I-Biograge
UNikolai Leskova ubizwa ngokuthi amakhono aseRussia aseRussia - kulokhu, umbhali wema emugqeni owodwa noNikolai Gogol. Umlobi waba odumile njengoMningi onesifo esibi, egcizelela ukunambitheka kweNhlangano Yenhlangano Yabaphikisi. Futhi kamuva ozakwabo ozakwabo olwazini lwezengqondo, isimilo namasiko abantu bezwe lomdabu.Ubuntwana nentsha
ULeskov wazalelwa edolobhaneni laseGorokhovo (Orlovsk Gubernia). Ubaba womlobi, uMemon Dmitrieving, wayephelelwe yisikhathi ngohlobo olungokomoya - umkhulu wakhe noyise bakhonza njengabapristi esontweni edolobhaneni laseLeskey (yilokho nesibongo).
Yebo, futhi umzali wabalobi besikhathi esizayo ngokwakhe baphothula esikoleni sezemilomo, kodwa wabe esesebenza egumbini lika-Oryol lobugebengu. Ngahlukaniswa ngethalente elikhulu lomphenyi, ngikwazi ukuvelisa ngisho nodaluke olunzima kakhulu, washeshe wavuka ngokushesha ezitebhisini zenkonzo futhi wathola isihloko esihle. UMama Maria Petrovna waqhamuka eMoscow Nobility.
Emndenini wamaqabunga, ahlala esikhungweni sokuphatha esifundazweni, adala izingane ezinhlanu - amadodakazi amabili namadodana amathathu, uNikolai wayesekhulu. Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-8 ubudala, uyise wayesenokuthula kakhulu nomphathi futhi, esebambe umndeni, wathatha umhlalaphansi waya edolobhaneni lasePankin, lapho wayenza khona ezolimo - yena ngokwakhe wathi, wahlwanyela, wanakekela insimu.
Ngokufunda, izilinganiso ezisencane zazinengekayo. Eminyakeni emihlanu ubudala, umfana wafunda e-Oryol Gymnasium, futhi ekugcineni waba nobufakazi ngokuphela kwazo zonke izigaba ezimbili ezandleni zakhe. Abezindaba ze-leski basola uhlelo lwezemfundo lwalezo zikhathi okuyize kanye nesiqalekiso esishaya isifiso sokuqonda isayensi. Ikakhulu kubuntu obungajwayelekile, obudala, njengoKhohl Leskov.
Kwadingeka ngiye emsebenzini. Ubaba wafaka i-Hit to the Criminal Chamber esebenza, kwathi ngonyaka owedlule wafa ngekholera. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwaphela usizi olunye olwalushayelwe emndenini wezikhova zokudoba - indlu yashisa indlu nayo yonke impahla.
U-Nikolay osemusha waya wajwayela umhlaba. Ngokokodwa, le nsizwa yadluliselwa egumbini likahulumeni eKiev, lapho ayehlala khona noprofesa e-High School Malume. Enhlokodolobha yase-Ukraine ye-Leskov yangena empilweni ethokozisayo, yagcwala - yaba nesithakazelo ezilimini, izincwadi, ifilosofi, yahlala edeskini njenge-freelancer eyunivesithi, ijikeleza izibuyingo zamaqembu nangezimpahla zakudala.
Usucenge isipiliyoni sempilo somsebenzi wombhali wesikhathi esizayo komunye malume. Umyeni kaMamina wase-English Mamina wabiza umshana wakhe ukuba abe yinkampani yakhe "uShkott noWilkens", isikhundla sasithatha uhambo olude nolwenziwa njalo eRussia kulo lonke elaseRussia. Kulokhu umlobi wabiza okuhle kakhulu e-Biography yakhe.
Into yokufunda
Umqondo wokunikela ngokuphila ebuchosheni begama legama lafunda uLeskov isikhathi eside. Okokuqala ngqa, insizwa yacabanga ngensimu yombhali, edolweni laseRussia nemisebenzi evela enkampanini "shkott kanye noWilkens" - Uhambo lwalunikezwa imicimbi ekhanyayo nezinhlobo zabantu abacelwe iphepha.
