I-Biograge
INkosi uHeinrich VIII Tydo ibusa eNgilandi ngekhulu le-XVI Century. Waba yinkosi yesibili evela ku-Tudor Dynasty. Yaziwa ngemishado yakhe eminingana, ngenxa yakomunye wabo wavukela eSontweni LamaKatolika, wephule ukuxhumana nobukhosi futhi waba yinhloko yesonto lase-Anglican.
Inkosi yahlushwa ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo nasekupheleni kokubusa kwayo ayizange ihlukanise phakathi kwabaphikisi bezepolitiki bangempela, futhi lapho kucatshangwa khona. Ngemuva kokuthi i-English Reforvation yenze izwe lamaProthestani laseNgilandi. Ithonya lakhe ezweni lisazwakala. Impilo yombusi yachazwa kumanoveli aphezulu ayishumi, amafilimu kanye nama-serials.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UHeinrich VIII wazalwa ngoJuni 28, 1491 eGreenwich, eNgilandi. Waba yingane yesithathu emndenini weKing waseNgilandi uHenry VII no-Elizabeth York. Ugogo wakhe wabandakanyeka esoka lakhe - leady Margaret befort. Wafaka izindinganiso ezingokomoya eMonarch osemusha, waya enqwaba naye wafunda iBhayibheli.Iminyaka eyishumi nanhlanu yafa umfowenu omdala - u-Arthur. Nguyena obekumele aye esihlalweni sobukhosi, kepha ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, uHeinrich VIII waba ngumphikisi wokuqala. Wathola isihloko sePrince Welsh futhi waqala ukulungiselela ukubhekelwa kabusha.
Uyise INkosi uHeinrich VII izame ukwandisa ithonya laseNgilandi futhi aqinise izinyunyana anamazwe angomakhelwane, ngakho-ke agcizelela ukuthi indodana ishada i-ekaterina arragon, umfazi walowo mfowabo. Akukho ukuqinisekiswa okubhaliwe, kepha kunamahlebezi okuthi le nsizwa yaqala ngokwesigaba lo mshado.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Ngo-1509, ngemuva kokushona kukayise, uHenrich VIII oneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa wakhwela esihlalweni sobukhosi. Eminyakeni emibili yokuqala yokubusa kwakhe, uRichard Fox Warham wahlanganyela kuzo zonke izindaba zombuso. Emva kwabo, amandla adlulela kuFardinal Thomas WAWSE, owathi ngemuva kwawo waba yiNkosi-chancellor yaseNgilandi. Ngokwesiko, inkosi esemncane ayikwazanga ukuzibusa, ngakho-ke ngenkathi ethola isipiliyoni kanye nabesilisa abadala, uhulumeni wangempela wawusezandleni zabasizi abanolwazi ababandakanyeka ezindabeni ezibalulekile ngesikhathi sokubusa kwenkosi edlule.
Ngo-1512, uHeinrich VIII wanqoba okokuqala e-Biography yakhe. Walibeka imikhumbi yakhe endleleni eya ogwini lweFrance. Lapho, ibutho lesiNgisi lichoboze isiFulentshi futhi libuyela ekhaya liye ekunqobeni.
Ngokuvamile, impi neFrance yahlala yathatha kuze kube ngu-1525 ngempumelelo ehlukahlukene. UMonarch wakwazi ukufika enhlokodolobha yezwe lesitha, kepha ngokushesha uMgcinimafa Wezempi waseNgilandi awunalutho, futhi akukho okusasele kuye, ngaphandle kokuthi kuphethwe isinqumo. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi inkosi uqobo yavela kaningi enkundleni yempi. Wayengu-archet futhi wayala zonke izikhonzi zakhe ukuba azijwayeze isonto lonke ukuze adubule eLuka.
Inqubomgomo yangaphakathi yezwe yayikude kakhulu. UHeinrich VIII ngezinqumo zabo zonakalise abalimi abancane, ngenxa yalokho izinkulungwane zabafazi zavela eNgilandi. Ukubhekana nale nkinga, inkosi yakhipha isimemezelo "ngokusakaza". Ngenxa yakhe, izinkulungwane zangaphambili zalengiswa.
