I-Biograge
Uhulumeni waseJalimane noProsuik Herman Hesse babizwa ngokuthi yi-introvert egqamile, nenoveli yakhe mayelana nokufuna komuntu uqobo "impisi ye-steppe" - i-biography yomphefumlo. Igama lomlobi libhalwe phakathi kwababhali abaluleke kakhulu ngekhulu lama-20, futhi izincwadi zihlala zihlala endaweni emashalofini abantu abathanda ukuzihlaziya.Ubuntwana nentsha
UHerman wayengowemvelo yabapristi abangamaProthestani. Okhokho baka uBaba Johannes Hesse babezimiswa isithunywa sevangeli kusukela ngekhulu le-18, futhi wanikela ngokuphila ekukhanyisweni kobuKristu. Umama uMaria tundert, uhhafu womuntu waseFrance, isazi sefikoleli sezemfundo, waphinde wazalelwa emndenini okholwayo, wachitha iminyaka eminingana eNdiya enomgomo wezithunywa zevangeli. Ngesikhathi sokuthandana noJohannes, wayesengumfelokazi futhi wakhulisa amadodana amabili.
UHerman wazalwa ngoJulayi 1877 edolobheni laseCalive Land Baden-Württemberg. Sekukonke, izingane eziyisithupha zazalelwa emndenini kaHese, kodwa zaba abane kuphela abasindayo: UHermann wayenabo odadewethu u-Adel noMarlulla noMfowethu Hans.
Abazali babona endaweni ehlwanyelwe abalandela ngokuqhubekayo, ngoba bathumela ingane esikoleni sezithunywa zevangeli, bese iphi impesheni yobuKristu eBasel, lapho inhloko yomndeni ithola khona isikhundla esiswini sezithunywa zevangeli. Izifundo zesikole zaseHerroran zazilula, ikakhulukazi isiLatini azithande, futhi kwase esikoleni, ngokusho kombhali, wafunda ubuciko bamanga nezokuxhumana. Kepha kumamemori wekusasa leNobel Laureate ezincwadini,
"Eminyakeni eyishumi nantathu ngangicaca kimi - ngizoba yimbongi noma omunye umuntu."
Izinhloso zikaHesse azitholanga ukuqonda emndenini nasezikhungweni zemfundo ezivakashelwe nguye:
"Ngomzuzwana owodwa ngilethe isifundo okwakukhona kuphela ukuthi sasihoxisa kuleso simo: imbongi kukhona okuthile okuvunyelwe ukuba khona, kepha akuvunyelwe ukuba yikho."UHerman wathunyelwa ukuba afunde esikoleni saseLatin eHoppingen, wabe esefulela imfundiso yenkolo, lapho waphunyuka khona. UHerman wasebenza endlini yokunyathelisa kanye nokufunda umsebenzi wokusebenzela omakheshini, wasiza uyise endlini yokushicilela yezincwadi zenkolo, wasebenza efektri ye-Tower Watch. Ekugcineni, ngakuthola kulula esitolo sezincwadi. Esikhathini sakhe samahhala wayezibandakanye ezelashweni, umtapo wezincwadi ocebile wasala umkhulu.
Ngokwezinkumbulo zikaHesse, eminyakeni emine wakhombisa ukukhuthala okufisayo lapho ngifunda izilimi, ifilosofi, izincwadi zomhlaba, umlando wezobuciko. Ngaphezu kwesayensi, wayenenqwaba yephepha, ebhala imisebenzi yokuqala. Ngokushesha, uHesse wadlula ezivivinyweni ezidingekayo zenkambo yokuzivocavoca futhi wangena e-University of Tubingen njengomlaleli wamahhala. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukunquma lokho
"Impilo engokomoya kungenzeka konke kuphela ngokuxhumana okungapheli nobuthi, nomlando, kanye ne-antiquity yasendulo",Ishintshele ku-Boolder Booller evamile esitolo se-buckinistic. Kodwa-ke, kwasebenza lapho, kuphela ukondla, futhi kunqatshelwe la makilasi lapho kubhala impumelelo nethuba lokuqukatha umndeni ngezimali.
Into yokufunda
Umsebenzi wokuqala wokubhala e-Biography kaHerman Hess ubhekwa "abafowethu" ababili, owabhalwa nguye eminyakeni eyishumi ubudala udadewethu omncane.
Ngo-1901, kwakhululwa umsebenzi wokuqala kaHesse - "Imibhalo emihle nezinkondlo zaseJalimane Lausher" (izinketho zokuhunyushwa kwamagama - "Izincwadi ezisele nezinkondlo zeJalimane Lausher, enyatheliswa nge-hesse yama-gershoumous hesse ")).