Izinyathelo zokuqala ezincwadini uNikolai Semenovich wenza njengochwepheshe. Ngibhale izindatshana "ngobubi bosuku" eSt Petersburg naseKiev Newspaper, ukugxekwa enkohlakalweni kwaqubuka izikhulu nodokotela bamaphoyisa. Impumelelo yezincwadi ibingafiswanga, yaletha uphenyo oluningi olusemthethweni.
Isampula kapeni njengoba umlobi wemisebenzi yobuciko kwenzeka kuphela eminyakeni engama-32 kuphela - uNikolay Leskov wabhala indaba ethi "Impilo Yowesifazane Oyedwa" (namuhla siyamazi njengo "Amur eLapotopers"), abafundi bomtapo wezincwadi wokufunda umtapo wezincwadi abatholile.
Kusukela emsebenzini wokuqala embhalweni, bakhuluma njenge-Master eyazi ukuthi bangadlulisela kanjani ngokukhazimula izithombe zabesifazane nge-tragic fate. Futhi konke ngoba, ngemuva kwendaba yokuqala, egqamile, ukungena futhi okuyinkimbinkimbi "I-Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County" ne- "Warrior" yaphuma. I-Leskov ingena ngekhono emcudweni owethulwe emnyama wokuduma amahlaya kanye nokubhuqa, okubonisa isitayela esiyingqayizivele, kamuva eyayibona kamuva uhlobo lweTale.
Embuthanweni wezintshisakalo zemibhalo, uNikolai Semenovich wayebuye abe yidrama. Kusukela ngo-1867, umlobi waqala ukudala imidlalo yeshashalazi. Omunye wabantu abadumile - "Patroster".
ILeskov yathi kakhulu ngaye kanye nodokotela wesayensi. Ezincwadini "akukho ndawo", "mathupha", "emadolweni" ahlekisa ngezinguquko naku-nihilists, asho ukungazi kweRussia kushintsho olukhulu. Ukuhlolwa okunjalo komsebenzi wombhali ngemuva kokufunda inoveli "emivelweni" kwanikezwa uMaxim Gorky:
"... Ngemuva kwenoveli emibi" emimemeni ", umsebenzi wokubhala weLeskov ngokushesha uba umdwebo okhanyayo noma, kunalokho, ukupenda kwesithonjana - uqala ukudala i-iconostasis yawo ngcwele futhi alungile eRussia."Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwamanoveli, kugxeka ama-Democraph Democrat, abahleli bamagazini bahlela ukufundwa kweLeskov. Angizange ngiyenqaba ukubambisana nomlobi kuphela uMikhail Katkov, ohola "i-Russian Bulletin", kepha akunakwenzeka ukusebenza nalo mbhali - imithetho engenangqondo.
Umkhiqizo olandelayo, ongene kumgcinimafa wezincwadi zomdabu, kwakuyinganekwane yamakhosi akwaMasters "LEVSH". Kuyo, isitayela esiyingqayizivele seLeskov sagqekeza emaphethelweni amasha, umbhali wabheka kanye nokuhlangana koqobo, ebeka eminye imicimbi, edala uhlaka oluyinkimbinkimbi. Mayelana noNicolae Semenovich wakhuluma njengombhali oqinile.
Kuma-70s, umbhali wabhekana nezikhathi ezinzima. UMnyango Wezokukhanyiselwa Kwabantu ubeka leskov njenge-appraiser yezincwadi ezintsha - waxazulula, ungakwazi ukweqa izincwadi kumfundi noma cha, futhi ngithole iholo elincane ngalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, indaba elandelayo "Enchantwed Wander" yenqabe bonke abahleli, kufaka phakathi uKatkova.
Lo msebenzi wombhali wawucabanga njengenye indlela ye-Genu yendabuko yenoveli. Indaba ihlanganisa iziza ezingahlobene, futhi aziqediwe. Ukugxekwa "kwamahhala" kwephulwe ku-fluff nothuli, futhi uNikolai Semenovich kwadingeka ashicilele izilonge zengqondo yakhe ekubekeni imibhalo.
Esikhathini esizayo, umbhali wanxusa ekwakhiweni kwezinhlamvu ezihleliwe. Ukusuka ngaphansi kwezimpaphe zakhe, iqoqo lezindaba "abalungile", ezibandakanya imidwebo "Indoda ewashi", "isibalo" kanye nabanye. Umlobi wethule abantu abaqondile ngenxa kanembeza, ephikisana nokuthi wonke umuntu wahlangana nawo wonke umuntu. Kodwa-ke, abagxeki nozakwabo bamukele umsebenzi nge-sarcasm. Ngawo-1980, olungileyo bathola izimfanelo zenkolo ezitholakele - uLeskov wabhala ngamaqhawe obuKristu bokuqala.
