphonsi lesi simo, uJohane wakwenqabela ukukhulekelwa eSlavic. Izintshumayelo kuphela ezingazange zijezise umthetho.
Kepha ukushiya okuvela eThessaloniki ngokwesaba kwakhe kanye nengozi yaqhubeka nokubamba ngasese izinsizakalo eSlavic. Ngasikhathi sinye, umbhishobhi omkhulu wabhapathiza isikhulu saseCzech, kwathi ngemuva kwalokho kwavela isikhashana enkantolo eRoma. Kodwa-ke, inhlanhla yazibuza uMethodius - akazange amane aphunyuke isijeziso, futhi wathola inkunzi epapa nethuba lokuholela ekukhulekeleni eSlavic. Ngaphambi nje kokuba kushone ukuthi bakwazile ukuhumusha iTestamente Elidala.
Ukudala i-ABC
Abazalwane abavela eThessalonikov bangena endabeni njengabadali bezinhlamvu zamaSlavic. Isikhathi somcimbi - 862 noma ngonyaka ka-863. Impilo kaMethodius iphikisana nokuthi lo mbono uzelwe emuva ngonyaka ka-856, lapho abafowethu bendawonye nabafundi u-Angelaine, uNaum noClement bahlala entabeni yama-Olimpi aseMount esiGandikazi sasePolychron. Lapha uMethodi wasebenza njenge-abbot.
Ukubhalwa kwezinhlamvu zamagama kuthiwa yi-Kirill, futhi yini ngempela, ihlala iyimfihlakalo. Ososayensi bathambekele kwisenzo, kukhonjiswa ngezinhlamvu ezingama-38 eziqukethe. Ngokuqondene ne-cyrillic, yafakwa yi-clement ohrid. Kodwa-ke, noma ngabe lokhu kunjalo, umfundi wayesasebenzisa imisebenzi kaKirill - kwangabaza imisindo yolimi, okubaluleke kakhulu lapho udala ukubhala.
Isisekelo se-alfabhethi esasebenza njengeTyline yamaGrikhi, izinhlamvu ziyefana kakhulu, ngakho-ke isenzo sididekile ngezinhlamvu zama-Oriental. Kepha ukutholakala kwemisindo ethile yeSlavic, izincwadi ezingamaJuda zathatha, ngokwesibonelo, "sh".
Ukushona
UKonstantin-Kirill ohambweni oluya eRoma washaya ukugula kakhulu, kwathi ngoFebhuwari 14, 869 Wafa - lolu suku lobuKatolika lwamukelwa njengosuku lwabangcwele. Umzimba wawukhaphela umhlabathi esontweni lamaRoma likaClement oNgcwele. UKirill akafuni ukuthi umzalwane abuyele esigodlweni sezindela eMoravia, kwathi ngaphambi kokuba kufe ngokufa, kwakudingeka:
"Lapha, mfowethu, sasinawe amahlandla amabili emahhashini, silima umsele owodwa, futhi ngiwa yahlathithi, ngiqede usuku lwami. A, yize uyithanda intaba, kepha hhayi ama-mogs ngenxa yentaba ukushiya isikole sakho, ngoba yini enye ongayithola insindiso kangcono? "UMethodius wasinda esihlotsheni esihlakaniphile iminyaka engu-16. Ukufa okukodwa, kwayala bona afunde isonto ukuba afunde intshumayelo. Umpristi washona ePalm ngeSonto Ephreli 4, 885. UMethodius wabaleka ngezilimi ezintathu - Greek, Latin futhi, isi-SLAVIC.
E-POST Medius esikhundleni sezintaba zabafundi, khona-ke konke okwenziwa kosanta kwaqala ukuwa. EMoravia, izinguqulo zeLalifical zaphinde zavinjwa, abalandeli kanye nabalandeli bavulela ukuzingela - baxosha, bathengiswa ebugqilini baze babulawa. Ingxenye yabalandeli bagijimela emazweni alandelayo. Futhi nokho isiko leSlavic lizinikele, isikhungo senhlangano yencwadi sathuthela eBulgaria, futhi ukusuka lapho saya eRussia.
Othisha bakwaSaints Propoolte bakhonzwa entshonalanga nasempumalanga. ERussia, kwasungulwa iholide lokukhumbula ukukhumbula kwabazalwane - ngoMeyi 24, usuku lokubhala namasiko lugujwa.
Ukukhumbula
Izindawo zokuhlala
- Ngo-1869 - Ukusungulwa kwedolobhana laseMethodoyivka eduze naseNovorossiysk
Ukuhlangana khona
- Igama lesikhumbuzo noCyril noMethodius ebhulohweni lamatshe eSkopje, eMakedoniya.
- Itshe lesikhumbuzo neMethodius eBelgrade, eSerbia.
- Itshe lesikhumbuzo noMethodius eKhanty-Mansiysk.
- Isikhumbuzo ukuhlonipha iKirill noMethodius eThessaloniki, Greece. Isitembu ngendlela yesipho sadluliselwa eGreece yiSonto laseBulgaria Orthodox.
- UHlelo lweKirill neMethodius ngaphambi kokwakhiwa komtapo wezincwadi kazwelonke wangoSanta uCyril noMethodius eSofia, eBulgaria.
- I-Basilica Ukukhuphuka kweNtombi Enyulu uMariya noSanta uCyril noMethodius eThellegrada, eCzech Republic.
- Isikhumbuzo sokuhlonipha iKirill noMethodius, esisungulwe ngaphambi kokwakhiwa kwesigcawu sikazwelonke sesiko eSofia, eBulgaria.
- Itshe lesikhumbuzo noMethodius ePrague, eCzech Republic.
- Igama lesikhumbuzo noCyril noMethodius ku-OHrid, eMakedoniya.
- UCyril noMethodius baboniswa ngonyaka we-1000 be-Russia Monument eVeliky Novgorod.
Izincwadi
- 1835 - Inkondlo "Kirillo-Metrodiada", Jan Halle
- Ngo-1865 - "I-Cyril-Mefodievsky Collection" (Ehlelwe nguMikhail Pogodin)
- 1984 - "Khazar Dictionary", Milorad Pavice
- Ngo-1979 - "USolomors", Slav Karaslavov
Amafilimu
- 1983 - "UKonstantin Philosopher"
- Ngo-1989 - "USolomors"
- 2013 - "UCyril noMethodius - Abaphostoli Slavs"