Kodwa-ke, ukuvunywa kwabagxeki nokwamukelwa ngokufunda imibuthano, kanye nokuzimela kwezezimali kwaletha amaRoma "Peter Kamenzind". URoman wathola umklomelo wokubhalwa kwe-Eduard Bauernfeld, kanti umlobi uyisiphakamiso esivela ku-SH FISCHER SERVELG enkulu ye-S. Fischer Verlag ekushicilelweni okubaluleke kakhulu kwezindatshana ezilandelayo. Kamuva, indlu yokushicilela kaSamuel Fisher ingxenye yesigamu yekhulu kuzoba ukuphela kwamalungelo okushicilela imisebenzi yeHesse eJalimane.
Ngo-1906, uHerman wabhala indaba "ngaphansi kwesondo", ekhombisa, njengasemisebenzini eshicilelwe ngaphambili, izakhi ze-autobiography, ikakhulukazi isikhathi sokufunda esifundweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, umlobi wezindatshana nezindaba wenza njengokugxekwa kanye nombuyekezi. Ngemuva konyaka, eHesse ngokubambisana nomshicileli u-Albert Langen nomunye nomlobi uLudwig Tom baqala ukukhululwa umagazini obhaliwe März.
"IGertruda" yavela ngabo-1910. Ngemuva konyaka, uHesse wahamba waya e-India, wavakashela eSingapore, e-Indonesia, eSri Lanka. Lapho bebuya, umlobi wanyathelisa iqoqo lezinkondlo nezindaba "ezivela eNdiya". Intshisakalo emikhubeni yasempumalanga izothola indlela yokuphuma eminyakeni embalwa kamuva, isethulo esingokomfanekiso sikaSiddhartha, iqhawe laso eliqiniseka ukuthi lithi lingathikanga ukuqondisisa iqiniso, le nhloso kuphela kungatholakala ngokuhlangenwe nakho kwayo.
Ezweni likaHesse, wabona izenzakalo zempi yezwe yokuqala, waqala ukukhuluma ngezindatshana nezindatshana zokulwa nempi, aqoqe imali yokuvula imitapo yolwazi yeziboshwa zempi. Emaphethelweni wezazi-mlando, umlobi wasebenzisana nawokubili amaqembu alwayo, ngakho-ke akumangazi ukuthi umkhankaso ovulekile we-Propaganda waphumela ekulweni noHesse, wabizwa ngokuthi yigwala kanye nomlandeli kwabezindaba.
Ngombhikisho, uHerman wathuthela eSwitzerland Bern futhi wenqaba ukuba yisakhamuzi saseJalimane. Umphakathi Wemibono Nokubukwa eduze neHesse enombhali waseFrance, umsekeli osebenzayo we-rollyn ye-pacifism. Endaweni efanayo, waphothula eRoshalde's Roman, umsebenzi olandelayo we-autobiographical, lapho kulokhu kwakukhona inkinga yosuku lokungena ngaphakathi.
Ukushicilelwa kwenoveli yezemfundo "Demian", kuchazwa izikhathi zokwakheka kwezenhlalo kanye nokuziphatha kobuntu bomlingiswa ophambili, kwandulela izehlakalo ezibuhlungu empilweni kaHesse: Indodana endala yafa, khona-ke uBaba, unkosikazi wawela esibhedlela sezengqondo . Kusukela emiphumeleni yokuqhekeka okunamandla okwesabayo, uHerman wapholisa udokotela odumile wezengqondo uJosef Lang.
Ngaphansi kwethonya le-jungian psychoanalysis, uHerman Hesse utshele inoveli hhayi nje ngomuntu osemusha owabuya empini futhi wabheka indaba yokuphila umfana owaphila impilo ejwayelekile ye-burger futhi Ngaphansi kwengcindezi evela ezimeni futhi ngenxa yobumbano bobuntu bakhe baphenduka umuntu ophakeme kuneleveli yokuthuthuka kwabanye. UKarl Jung ngokwakhe waphendula inoveli ngokuthi "ekukhanyeni kwezibani zobusuku."
Ukuphikwa kombango oyisikhulu, umlobi wembulwa enoveli "ye-steppe wolf", ebhekwa njengesigaba esibaluleke kakhulu kumlobi weHesse. Le ncwadi yaqala ukuqondiswa kwamanoveli engqondo ezincwadini zaseJalimane, futhi izingcaphuno ezivela embhalweni ziyasetshenziswa futhi zisengezocingo zesenzo, futhi njengomfanekiso wesikhundla somuntu siqu.