Vele, umnikelo obaluleke kakhulu ekuthuthukisweni kweNgilandi ukuguqulwa kwesonto. Ngenxa yokungavumelani kweSonto lamaKhatholika elinesehlukaniso senkosi, waphula ngokuphelele ukuxhumana nepapa. Emva kwalokho, wabeka phambili ukumangalelwa kwesivuvuvu soPapa - Clement VII.
Ubuye wabeka umbhishobhi omkhulu uThomas Cranmer, owabona kalula umshado kaHeinrich noCatherine abavumelekile. Ngokushesha inkosi yashada no-Anna Boleyn. Waqhubeka nokuqeda isonto lamaRoma eNgilandi. Wonke amathempeli, amakati namasonto avaliwe. Yonke impahla yathathwa esikhundleni sombuso, bonke abapristi nabashumayeli babulawa, futhi iBhayibheli lalingelona ngesiNgisi - lishisiwe. Ngokuhleleka kwenkosi kwavulwa kwaphanga amathuna osanta.
Ngo-1540, uHeinrich VIII kaznill Thomas Cromwell, owayengumsizi omkhulu kwiKing ngezinguquko. Emva kwalokho, wabuyela kukholo lwamaKatolika futhi wanyathelisa isenzo sezindatshana eziyisithupha, ezasekela iPhalamende laseNgilandi. Ngokusho koMthetho, bonke abahlali boMbuso bekufanele balethe izipho ngesikhathi sesisindo, benhlanganyelo, bavume. Wayala ukuba izinceku ezingokomoya zibuke isithembiso sokuhlanya nezinye izifungo. Bonke labo abavumelani noMthetho, babulawa ngenxa yokuvukela umbuso.
Ngemuva kokuba inkosi yabulala unkosikazi wayo wesihlanu wamaKatolika, waphinde wanquma ukushintsha ukholo lwesonto eNgilandi. Kwenqabela amasiko amaKatolika futhi wabuya oProthestani. Izinguquko zikaHeinrich VIII zazingahambisani futhi zingenangqondo, kepha zikwazile ukuzakhela eyakho, iSonto elizimele lesiNgisi eRoma.
Ekupheleni kokubusa kwakhe, uHeinrich VIII waba nonya ngokwengeziwe. Izazi-mlando zithi wayenesifo sofuzo esathonya i-psyche yakhe - wazenza washintsha, washisa futhi unonya. Wabulala wonke umuntu owayengashadile kuye.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Inkosi yesiNgisi yashada amahlandla ayisithupha. Umkakhe wakhetha uyise. Nge-Katherine Aragon, wahlukanisa, wamshiya isihloko somfowethu. Isizathu sesehlukaniso sokuthi bonke abantwana bakaCatherine bafa ngesikhathi sokukhulelwa noma ngokushesha. Sisinde kuphela indodakazi ephethwe kuphela - uMariya, kepha uHeinrich VIII waphupha ngendlalifa. Ngo-1553, indodakazi yakhe yaba yindlovukazi yokuqala yaseNgilandi, eyaziwa ngaphansi kwegama elithi Mary Valoy.
U-Anna Bolein waba ngumkakhe wenkosi. Wenqabile ukuba yinkosikazi yakhe, ngakho-ke inkosi yanquma ukudivosa eCatherine. Kwakungu-Ana owaphefumulela uHenrich VIII ukuthi inkosi ibhekene necala phambi kwakhe nomqhele, nombono wabefundisi eRoma akufanele bakhathazeke. Ngemuva kwalokho, inkosi yanquma izinguquko.
Ngo-1533, u-Ana waba ngumfazi osemthethweni weNhloko Yezwe. Ngawo lowo nyaka, intombazane yamthwebula. Ngemuva kwezinyanga eziyisishiyagalolunye ngemuva komshado, u-Ana wazala incekukazi yenkosi u-Elizabethe. Konke ukukhulelwa okulandelayo kwaphela kungaphuli, futhi inkosi yadumala kumkakhe. Wamsola ukuba avukele futhi wabulawa entwasahlobo yango-1536.
