I-Biograge
I-Xerxes - inkosi yasePheresiya kanye noFaro waseGibhithe, odume kakhulu ngemikhankaso yokunqoba ngokumelene no-Eldla. Iningi lolwazi nge-biography yakhe ekhuluma ngalo lithola isikhathi sethu sibonga izazi-mlando zasendulo zamaGreek, ikakhulukazi, imisebenzi kaKesiya yale ncwadi, iminyaka eyi-17 yalabo ababehlala ePheresiya. Futhi abavukuvubukuvubukuvubukuvubukuswa yimibhalo engama-20 emthethweni entshonalanga, e-Elamu nasezilimi zaseBabiloni.
AmaGreek asukuma ama-Xerks, abize abuthakathaka futhi ayize. Ababhali basePheresiya banikezwa inkosi njengombusi ohlakaniphile neqhawe elinqobayo. Iningi labantu, lelo mbuso laliphakeme, liqinile ngomzimba noHardy, okwamvumela ukuthi akhuthazelele imikhankaso yamasosha futhi ashiye inzalo eningi enempilo.
Ubuntwana nentsha
UXerxes, ogama lakhe lihunyushwe ngokuthi "okuhle ngamaqhawe," wazalwa ngo-520 BC Ngokusho komugqa womama, lalisuka eKira II labakhulu, umsunguli woMbuso Wase-Agemenid. UXerxes wayeyindodana endala ye-amomes, indodakazi kaKira II, noDariyu II. Kusukela emadodaneni ayisithupha uDariyu, abutha uhambo olulandelayo, wakhetha indlalifa eKira.
Uhlelo lwezomthetho lwePheresiya yasendulo aluzange lulawule khona inqubo yecebo loMbuso, futhi ukudluliselwa kwamandla kwakuvame ukuhambisana nokuphindisela futhi kugxile. Kepha kulokhu konke kwathula, abafowethu bavumelana nangentando kaYise, kwathi ngoNovemba 486 BC, emva kokufa kukaDariyu, mina, uXerxes ngithathe isihlalo sobukhosi.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Umbuso wangena efeni, izingxenye zazo ezazilwela ukuthola inkululeko. Ngesikhathi sokubusa kukaDariyu, isivukeli saphulwa eGibhithe, inkosi encane yayicindezelwa ngo-484 B. BC. UXerxes ngithathe amagugu aqhamuka emathempelini aseGibhithe, wabhekana nalowo owayesekela ukuhlubuka kwe-PBammetiha IV, wamisa umbusi omusha womfowabo u-Ahemen.
AmaKhosi asePheresiya ngaphambili abuswa ngabaseGibhithe ahambisana nesihloko sikaFaro negama elisha, kodwa uXerxes asuse lesi siko. Ukuze bakhonze onkulunkulu baseGibhithe futhi balalele izeluleko zabapristi, wanqaba.
Kumafilimu kaNoam Murro "300 Spartans: I-Heyday yombuso" weXerxes yenza uNkulunkulu ophilayo ayengahambelani neqiniso elingokomlando. Lawa ngama-amaGibhithe afakazela oFaro wabo, futhi kubantu basePheresiya, i-dedet yabo yayingumuntu onamandla kunabo bonke, kodwa hhayi unkulunkulu.
Kodwa-ke, ukuze ulwe nonkulunkulu bakaXerks kwadingeka. Ngemuva kokucindezela ukuvukela eBabiloni, amabutho e-Tsar yasePheresiya akhipha isifundazwe esivukelayo enhloko-dolobha eya eSurdetol isifanekiso segolide saseMarduk.
Ukubhujiswa kwesithombe esiphakeme saseBabiloni kwakungeyona nje ingxenye yokuphangwa kwedolobha, kodwa futhi nokuthotshiswa kokuhlulwa. Amabutho asePheresiya adinga iminyaka emithathu ukucindezela ukuvukela, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokunqoba, inkosi yanikeza umyalo wokubhubhisa izindonga zasemadolobheni kanye nezinhlaka zokuzivikela nokukhipha amaBabiloni abavikele.