Igagasi elisha lokuthandwa limboze iHesse ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwendaba "Narcissus kanye zlatoust" ("Narcissus noGoldmund"). Ukwakheka kokwakhiwa kwenzeka eJalimane yangezikhathi zasendulo, kanye nokuphila okukulo kuqhathaniswa ne-asceticism, ngokomoya - okubonakalayo, okunengqondo - ngokomzwelo.
Uhlobo lokuvuselelwa kukaHesse lwalungukuqamba kweHesse "lwabuhlalu", inoveli yase-Utopian yokuqonda kwezenhlalo, okwakhile izingxoxo ezibukhali kanye nezincazelo eziningi. Phezu komsebenzi, umbhali wasebenza iminyaka eyishumi nezingxenye ezishicilelwe. Incwadi egcwele egcwele yabona ukukhanya eZurich phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili - ngo-1943. Ezweni laseHesse, inoveli yokugcina evunyelwe ngumlobi yadedelwa ngo-1951 ngesikhundla sokulwa nobuFascist.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UHermann Hesse washada kathathu. Ngomlingani wokuqala uMaria Bernoulli, umlobi washada ngo-1904, ngemuva kokuhamba e-Italy, lapho uMaria ephelewe nguHerman njengomthwebuli wezithombe. UMaria, noma uMia, njengakwezinye izindawo ebizwa ngokuthi yintombazane, wavela emndenini weSwitzerland Mathmeratics.
Mayelana nezingane ezelwe kulo mshado, impahla yolwazi. Kweminye imithombo kuthiwa indodana endala kaMartin endala yafa ivela eMeningitis, ngenkathi isencane. Ngasikhathi sinye, abanye bakhuluma ngoBruno naseHeiner, ababa ngabaculi futhi abaphila impilo ende, kanye nomunye uMartin, owazalwa ngo-1911 futhi wazalwa ethwebule izithombe.
NgoMaria Hesse wahlukanisa ngokusemthethweni ngo-1923, kodwa eminye iminyaka eyisithupha ngaphambi kwalokho, kwabekwa owesifazane ngenxa yokuphazamiseka kwengqondo esibhedlela esikhethekile.
Ngo-1924, uHerman washada ngokwesibili kuRuth Wengenger, indodakazi yombhali uLisa Wengenger. URuth wayesemncane iminyaka engama-20, ethanda ukucula nokudweba. Lo mshado wawukhona iminyaka emithathu, phakathi kwaso, ngokwezinkumbulo zezikhathi zesikhathi, izintandokazi ze-Frau Hesse ezithandwa yizilwane ezifuywayo kunokukhathazeka komndeni. Ngasikhathi sinye, abazali bakaVenger babehlala bavakashela izivakashi, futhi umlobi washeshe wazizwa esekhaya lakhe.
Umbono wonkosikazi wakhe, i-hostess nentombi kaHessure etholakala kumuntu oshade naye wesithathu u-ninon auslander. Ngowesifazane, umlobi usebhalwe kade - uNinon waba ngumthandi omkhulu womsebenzi kaHerman. Kamuva, unjiniyela oshadile uFred Dolbin, wahlangana noHese ngo-1922, lapho kuqubuka imishado edlule. Ngo-1931, isazi-mlando sobuciko nomlobi bakhipha ubudlelwano.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokushicilelwa "kwemidlalo ebuhlalu", uHesse uzikhawulela empikiswaneni yezindaba, izinkondlo, izindatshana. Ngokubambisana kanye no-Herman uHerman wayehlala eMontagnol, indawo engaphansi kweLugano, endlini eyakhela yona ngo-Elazy noHans Bodder.
Ngo-1962, kwatholakala umbhali we-Leukemia, ngo-Agasti wawo lowo nyaka, uHerman Hesse wafa ngenxa ye-hemorrhage ebuchosheni. Wangcwatshwa eCollina D'Oro Demetery.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1904 - "Peter Kamenzind"
- Ngo-1906 - "ICasanova iyalungiswa"
- 1906 - "Ngaphansi Kwesondo"
- 1910 - "Gertruda"
- 1913 - "Isiphepho"
- Ngo-1913 - Roshalde
- 1915 - "I-KNLP"
- 1918 - "Umphefumulo Wengane"
- 1919 - "Demian"
- 1922 - USiddhartha
- 1927 - "Steppe Wolf"
- Ngo-1923 - "Ukuguqula i-PICTITICT"
- Ngo-1930 - "Narcissus noZlatoust"
- 1932 - "Phinda ungene ezweni lasempumalanga"
- 1943 - "Umdlalo ebuhlalu"