I-Biograge
UChingIz Aitmatov usephenduke izincwadi ezinhle kakhulu zezwe. Wabhala ngesiRussia naseKyrgyzz, imisebenzi yakhe yahunyushelwa izilimi ezingaphezu kuka-150. Isimo esingokoqobo somlobi sigcwele imibono yabantu kanye nothando olukhulu ngazo zonke izinto eziphilayo zazo zonke izinto eziphilayo: kubantu, endle nakuzilwane ezifuywayo, izitshalo nalo lonke iplanethi yomhlaba.
Umlobi wabantu uKyrgyzstan kanye neKazakhstan. I-Laureale yoMklomelo weLenin kanye namaphrimiyamu amathathu e-USSR, umklomelo we-European wateripy kanye nomnye wezizwe ogama lakhe linguJavaharlalala Nehru. Ngo-2007, wathola umklomelo ophakeme kakhulu kaHulumeni weTurkey enikela ngegalelo lakhe ekuthuthukisweni kwamasiko amazwe akhuluma amaTurkic. Entwasahlobo ka-2008, iTurkey yaqala inqubo yokuqoka umlobi kumklomelo kaNobel, kodwa ayinaso isikhathi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Wazalwa u-Aitmatov ngoDisemba 12, 1928 emndenini wamaKhomanisi iTorkelah Aitmatov kanye neNagima Hamzievna Aitmatova (eMaiden's Naitmatova (eMaiden's Naitmatova (eLaiden's Naitmatova) edolobhaneni laseKara-Buuinsky (Keelovsky) esifundeni saseKyras Canton of the Kyrgyz assr. Ngemuva kokuzalwa kweGegiz, lo mndeni wathuthela kulo muzi, njengoba uYise eya enyuka: Kusukela ngo-1929, umsebenzi weTorkelah Aitmatov usanda ngokushesha.
Ngo-1933, usengunobhala wesibili weKomidi Lesifunda saseKyrgyz le-WCP (B). Ngo-1935, umholi osemusha waba ngumfundi woprofesa ababomvu eMoscow, umndeni naye wathuthela enhlokodolobha ye-USSR. Ngalesi sikhathi, uNagima wabeletha umyeni wakhe weNdodana ka-Ilgiz, amawele ebhongayo noLucia (umfana washona ebuntwaneni) nendodakazi yakhe yavuka. Ngo-1937, ekugcizeleleni komyeni wakhe, uNagima Khamzievna wathuthela izingane izihlobo ezihlotsheni esikhwameni.
Ubaba wombhali wesikhathi esizayo waboshwa ngoSepthemba 1937 ngezinsolo zomsebenzi wobuzwe be-anti-soviet futhi afake izitebhisi e-frunze (inhloko-dolobha yaseSoviet Kyrgyzstan). Novemba 5, 1938 wadutshulwa. Unkosikazi 'wezitha zabantu' wamangala ngamalungelo, kodwa zonke izingane zesisebenzi sezepolitiki ezicindezelwe sathola imfundo ephakeme futhi zangena ekhasini ngalinye emlandweni.
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe II, wonke amadoda adala ahlanganiswa, futhi i-chingiz eyayineminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yaphenduka yaba ngomunye wabantu abanekhono kakhulu ngo-Aule futhi bathatha isikhundla sobhala soMkhandlu wase-Auulurov. Ngemuva kwempi, le nsizwa yakwazi ukuqhubeka nezifundo zakhe: Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisishiyagalombili yasemakhaya, waphothula iziqu ezivela eDzkhambul Zootechniki nango-1948 wangena esikhungweni sezolimo seKyrgyz.
Into yokufunda
I-Biography yokudala yombhali yaqala ngo-Ephreli 6, 1952 kusukela ku- "Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan" Ishicilelwe ephephandabeni "Kyrgyzstani" Jüido Iphephandaba. Umbhalo wokuqala wobuciko we-Aitmatov wabhala ngesiRussia - esinye sezihlobo ezimbili. Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu esisesikhungweni ngo-1953, i-genghiz aitmatov, i-Zourer Zootachnik yesikhungo semfuyo yaseKyrgyz Christian Institute of Livestock, yaqhubeka nokubhala izindaba ngesiRussia naseKyrgyzyz, imibhalo eshicilela ehlelweni lwasendaweni.
Ngo-1956, wanquma ukuthuthukisa iziqu zomlobi futhi waya eMoscow, lapho angena khona ezifundweni eziphakeme kakhulu zemibhalo. Ekufanisweni nasezifundweni zabhala kakhulu. Kakade ngoJuni 1957, umagazini wana-Ala noMagazini oshicilele indaba yokuqala yombhali osemusha "ubuso nobuso." Ngawo lowo nyaka, "uJamil" washicilelwa - Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi le ndaba eyenze umlobi edumile yashicilelwa okokuqala ihunyushelwe olimini lwesiFulentshi.