Vumela amandla akho embusweni, inkosi iqala ukulungiselela ukuhamba ngezinyawo eGrisi. Ngo-492, ngesikhathi sokuhamba ngaphansi kobuholi bakwaDariyu, mina, imikhumbi ye-Persic Commander Mardonia yahlushwa isivunguvungu esisogwini lwase-Asena, okwakuyisizathu sokubuyela emuva.
I-XERXES inqume inkinga yendlela ephephile yolwandle eya eGreece, sengiyalile isiteshi ngaphesheya kwePeninsula. Ububanzi besiteshi buvunyelwe ngasikhathi sinye ukuhambisa ama-trilla amabili. Ibhuloho elimile lakha ibhuloho elimile ngaphesheya komfula, iGellespont yaphoqelelwa ngamabhuloho e-pontoon wangaphambilini, ubude bawo ngamunye obekungekho ngaphezu kwekhilomitha.
E-Frakia, izindawo zokugcina zokudla ezivikelwe ezivikelwe zazenziwe. Ama-diplomas asePheresiya aholele ekusebenzeni emazweni anobungane eBalkan Greece naseCarthage. Okubandakanya amadolobha azimele - izifundazwe ze-Elda azizange zihlangane nalapho esongelwa yizempi.
Ababusi bakwa-Argali noFessaly bathatha uhlangothi lwePheresiya, izakhamizi zaseKrethe naseKerkira zithembisa ukuhambisana nokungathathi hlangothi. Ngisho nase-Athene, imizwa ye-Propecsidic yayinamandla. I-Union of States, isilungele ukuphindisela kwabahlaseli, yaholwa yiSparta. Umkhandlu wamasosha wanquma ukuvimba umgwaqo waya emabuthweni omhlaba eFermenipil, futhi imikhumbi isesiqhingini saseVevieya.
Isikhundla se-fermopil sasingumgwaqo omncane, sichithwe ngamatshe nolwandle, ngakho-ke kungaqhutshwa ngenani elikhulu labantu. Ibutho lamaGrikhi ayizinkulungwane ezingama-6.5 libhekiswe yi-spartan Tsar Leonid I. Ukuphikiswa amaqhawe ama-Spartans kuphakeme emandleni ezitha anyakaze ama-Epos athuke ama-epos athuke emathuneni nasezithombeni zefilimu.
Ngemuva kobuningi bokuxabana okuncane, ngo-479 BC. Ns. Edolobheni lasePlatei, emngceleni we-attic kanye namabhuzu, izinkulungwane zamasosha amaGrikhi kanye nenani elikhulu labahlaseli bahlangana empini. Naphezu kokuphakama kwezinombolo, amaPheresiya ahlulwa futhi aphenduka abaleka. Le mpi yavuselela inkambo yempi, futhi kamuva umzabalazo oyisisekelo waphendukela olwandle.
Ngo-468 BC Imikhumbi yaseGreek yaseKimon, indodana kaMeltiad, yaphula izikebhe zasePheresiya eduze komfula i-Eurdont. Emva kwalokho, ukunqotshwa, imikhumbi yasePheresiya ayizange iye eLwandle i-Aegean, futhi amasu okunqoba ama-Xerxes aphelelwe yisikhathi. Ukwehluleka ezimpini zamaGreek-Persian kwasheshisa ukuwa kwamandla ama-AcheMenides. Lesi sikhungo esibuthakathaka yimpi saphoqeleka ukuthi siguqule kabusha ama-mether okombuso ngamunye wombuso.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Emivunweni yokubhala kuhlanganisa negama lomfazi wenkosi eyodwa kuphela. U-Amemrda, ndodakazi yabadlali, wabeletha umyeni wakhe amadodana amathathu. Indalo yamukela igama elithi Dariyu ukuhlonipha umkhulu wakhe futhi kwadingeka ukuba abe nelidla ifa likayise. I-Middle Histscape ngokuhamba kwesikhathi yaba yiBactria Satrapa. U-Artahirters, Jr., wathatha isihlalo sobukhosi ngemuva kokushona kukayise nomfowabo omdala nemithetho yokuphakama kwabangu-465-424 BC. Ns.