Lapho kushona ilanga lokuphila, uNikolai Semenovich futhi waphendukela ekuqalisweni kwezikhulu, ezempi, abameleli beSonto, enikeza izincwadi umsebenzi we "Isilo", "umculi weTuppean", "Bugago". Futhi ngalesi sikhathi, ukuvuza kwabhala izindaba zokufunda kwezingane, ezazithatha ngenjabulo abahleli bamagazini.
Phakathi kobuhlakani bezincwadi, odumile kamuva, kwakukhona abalandeli abathembekile bakaNikolai Leskov. ILion Tolstoy icubungule i-nugget kusuka ekujuleni kwe-oryol "umlobi waseRussia kakhulu", no-Ivan Turgenev no-Anton Chekhov kwakhiwa yindoda ebangeni labafundisi babo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngamazinga wekhulu le-19, impilo yomuntu siqu kaNikolai Semenovich ayiphumelelanga. Umlobi wakwazi ukuhamba ngaphansi komqhele kabili, kanti okwesibili enomfazi wokuqala ophilayo.
ILeskov yashada kusenesikhathi, ngehora lesi-22. U-Olga Smirnova, izindlalifa zoMkhandlu waseKiev zakhethwa. Emshadweni, indodakazi kaVera nendodana kaMitya, owashona namanye amancane azalwa. Lo mlingani wahlupheka nge-Psyche Disorder futhi wayevame ukuphathwa emtholampilo waseSt. Petersburg of St Nicholas.
Empeleni, uNikolai Semenovich, eqinisweni, washonelwa ngumkakhe futhi wanquma ukungena emshadweni womphakathi noCatherine Bubnova, ongumdleke iminyaka eminingana. Ngo-1866, uLeskov wazala okwesithathu - indodana ka-Andrei yavela emhlabeni. Kulomugqa ngo-1922, usaziwayo wesikhathi esizayo we-Tatiana Leskov's Ballet wazalwa, umlobi womlobi "umlandeli onamafutha". Kepha nonkosikazi wesibili, uNikolai Semenovich akazange ahambe, ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-11, abashadikazi bahlukaniswa.
I-Leskov ehamba ngemifino ka-leskov ehamba ebusuku, eyayikholelwa ukuthi izilwane azikwazanga ukubulawa ngokudla. Le ndoda yanyathelisa isihloko lapho iViganov ihlukaniswe khona emakamu amabili - labo abadla inyama, bebheka uhlobo lokuthumela, nalabo abasola ngalo izidalwa eziphilayo ezingenacala. Ngokwakhe wakhuluma ngawo owokugcina. Umlobi unxuse ukudala i-cookbook yabantu abanomqondo ofanayo waseRussia, obuzofaka "ama-Green" Recipes kusuka kwimikhiqizo etholakala kumaRussia. Kwavela ku-1893.
Ukushona
UNikolay Leskov wahlupheka impilo yakhe yonke kusuka ku-asthma, eminyakeni yamuva nje lesi sifo sakhula, ukuhlaselwa kwalokhu kwaqala ukwenzeka okwengeziwe.
NgoFebhuwari 21 (ngoMashi 5, ngesitayela esisha) sango-1895, umbhali akakwazi ukubhekana nokwanda kwezifo. Ukungcwaba uNikolai Semenovich eSt. Petersburg ku-Volkovssky Cemetery.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1863 - "Ukuphila Kowesifazane Oyedwa"
- Ngo-1864 - "Lady Macbeth Mtsensky County"
- Ngo-1864 - "Akukho ndawo"
- Ngo-1865 - "Out"
- Ngo-1866 - "Iziqhingi"
- Ngo-1866 - "IQhawe"
- Ngo-1870 - "Emimeseni"
- Ngo-1872 - "Sobira"
- Ngo-1872 - "Ingelosi Eveziwe"
- Ngo-1873 - "Uzulazule Enchanted"
- Ngo-1874 - "Kuyamangaza"
- Ngo-1881 - "Lefty"
- Ngo-1890 - "Udonsela onodoli"