I-Biograge
UNikolay Berdyaev ungumcabangi ovelele ovelele wefilosofi yakwaKanta neSchopenhauer, ophikisana naye okhethwe kanye nomsekeli wenkululeko yomuntu siqu. Ukuba ngumuntu okholwayo, wayekholelwa ukuthi ubukhomanisi nobuFalism baphakamisa ukwenqaba ukunembeza wokuziphatha nangokwenkolo. Imibono yakhe eyenziwe ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20 leminyaka ifanelekile kangangokuba izingcaphuno ezivela emisebenzini yezefilosofi zazisebenzisa inhloko yombuso ePhalamende laseRussia.Ubuntwana nentsha
UNikolai wazalwa ngoMashi 1874 eduzane naseKiev, efeni elijwayelekile, umkhulu wamakhosi umkhosi uPaul I. Umndeni wawungumKristu. Ubaba Alexander Mikhailovich - inzalo yezikhulu ze-tatar zeBakhmertev. Okhokho bakaMama Alexandra Sergeyevna, eMaiden Kird - abamele i-genera yasendulo yaseMnishek, iPototsky ngisho nenkosi yaseFrance Louis VI.
UNikolai noMfoweth 'uMfoweth' uSergey bathole imfundo yokuqala yasekhaya, babenezilimi eziningi zakwamanye amazwe. U-Kolya osusiwe wafunda eVladimir naseKiev Cadet Corps. Ngemuva kwalokho, ngokwesiko lomndeni, bekufanele bangene ePrazi Corps, kodwa bakhetha ukuzibandakanya ekuzifukulela. Ngo-1894 Brdyaev uthole isitifiketi sokuvuthwa kweKiev-Pechers Gymnasium.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, uNikolai wangena e-University of St Vladimir, kwi-Physics kanye ne-Mathematics Faculty, ngemuva konyaka wadluliselwa kwabazomthetho. Kepha bekungenzeki ukuthola idiploma yeSikhungo Semfundo saseBerdyaev: ngokubamba iqhaza kumbuthano we-Marxist Marxist wokuzithuthukisa kanye neKiev "University of the Empion Ngaphambi kwalapho, le nsizwa yaboshwa kabili ngokuhlanganyela ezinhlisweni ezilwa nohulumeni.
Ngo-1900, uNikolai wathunyelwa esifundazweni saseVologda ngaphansi kokugadwa kwamaphoyisa. Lapho, isazi sefilosofi esencane sabhala incwadi ethi "Ukuzithoba kanye nokuzimela efilosofi yomphakathi". Umuntu odumile odumile nodokotela wezomnotho uPeter struve, ngaphambi kokusuka kwakhe eJalimane, walungiselela isingeniso salo. IBerdyaev ijoyine inhlangano yezepolitiki "Union of Liberation" ehlelwe ngabalingani.
I-Biography kaBerdyaeva yabonisa isikhathi ahlala kuyo: inhlangano yezinguquko, ukufuna imibono emisha, ukuphonsa ngokweqile ukweqisa. UNikolay Alexandrovich wafakaza nomunye wabadali baleyo nqubo, ebizwa ngokuthi "ukuvuselelwa kweRussia kwasekuqaleni kwekhulu lamashumi amabili."
Ifilosofi
Imibono yefilosofi kaNikolai Berdyaev yayisuselwa ekuphikeni noma, kunoma yikuphi, ukugxekwa kwe-teleology kanye nenhloso. Le miqondo, kusukela ekubukeni kwayo, ithinte ngokugcwele inkululeko yobuntu, okungukuthi, ukuba khona kobukhona kuyincazelo yomuntu ngamunye.
Ubuntu nabantu yimiqondo ephambene. Umcabangi wayekholelwa ukuthi owokuqala ubeyisigaba esingokomoya, esiziphatha, okwesibili - imvelo, ingxenye yomphakathi. Ubuntu empeleni bungafakwanga futhi alisebenzi kunoma iyiphi imvelo, noma ibandla noma kuhulumeni. Inkululeko yeBerdyaev inikezwe, yi-Prim PhIPH kunokuqhamuka kumvelo namuntu, ozimele nge-Divine. Uma yephula "isikhundla saphezulu sokuba," ububi buvela.
Emsebenzini 'wendoda nomshini' ubheka inqubo njengendlela yokukhulula umoya womuntu, kodwa wesaba ukuthi ukufakwa kwamanani kungenzeka, futhi umuntu uzolahlekelwa ingokomoya nomusa. Futhi-ke umbuzo uphakama, futhi yini ezonikeza abantu abaphucwa lezi zimfanelo emhlabeni wesikhathi esizayo. Yize kunjalo, ingokomoya alikho ukuxhumana noNkulunkulu kuphela, ngokuyinhloko lithintana nezwe nokuthi umuntu wakhombisa kanjani lo mhlaba ngaye.
Kukhona indida. Intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe iqhubekela phambili isiko langaphambili, ubuciko, ishintsha izisekelo zokuziphatha. Yebo, futhi impilo iya phambili. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukukhulekelwa ngokweqile kokwenziwa kwezobuchwepheshe kunciphisa isisusa somuntu sokuthola inqubekela phambili yamasiko. Futhi lapha kuphinde kukhuphuke isihloko senkululeko yomoya
Ekuqaleni kocwaningo lwakhe lwefilosofi, uNikolay Alexandrovich wancoma imibono kaKarl Marx. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, okubonisa ukuthuthukiswa kwemibono yamaKhomanisi eRussia, encwadini ethi "Imvelaphi nencazelo yobukhomanisi baseRussia" babona ngokuqondile ukuthi i-marxism eyodwa kuleli cala akwanele.