Umbhali wezifundo zemibhalo uthweswe iziqu ngo-1958. Ngesikhathi seDiploma, izindaba ezimbili nezindaba zanyatheliswa ngesiRussia. I-IITMATOVA yokuqala yaseRoma iitmatova izokhishwa ngo-1980 kuphela. Kuleveli "nosuku olude kakhulu kunawo wonke luhlala usuku" izehlakalo ezingokoqobo zempilo yomuntu odlayo ngomugqa omuhle kakhulu wokuxhumana nobuntu obunempucuko yabantu abangejwayelekile bayazibuza. Kubukeka sengathi ukufezekisa ukuqonda nabafokazi abantu kulula kunokuvumelana phakathi kwabo.
Umlobi wabuyela kuhlobo lwesayensi yesayensi phakathi kwamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, ebhala uTavro Kassandra - indaba ngokwenza abantu abangenziwa. Imisebenzi esele yabhalwa ngohlobo lweqiniso. ESoviet Union, ubuqiniso babengokobungcweti bezenhlalo, kodwa ngoba ubusoshiyali be-Aitmatis bumpofu kakhulu. Amaqhawe akhe aphila futhi ahlupheke ngempela, angaphendukeli abakhi abanamandla obuKhomanisi.
Iqhawe eliyinhloko 'elimhlophe elimhlophe "liyafa - umfana okholelwa ezinganekwaneni lapho ebulala izinyamazane zakhe. Ngokuvamile, izinganekwane zabantu kanye nezinganekwane ziyingxenye ebalulekile yeziza ze-AitMatov. Izithombe zenganekwane kwesinye isikhathi zivela zigqame kakhulu kwabalingiswa abaphambili. Ukusuka kwi-Legend mayelana nabahlaseli abanokhahlo abaphenduka iziboshwa ezincekwini, bancishiswe ukuzimela kanye nenkumbulo, iZwi kanye nomqondo we- "Mankut" - indoda eyayikhohliwe izimpande zayo zibe yisiRussia.
Isibili saseRoma Aitmatova, "ama-Floha", aphuma ngo-1986. Ngalesi sikhathi e-USSR, uMikhail Gorbachev waqala kabusha kabusha, futhi kwaba khona ukubhala ngezinkinga zezwe. Kepha ngisho nangokwesizinda soMphakathi okuvunyelwe "ukuntshontsha" kukhiqiza umphumela obulalayo - Inoveli iphakamisa imibuzo eminingana kakhulu ngaso leso sikhathi, ikhuluma ngokulutha kwezidakamizwa nenkohlakalo, ngokholo lwesonto.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umlobi wamukele ubuhle besifazane futhi waqonda kakhulu isimilo sowesifazane. Ubufakazi balokhu kusebenza ngokuthembekile futhi buvuma izithombe ezibhaliwe zabesifazane ezincwadini zeChingiza Aitmatov: I-Strol Thirth Evela endabeni yegama elifanayo, i-asleley encane yothando ("popolak ingeyami eRell Kosynka"), uhlakaniphile uTolgonai, ngubani Ulahlekelwe amadodana akhe empini, kepha kulondolozwa ubuhle bangaphakathi bomphefumlo ("insimu kamama").
Cishe wonke umsebenzi kukhona owesifazane, kusukela ekuveleni kwawo emakhasini ale ncwadi kuba lula emphefumulweni kumlingiswa ophambili noma umfundi. Futhi empilweni yombhali, ubuhle besifazane badlala indima ebalulekile. Ngonkosikazi wokuqala, uKerez Shamshibayeva, uChingiz wahlangana ngenkathi efunda esikhungweni sezolimo. Intombazane yafunda esikhungweni sezokwelapha futhi inentshisekelo ezincwadini.
Ngemuva kwesikole, i-kereerez enhle kakhulu yathola isiqondiso esiya eMoscow Fitery Institute, kodwa izimo ezibonakalayo azizange zivume ukuhamba. UKerez Shamshibayeva waba udokotela omuhle kakhulu nomphathi, wasebenza enkonzweni yezempilo yaseKyrgyzstan. Wabeletha amadodana amabili. USanjar ChangeIzovich wazalwa ngo-1954, uyintatheli kanye nomlobi, usomabhizinisi. U-Ask ChangIzovich wazalwa ngo-1959, esaba isazi-mlando saseseMpumalanga, esibonelweni somphakathi.
Eminyakeni engamashumi ayisihlanu sekwedlule isikhathi, uChingiz Aitmatov wahlangana nothando olukhulu lwempilo yakhe - Ballerina Bybüchear Bayshenaliyev. URoman waqala eLeningrad wagcina iminyaka eyishumi nane. Abathandi abakwazanga ukushada: Isikhundla esiphakeme sazo zombili lezi zinto ezidingekayo ngokuhambisana nokuhlonishwa. UmKhomanisi akakwazanga ukuhlukanisa nje nomkakhe ngomshado nomculi wabantu be-USSR, alandelwa ngabantu bokuqala boMbuso.
