I-Biograge
UDaniel Deno ubizwa ngokuthi ngumlobi wokuqala waseBrithani owadukisa uhlobo lwenoveli. Uhulumeni omuhle kakhulu nomlobi owandayo owethulwe kwabafundi bezincwadi eziyinkulungwane, izindatshana, amapheshana, lapho athinta khona ngephalethi elibanzi lezihloko. UDeno wabhala ngezepolitiki, inkolo, ezomnotho, ezengqondo kanye nezemvelo.Waba umsunguli wobuntatheli kwezomnotho kanye ne-propagandist yengcweliswa ngobungcwele benxiwankulu. Kuthunyelwe inkululeko yokukhuluma nokuzimela kwezenkolo. Kepha into esemqoka - UDaniel Demo owethulwe ebuntwini kuyindlela ethokozisayo yothando mayelana neRobinson Cruzo, eshintshe amashumi amanoveli nezindaba, amafilimu kanye nama-serials abhalwe phansi.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Usuku oluqondile lokuzalwa kwe-defio akwaziwa. I-Novesist yesikhathi esizayo yavela esifundeni saseLondon eKriplergate cishe ngo-1660 emndenini wokuhweba okucebile kwenyama kanye nomnikazi wefektri yekhandlela. Abazali bakaDaniel FO - ngakho-ke igama langempela lomlobi lizwakala - lalinamabala ePresbyterism, isiqondiso samaProthestani, senza imfundiso kaJean Calvin.
Abazali bayibona indodana yakhe ngokuzayo komfundisi wamaPresbyterian, ngakho-ke eneminyaka engu-14 yayizimisele kumaSeminandi asengokomoya. Ngemuva kokuthola iziqu kuye, i-FO yangena e-Academy Academy eStoke Newington. Le nsizwa yaphumelela ezincwadini zakudala, isiLatini nesiGreki sabazi ngokuphelele, kepha umfundisi wayengeke aqale: UDaniel wayengumhwebi, ukuhweba.
Ngemuva kokuphothula e-Academy, uDaniel Demo eMkhandlwini kaYise wahlala ehhovisi lezinhlangano zomjikelezo ukuhweba nabathengisi bakwamanye amazwe. UDaniel oneminyaka engu-19 waqonda izisekelo zokubalwa kwezimali ehhovisi futhi ngasikhathi sinye wasebenza njengomabhalane esitolo samasheya omhwebi.
Maphakathi nawo-1680s, uDefo wabheka ukuthi wafunda konke, wathatha ukuhweba: wavula inkampani enakekelayo eCornhylla, esebenze ngempumelelo iminyaka eyi-10. Ngemuva kwalokho uSomasheya waqonda izinkomba ezintsha: wathengisa izinto zokwakha iwayini, nogwayi.
Ukunwebisa ibhizinisi, kwahambela eFrance, kwakusePortugal naseSpain. Ezinhlelweni zebhizinisi ezinde zabasebenzi, uDaniel defo wajwayela iYurophu, wafunda izimilo nezilimi zabantu.
Osomabhizinisi ophikisana nabaseBrithani njengosomabhizinisi obuyingozi, owayevunyelwe emabhizinisini angabazisayo futhi ahunyushwe kaninginingi ekwakhiweni kwencithakalo. Kepha ngaso sonke isikhathi lapho i-defo ithola izixazululo ezisiza ukubuyisa imali.
Ngaphezu kwebhizinisi, amaBrithani ayenentshisekelo ezindabeni zezepolitiki nezenkolo. Maphakathi nawo-1680s, i-Novelvesist yesikhathi esizayo yabamba iqhaza ekuvukeleni koMuke waseMarmaut, ophikisana nenqubomgomo yeNkosi yaseBrithani yokugcina yeNkosi Yakov VII. Iziphathimandla zacindezela ukuvuka kwaze zabulawa uMoMmaut. UDaniel defo afihlekile ngenxa yokuxosha kanye nokuphunyuka ngokuyisimangaliso isijeziso.
Into yokufunda
Ukuqala kokuqala kwe-biography ye-English ProSOIK kubizwa ngokuthi i-1697, lapho uDaniel Demo wabhala umsebenzi wokuqala owabizwa ngokuthi "isipiliyoni sephrojekthi".
Igama lamaBritise liduma ezweni lakubo ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwephamfulethi yamaSathane emavesini "Muphublenlianman", lapho ubuhlakani be-Englishman ", lapho ubuhlakani be-xenophobia. Isizathu sokuhlanganiswa kwephamfulethi sahlaselwa ngabezinye izizwe ngokuvamile neKing Wilhelm Orange ikakhulukazi. UDefo wavikela ngobudlova izinguquko zababizayo kanye nenguquko, wayenebutho labalandeli nezitha.