Emsebenzini "umbono waseRussia", isazi sefilosofi sazama ukuphendula umbuzo walokho okuwumphefumlo ongaqondakali waseRussia. I-Berdyaev isebenzisa izithombe ezikhanyayo nezinsolo, ukufana komlando kanye nama-aphorisms. Njengezibonelo, kunemicimbi yesikhathi esibanzi - kusuka ku-avvakum protopopa kuya kuVladimir Lenin, kusukela kubhapathizo laseRussia kuya ku-Okthoba Revolution.
Ngokusho kweBerdyaev, abantu baseRussia abathambekele ekulandeleni imfundiso emncane ngokwempumputhe, injongo nesisindo esiningi nesisindo kufakwe kokuqukethwe kunefomu. Umqondo wokuthi "isiRussianness" ulele "enkulumweni yothando ngomqondo ojulile nohlanzekile weZwi."
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Unkosikazi kaBerdyaev, uLydia Yudifovna i-Aushoshev, wawuvela emndenini wommeli omuhle, isakhamuzi esihlonishwayo seKharkov. Le ntombazane yafundiswa eGesterhouse eSwitzerland, kwathi ngemuva, kanye nodadewabo, u-Evgenia bachitha inyanga ejele ngezinsolo zemisebenzi yezepolitiki, umama wabathumela eParis, esikolweni saseRussia esifundazweni sesayensi yezenhlalo.
Ngesikhathi ejwayelene neBerdyaev, uLida wayeshade nesifo esivikelwe nesisekelo semsekelweni ye-Social Democratic Imibono VIKTOR Rappa. UDruzeyev wanqotshwa kulokhu kuvukela umbuso. Ngemuva kokuboshwa komunye, uLidia nomyeni wakhe bathunyelwa eKharkovi eKiev, lapho ngoFebhuwari 1904 wahlangana noNikolai.
Ekwindla konyaka ofanayo, uBerdyaev wanikeza owesifazane ukuba amshiye eSt. Petersburg, futhi kusukela lapho-ke lo mbhangqwana awusenzanga. Kodwa-ke, uLida noNikolai abakaze baphile njengomyeni wakhe nomkakhe ngomqondo wendabuko, kodwa, ngokusho kodadewenu, uDruševa - u-Eugene, njengabaMfowethu nodadewabo.
Incazelo ethe xaxa yeBerdyaev yatshala khona emshadweni ongokomoya. Lokhu kwabhalwa eDaries naseLidiya uJudifovna, kugcizelela ukuthi inani lenyunyana lalo lalingatholakali 'noma yini emnandi, emzimbeni, esisiphathayo ngaso sonke isikhathi ngendelelo efanayo. "
Indawo yokusebenza ngokwakhe ekhethwe, isize uNicholas emsebenzini, yahlela ukuhlelwa kwezigwegwe emsebenzini. Kwakungedwa ngedwa iBerdyaeva kanye nobuciko - wabhala izinkondlo namanothi, kepha akazange afune ukuphrinta.
Ngo-1922, umndeni kaBerdyaev wawushiya izwe. UNikolai Alexandrovich wathunyelwa, futhi uLydia, empeleni, akakwazanga ukumshiya yedwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ngo-1917 washintsha ukholo - wadlulisela ebuKhatholika, ukushushiswa kwamaKatolika kwaqala eSoviet Russia. Ekuqaleni, eBerdyaev, kanye nonina nodadewabo kaLida babehlala eBerlin, bebese bethuthela eFrance, lapho umngani womndeni wafutheka entshonalanga esuka entshonalanga. Lapho uNikolai wabhala i-autobiography 'yokwazi ukuzilwa', okwakhishwa ngemuva kokushona kwakhe.
Ukushona
Isazi saseRussia saseRussia safa kwelinye izwe, emadolobheni aseParis - uClamar, ngoMashi 1948. Eminyakeni emithathu edlule, uLydia Judifovna wabulawa umdlavuza. Udadewabo u-Eugene wasiza endlini. Wathola uBerdyaev ehhovisi ukuthola ideski lokubhala. Kuze kube umzuzu wokugcina, umuntu ocabangayo wasebenza - walungisa lo mbhalo wencwadi ethi "umbuso womoya noMbuso KaKhesari."
Indlu kaNikolai Alexandrovich yathola iSonto LaseRussia Orthodox phesheya. Phakamisa inkambiso yobu-Orthodox baphethe abapristi abaningana. Bayazi mathupha uBerdyaev futhi babefuna ukuyisebenzisa endleleni yokugcina. Ethuneni lefilosofi afake kuphela isiphambano esijwayelekile.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1909 - "Izimbangi"
- Ngo-1913 - "AmaDuches Olo moya"
- Ngo-1915 - "Umphefumlo WaseRussia"
- 1918 - "Ukusuka Ekujuleni"
- Ngo-1924 - "New Middle Ages"
- Ngo-1931 - "UbuKristu Nemzabalazo Wekilasi"
- Ngo-1931 - "Isayensi Yezenkolo YaseRussia kanye nokukholelwa kuNkulunkulu"
- Ngo-1934 - "Mina nomhlaba wezinto (isipiliyoni sefilosofi yedwa nezokuxhumana)"
- Ngo-1939 - "Obugqilini nenkululeko yomuntu. Isipiliyoni Somuntu Sifilosofi
- 1940 - "Ukuzifulela"