Amagama abanye besifazane nezancinza afakwanga endabeni, kodwa kwaziwa ukuthi inkosi yasePheresiya yayinamadodana amathathu: u-Artarius, owaba umbusi eBabiloni, ratasap kanye namadodakazi amabili - amadodakazi nama-rodogun. Emandleni okuzalwa kombusi, ama-shortShots kanye nokumangala egcekeni laseRoyal kwafika izidlo ezinokhahlo, enye yayo yalungiswa iHerodot.
UMfoweth 'uKerks, iMasist, wayeshade noBeauty, ongazange aphendule ebudlelwaneni benkosi. Efuna ukusondela kowesifazane ongenakuphikwa, uXerxes washada nendodana yakhe uDariyu eNdodakazi kaMasyers. Le ntokazi yayinhle njengonina, kepha incane kakhulu, futhi yaba yinkosikazi yenkosi. Indlovukazi enomona yesikhulumi yakwa-Persian aspest asola umkaMasist.
Ngosuku lokuzalwa lomyeni wakhe, indlovukazi iyazithola njengesipho ilungelo lokulahla impilo yalowo owabheka amaketanga wezinselelo, uXerxes akazange amukele umfazi anganaki ama-roul cares? U-Amemard wabulala imbangi enonya okhethekile, futhi uXerxes wanikela ngomfowabo umfazi omusha esikhundleni salokho okubulawa.
Ukuze kuqinise ukuxhumeka okungaphakathi, kwahlelwa ukushada neMasista eDoloddo leNdodakazi yasebukhosini kulokhu kulokhu (umshana wakhe, ngokulandelana), kodwa ngenqaba futhi enqabile ukubalekela eBastria kanye namadodana akhe. Amaqhawe enkosi athola abavukeli endleleni abulala.
Ukushona
UXerxes waphila iminyaka yobudala ebekiwe - eneminyaka engama-54, amashumi amabili emithetho yamandla asePheresiya. Ukube bekungengenxa yomzabalazo wabancintisana ngamandla, uzophila eminye iminyaka embalwa. Esikhathini esidala, inkosi yayinomdlandla kangako, yahlukunyezwa ngaphansi kwethonya lekhanda le-Guard Artabana ne-Ethech Aspamitra yakhe. Ukulima, okwenzeka ngo-467 BC. e., Kwaholela eNdlini ePheresiya. Amabha angenalutho, amanani okudla akhuphuke ngabo bonke, futhi inani labantu batrapy kabusha.
Ngonyaka, ama-Xerxes asuse ngaphezu kwamakhulu ezikhulu ezivela ezikhundleni, kepha ukuguqulwa kweziqondiso akuzange kusindise lesi simo. Ngo-Agasti 465 BC Ns. U-Artabah no-Asphamitra, ubani inkosi ethembele ngokuphelele (ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi athembele kangakanani ngokuzithoba), bavumelana ne-artaxerxes, abancane uTsarevich, babulala uXerx ebusuku egumbini lokuphumula ebusuku esigodlweni. I-Babylonian, imithombo yaseGibhithe neyaseGreki iphinde iphinde ibuyele lo mcimbi ezinguqulweni ezihlukile.
Umuntu oyedwa umelandili uthi uConspirators wenza umqondisi oqondile ka-Aritahishafathi futhi wabulala inkosi nendlalifa yakhe ngokushesha. Umlobi womunye umbhalo ukholelwa ukuthi umthenwa kanye nenhloko yomqaphi osolwa ngokubulala uCerks Daria, indodana enkulu ye-tsarist, no-Aritahishashita babulala umfowabo ngokumangalelwa ngamanga.
Ukukhumbula
- 1962 - Ifilimu "300 Spartans"
- 1998 - I-Graphic Roman "300" Frank Miller noLynn Varley
- 2006 - Ifilimu "300 Spartans"
- Ngo-2007 - Umdlalo wekhompyutha 300: Mashi uye enkazimulweni
- Ngo-2011 - ICanal Xerxes eHalkidiki Penansula imemezele ipaki yemivubukulo
- 2014 - Ifilimu elithi "300 Spartans: Ukuchuma kombuso"