Umbhali wasungulwa yimvelaphi enhle, ingubo yomndeni yezingalo ezinama-griffins amathathu neminduze, kanye nezimpande ze-Earman, engeza izinhlayiyana "de" esitsheni esivamile. Kungekudala "Mnu. De fo" wahlanganisa izwi elilodwa.
Ngo-1702, umbhali waqamba iphamfulethi elisha elibizwa ngokuthi "indlela elula ukwehlukanisa nama-disc." Ekuqaleni, amalungu ePhalamende, umbhali ayelandisa ukuze aqondise amaProthestani ngokubhekisele kuma-galleys alenga phezu kwezinsika, ajabule, kodwa ngokushesha bakuqonda.
Abaphenyi be-Creativity Deco babizwa ngokuthi yi-Essay ngumcimbi wezemibhalo waleli khulu leminyaka. Umbhalo wenze umsindo omningi kangangokuba kwamenyezelwa ukuthi kumenyezelwe i-pamfletist. Kuboshwe ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, faka inhlawulo yemali futhi wagwetshwa okuthunyelwe okuyihlazo.
Isijeziso sangemuva sasibuhlungu: babenelungelo lokuhlekisa ngama-yawats asemgwaqweni, emgodini. Kepha uDaniel defo ngokungazelelwe wathuthumela ngezimbali, futhi isixuku sahlabelela ezigcawini nasemigwaqweni ezigcawini zephamfulethi ezigcawini nasemigwaqweni.
Isikweletu sesikhathi eside, umlobi wanikeza umsebenzi oyimfihlo kuhulumeni waseBrithani. "I-ejenti yethonya" ethembisiwe ukukhombisa umsebenzi wamandla ngokukhanya okuhle. Futhi lezokuvikela lenze i-ejenti eyimfihlo eScotland, ngokuphoqa ukuhlola nokubika kuhulumeni waseBrithani mayelana nemisebenzi ephikisayo futhi athonye izincwadi ezingokomfanekiso amaScots.
Ngemuva kwemvume yentatheli kulezi zimo ezandisiwe ngayo kusukela emnyangweni wasebukhosini, kukhokhwe inhlawulo, kanye nomndeni we-deco, obekuseduze kokufa elambile, wanikeza imali. Isiza sokuvela kwezindatshana ezithandwa kubantu baseSatirika baba ikhasi elithi "Observer" - amaphephandaba axhaswe yiziphathimandla zesiNgisi.
Akunakwenzeka ukuthi ukuthi okwesikhathi sokwazi ngobukhona bakaDanyeli uDaniel defo, uma umlobi engabanikeza umsebenzi wobuciko odlula konke, abakhulile nezingane abazithandayo. AmaRoma aphathelene namatilosi asuka eY York, awela ngemuva kokuphuka komkhumbi esiqhingini esilahliwe, okokuqala kwavela ngo-1719.
Umqondo womsebenzi kaRobinson Cruzo uphuthume kulowo mbhali oneminyaka engama-59 ubudala ngemuva kokufunda umlando ngo-Alexandra Selkirka, owayehlala esiqhingini sasogwadule, egeza amaza olwandle lwePacific, iminyaka emi-4. Umhleli olahlekile wathola induna ye-vessel Woods Rogers. Wabhala incwadi eyawa emehlweni okudelela.
Bese kuba khona indatshana mayelana nokufika kwezwe, okwaba nentshisekelo enkulu emlingiswa. UDaniel Demo washaya umlando we-hermit, ongezelwe ngemininingwane eqanjiwe futhi waphenduka inoveli ekhangayo eyanqoba izigidi zabafundi beplanethi. I-Hero yakhe uRobinson Crusoe yayihlala esiqhingini seminyaka engama-28.
Impumelelo yale ncwadi yaphenduka isiphukuphuku, futhi umbhali waqamba ukuqhubeka. Kwavela ukuthi kuthakazelisa kangako kuneyokuqala, kodwa futhi kwaheha ukunakwa kwezigidi zabafundi. Umlobi "wahlala" eTatari enkulu - izwe eliqanjiwe, lisho ukuthini ukuthi i-Russia, uMongolia noTatarstan basho ngayo.
Encwadini yesibili - ukuqhubeka kwalandelwa yilesithathu - kanye nokwesibili, akuqhathaniswa nempumelelo ye-Reader nenoveli yokuqala.
Embuzweni, kwakukhona isazi seBrithani eRussia (encwadini yesibili mayelana nokufika kweCruzo, uchaza iSiberia, i-Arkhangelsk), abacwaningi baphikisana nokuthi lokho bekungenjalo. Mayelana namakhosi aseRussia, umbhali wayazi. ERussia, abahlonishwayo be-defo defo bavele ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwenoveli: Kuphela engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX umfundi omkhulu wazalwa ezweni.