Okuhlangenwe nakho komlobi kwathola ukuphuma emisebenzini yakhe. Uhlushwa isidingo sokwenza isinqumo phakathi kukankosikazi nenkosikazi yaseTanabe endabeni ethi "Ukuhle, Gusary." Uthandana nomfelokazi, uphiko onsundu kule noveli "futhi usuku olude kakhulu lugcina usuku." Kuzo zombili lezi zinto, abesifazane baphikelela kakhulu ekuziphatheni kwe-lyrical iqhawe, balungele ukugijima inhloko yothando olusha.
Iminyaka eyishumi nane yethu yethule ukuxhumana okuyimfihlo, okuthi iningi labalukiwe eliye eRiphabhulikhi. UButius kaBayshenaliyeva ushonile ngoMeyi 10, 1973 ngemuva kweminyaka eyodwa nesigamu yokulwa nomdlavuza webele. Eminyakeni engamashumi amabili kamuva, ngokubambisana noMukhtar Shahanov, u-Aitmatov wabhala le ncwadi "ngegama lesibili elithi" IGAMA LESIBILI "Plachy of the Hunter linqoba")
Unkosikazi wesibili weChingiza Taekowich waba uMaria Urmatovna. Ngesikhathi sokuhlola umlobi odumile, uMaria wakwazi ukuqeda ubuhlakani beScenario of Vgika, ukuvakashela futhi abelethe indodakazi kaKholnol. Emshadweni wesibili, kwazalwa iNdodana ka-Eldard naseNdodakazi. U-Eldar Chingizovich uthweswe iziqu kwi-Academy of Fice Arts eBelgium, wayengumqambi nomculi, ehola umnyuziyamu we-Aitmatov eBishkek.
Ukushona
I-Chingiz Aitmatov eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila yayigula isifo sikashukela, esingamvimbanga ukuthi aphile impilo esebenzayo. Ngo-2008, umlobi ngonyaka wesishiyagalombili wokuphila kwaseKazan waya eKazan ngokudutshulwa "nosuku olude kakhulu kuhlala usuku", elalihlulwa ngalo mkhumbuzo oluzayo. Eseqokiwe, umlobi ukhathazekile, amakhaza asedluliselwe ku-pneumonia ebukhali, aqala ukwenqaba izinso.
NgoMeyi 16, u-Aitmatova wathunyelwa eJalimane eya eJalimane, kodwa odokotela abakwazanga ukusindisa isiguli. NgoJuni 10, emtholampilo kaNuremberg, uGenhiz Taskellich washona, kwathi ngoJuni 14, umngcwabo kanye nomngcwabo wezincwadi zezwe zakudala zenzeka. Usizi lwaluhlangene kakhulu kangangokuba abantu abaningana bawa ezitebhisini eziholela enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi, lapho kwakumi khona ibhokisi lomzimba. Kuthathe usizo lwamaphoyisa nodokotela ukuze bagweme izisulu.
ICengiza Aitmatov yangcwatshwa e-Ata Bait Cemetery ("O othembisoa")) ezindaweni ezingaphansi kweBishkek. Le ndawo yakhetha umbhali ebuya ngamashumi ayisishiyagalolunye, lapho ngemuva kokuseshwa okude kwakwazi ukuthola indawo yokungcwaba yeShot torekul Aitmatov. Emgodini ojwayelekile, izidumbu eziyi-138 ezitholakele kuChon Tasha, ngo-1991 ngokuhlonishwa okwenqatshelwe e-Ata Baim. Eduze nasethuneni likababa afisa ukuphumula noChingiz - owesilisa, owayenokucabanga okuningi okwedlule nangekusasa.
I-Bibliography
- 1952 - Iphephandaba laseJudiya
- 1957 - "ubuso nobuso"
- 1957 - "Jamil"
- Ngo-1961 - I-Topolak Yami eRed Kosynka "
- Ngo-1962 - "UMfundisi Wokuqala"
- Ngo-1963 - "Boardboard"
- Ngo-1966 - "Farewell, Gusary!"
- Ngo-1970 - "Isikebhe esimhlophe"
- 1977 - "Inja yePegii, egijima onqenqemeni lolwandle"
- Ngo-1980 - "Ukuqhuma uhhafu-mkhwenyana" ("futhi isikhathi esingaphezu kosuku lwekhulu"))
- 1986 - "Flah"
- 1995 - "Ukunxusa umzingeli kwalasha noma ukuvuma izono emphumeleni wekhulu leminyaka" ngokubambisana neMukhtar Shahanov
- 1996 - Tavro Kassandra
- 1998 - "Ukuhlangana ne-Bahai eyodwa"
- Ngo-2006 - "Lapho Izintaba ziwa (umakoti waphakade)"