Unkosikazi olandelayo Henry VIII waba yiFrellina Anna - Jane Seymour. Umshado wenzeka ngesonto ngemuva kokubulawa komfazi wesibili wenkosi. KwakunguJane okwazile ukubeletha inkosi yendlalifa elalilindiswe yisikhathi eside ngo-1537. Indlovukazi yafa ngemuva nje kokuvela kwendodana ekukhanyeni ngenxa yezinkinga zokuzala.
Umshado olandelayo waba yinkambo yezepolitiki. Inkosi yesiNgisi yashada no-Anna Klevsky, indodakazi kaJohann III Klevsky, owayengumbuso waseJalimane. UHeinrich wanquma ukuthi uzoqala ukubona le ntombazane futhi kuphela lapho enze isinqumo, ngakho-ke ngamyalela isithombe sakhe.
Ukuvela kuka-Ana kwakuyithanda inkosi, futhi wanquma umshado. Lapho behlangana, umakoti akazange athande inkosi, futhi wazama ukuqeda umkayo ngokushesha okukhulu. Ngo-1540, umshado wakhanselwa ngenxa yokuzibandakanya kokugcina kwentombazane. Ukuze iqiniso lokuthi umshado wawungaphumeleli, lowo owamhlela wabulawa - uThomas Cromwell.
Ehlobo lika-1540, uHeinrich VIII washada nodadewabo unkosikazi wakhe wesibili - uCatherine Howard. Inkosi yathandana nentombazane, kodwa bengazi ukuthi wayenesithandwa phambi komshado. Ushintshe inkosi futhi ngemuva komshado. Futhi, le ntombazane yaphawulwa maqondana nekhanda le-PJ. Ngo-1542, uCatherners nabo bonke abenzi bokubi babulawa.
I-Ekaterina Parr yaba ngumkathi wesithupha nowokugcina wenkosi yesiNgisi. OwesiNgisi English waba umfelokazi kabili ngaphambi komshado nenkosi. WayengumProthestani futhi umlingani wakhothamela ukholo lwakhe. Ngemuva kokushona kukaHeinrich VIII, washada kabili.
Ukushona
Inkosi yaseNgilandi yahlaselwa yizifo eziyishumi nambili. Ukukhuluphala sekuyinkinga yayo eyinhloko. Waqala ukunyakaza kancane, okhalweni lwakhe lwedlula umqulu wamamitha ayi-1.5. Wathutha kuphela ngamadivayisi akhethekile.
Ngesikhathi sokuzingela, uHeinrich walimala, kamuva eyaba ababulalayo. ULekari wawuphatha kabi, kepha ngemuva kokulimala, izinyawo zangena ekuthelelekeni kwenxeba, futhi inxeba laqala ukwanda.
Odokotela bahlanjululwe ngezandla zabo futhi bathi lesi sifo sibulala. Isilonda salwa, isimo senkosi saphangwa, futhi ukuthambekela kwakhe okude kusenamandla.
Washintsha imodi yakhe yamandla - acishe asuse imifino nezithelo, eshiya inyama ebomvu kuphela. Odokotela banethemba lokuthi yimbangela le mbangela yokufa kweNkosi ngoJanuwari 28, 1547.
Ukukhumbula
- 1702 - Isifanekiso esibhedlela saseSt. Bartholomew;
- 1911 - Ifilimu elithi "Heinrich VIII";
- 1993 - ifilimu "impilo yangasese Henry VIII";
- 2003 - Uchungechunge "Heinrich VIII";
- Ngo-2006 - Ifa likaRoma "ifa lezinhlobo zobuhlungu";
- 2008 - ifilimu "elinye uhlobo lweBolein";
- 2012 - Incwadi ethi "Heinrich VIII kanye nabafazi bakhe abayisithupha: I-Autobiography kaHenry VIII ngamazwana kaJester wayo."