Umlobi wePeru kanye noMlolo wasobala, uvame ukusayinwa nguCharles Johnson, ungowama-500 imibhalo. Maphakathi nawo-1720 wanyathelisa incwadi ethi "Umlando Wendawo Yonke WezokuPhila." Eminyakeni efanayo, kwavela amanoveli amane, kufaka phakathi "injabulo nosizi uMole Fenders" kanye "nedayari yonyaka wesishayo". Ngasikhathi sinye, uDaniel Deco wabhala futhi usebenza ngokuhweba.
Ngo-1726, abahlonishwayo abanothando bathokozela incwadi entsha - indlela "yohambo lwaseNgilandi neScotland". Emanoveli eBritish ekhubazekile emlandweni nasezihlotsheni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umlobi washada ngo-1684. Wathatha umfazi weCompatriot uMariya Taufterley - intombazane enomdlandla ocebile. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-8, cishe amakhilogremu ayizinkulungwane ezi-4 kaMariya, kanye nokonga komthengisi, ukugwinya ukuqothuka.Umlingani wabeletha umyeni wakhe izingane eziyisishiyagalombili. Impilo yomndeni yasibekela ukushushiswa kweziphathimandla nangobolekisi. Babehlala kwikota yekota yobugebengu yenkonzo yekota yobugebengu, lapho kwakuhlala khona izigebengu zaseLondon, khona-ke eBristol. UDaniel Demo washiya indlu ngamaSonto kuphela - kulezi zinsuku ebopha abakweletwayo benqatshelwe.
Ukushona
Ushone umlobi odumile emhlabeni wedwa. Umshicileli okhohliswe ngawo waphishekela uDefo futhi waphenduka unyaka wokugcina wokuphila waya esihogweni. Ukucasha kumsushiyeli, uDaniel Demo wasuka emndenini, wasuka edolobheni waya edolobheni, kwathi lapho ummemezeli emzulu futhi ezama ukubhoboza inkemba, umlobi oneminyaka engu-70 uhlakaza isitha.
Kususwe ekwesabeni nasezinsokweni njalo, i-defo yayicasha ngaphansi kwabafokazi, isusa amakamelo namakamelo. Ngo-1731, umlobi wasusa indawo yokuhlala endaweni eyihlane yaseLondon, lapho afela khona ekupheleni kuka-Ephreli. Eduze kwalapho kwakungekho mfazi noma izingane zakwabo eziyisishiyagalombili. Amadodana ahamba izindaba zokuthenga, amadodakazi ashadayo futhi ethola imindeni. Ukuthola ubaba wakho emijondolo yaseLondon kwakungeyena.
Imbangela yokufa kodokotela wangakuso ibizwa ngokuthi ukufunga kweLethargia. I-harness enhlanganweni yomngcwabo yathatha umnikazi wefulethi, futhi ngemuva kokunxephezela izindleko, izinto ezisele zefulethi elishonile endalini lathatha. Ukufa kwamaphephandaba ama-Novelists aphendule ngama-necrolologist amafushane, amaningi - aronic, abiza ukuvikela "kwesakhamuzi esikhulu kunazo zonke seRiphabhulikhi yaseLondon, lapho kwakuhamba khona ababhali abaseLondon.
Ipuleti elimhlophe lavela ethuneni lomlobi kanye nentatheli, ngokushesha lakhula ngotshani. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, ikhulu leminyaka, ngo-1870, amabombo eBrithani adonswa kubafana namantombazane ezwe ukunikela ngemali yesikhumbuzo esiyisikhumbuzo kuDaniel Deco - Ipuletinti leminyaka lifafazwe esigabeni sombani. Izinkulungwane zabanikezeli baphendule. Isikhumbuzo samaGranite savela ethuneni ngamazwi aqoshiwe: "Emkhumbuleni womlobi" Robinson Cruzo ".
I-Bibliography
- 1719 - "Robinson Cruzo"
- 1719 - "Ukufika okwengeziwe kweRobinson Cruzo"
- 1720 - "Inkosi YasePirates"
- 1720 - "Impilo kanye nePirate Adventures yeCaptain Enhle Beingon"
- 1720 - "Ama-Memor Cavalr
- 1722 - "Idayari yesifo"
- 1722 - "Injabulo nosizi kwabadumile moll flenders"
- 1722 - "Umlando Wama-Colonel Jack"
- 1724 - "Happy Kurtizanka, noma Roxana"
- 1724 - "Umlando wePiracy Wendawo Yonke"
- 1726 - "Umlando KaDeveli"