I-Biograge
Ain rand - umlobi waseMelika ovela eRussia. Igama lakhe langempela alice zinovievna rosbaum. Umfundi uyaziwa ngamanoveli "Atlant aqonde amahlombe", "Source", "siyaphila". Owesifazane unguMdali wemfundiso yefilosofi yokucabanga. Lapho nje efika eMelika enamadola angamashumi amahlanu ephaketheni lakhe kanye nomshini ophrintiwe epotimende, nanamuhla amakhophi ayizincwadi ezingaphezu kuka-500 ashicilelwa ngonyaka emhlabeni, futhi ukusakazwa kwawo kwakade sekudlulele izigidi ezingama-30.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alice wazalwa emndenini wamaJuda eSt. Petersburg. Ubaba wakhe uZalman-Wolf (uZinoviy Zakharovich) Rosenbaum wasebenza njengosokhemisi. Umama Khan Berkovna (u-Anna Borisovna) kaplan wayengumchwepheshe wamazinyo. U-Alice wayenodade ababili beMdabu - uNatalia noNora. Ugogo nomkhulu ebhodini lomama babecebile kakhulu edolobheni. I-Berka Izkovich kaplan iphethe inkampani enkulu yokuthunga izingubo zezempi, kanti noRosalia Pavlovna wasebenza emkhakheni wezemithi.
Ekuqaleni, uBaba wentombazane wayengumphathi wekhemisi, kodwa ngo-1914 waba ngumnikazi wawo. Lo mndeni uhlala efulethini elibanzi ngaphezu kwale khemisi.
U-Alice wakhuliswa ekuchumeni, wafunda endaweni yokuzivocavoca ehlonishwayo yabesifazane egama linguStulayina. Nge-4, wafunda ukufunda, eminyakeni yesikole intombazane yaqala ukubhala izindaba zayo zokuqala. Eneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, wabona ukuthi ngokuzayo uyaphupha ngokuba ngumlobi. Le ntombazane yabona ukuphefumlelwa komndeni wakhe ngesikhathi sokuguqulwa kukaFebhuwari futhi yazizwa isikali senkinga phakathi no-Okthoba.
Ngo-1917, ubaba wakhe wayekhethe ikhemisi, futhi umndeni awunakuphuma, ngaphandle kokuthi unyakaze ngalesi sikhathi eCrimea. U-Alice uthweswe iziqu esikoleni esiphakeme e-Evpatoria. Kepha kungekudala amaBolshevik afika lapho.
Lapho le ntombazane ineminyaka engu-16, umndeni wabuyela eSt. Petersburg. U-Alice wangena e-University of Petrograd e-Faculty of Pedagogy yezenhlalo. Ukuqeqeshwa kwenzelwe iminyaka emi-3, ubuhlakani obuhlangene kwisayensi emithathu ngasikhathi sinye - umlando, kwesokudla kanye nePhilology. Kungaleso sikhathi lapho wajwayelana nemisebenzi kaNietzsche, eyayinethonya elikhulu kumuntu osemusha. Ngo-1924, waphothula eyunivesithi. Yize kukhona inguqulo ebizayo intombazane ngenxa yemvelaphi yayo yongcoukho.
Akumangazi ukuthi emisebenzini ye-AIN RAND, isihloko sezepolitiki sidlula emucu obomvu. Amaqhawe akhe amaningi alwa nokuphambuka kwenkosi noma yamandla amakhomanisi.
Into yokufunda
Ngo-1925, umsebenzi wokuqala ka-Alice Rosenbaum wanyatheliswa - "uPaul Negri", umlando wendlela yokudala yabalingisi befilimu. Ngawo lowo nyaka, le ntombazane yathola i-visa yaseMelika yezemfundo yasuka e-United States. Ekuqaleni, ngangihlala nezihlobo eChicago. Kepha emva kwesigamu sonyaka wathuthela eLos Angeles.
Intombazane cishe ayizange ikhulume isiNgisi, isuka empahleni yakhe yayinepotimende elincane elinezinto zomuntu kanye nomshini ophrintiwe. Lapho nje ejoyina umhlaba waseMelika, wanquma ukuthatha i-pseudonym. Igama akhethe lilula - ain, futhi akazange acabange ngesibongo isikhathi eside, aboleke igama lohlobo lomshini wakhe ophrintiwe "Remington Rand".
Abazali bakhe bahlala eRussia, eLeningrad. Bafa ngesikhathi seviki ledolobha phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Udadewabo uNatalia wafa ngo-1945, kepha uNora kulesi simemo wathuthela e-United States. Kuliqiniso, kungekudala lona wesifazane wabuyela eSoviet Union futhi wahlala eLeningrad waya ekufeni - kwaze kwaba ngu-1999.
E-US, u-Alice akazange afike ezandleni ezingenalutho, eRussia wabhala amafolwi amane agcwele. Ngakho-ke, inhloso yakhe bekuwukufika eHollywood. Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha waqala ukusebenza eHollywood ngesitatisi. Kepha izimo zakhe zenqatshwa. Ngo-1927, i-Studio yefilimu, lapho u-Ain Rand asebenza khona, avale. Owesifazane wasebenza njengesikhonzi, umthengisi, imvunulo.
Ngo-1932, wakwazi ukuthengisa lesi simo senkampani ye-studio ye-Universal Universal. Umsebenzi wakhe onesihloko esithi "Red Pawn" wathengwa ngo- $ 1500. Futhi ngaleso sikhathi kwakuyinto enhle. Imali etholwe ivunyelwe i-Ayn Rand ukugxila ezincwadini zokubhala.
Ngo-1933, waqeda ukudlala kwakhe okokuqala "izinganekwane ze-ceft." Waze wafakwa eBroadway, kepha isibukeli asisebenzisanga impumelelo, ngakho-ke ngokushesha kwasuswa eReptoire.
Ngo-1934, u-Ain waqeda umsebenzi kwinoveli ethi "Siphilayo", esatshelwa ngeSoviet Russia. Kwakungelutho ngaphandle kwenkulumo yomphakathi yombhali ngokumelene nobuKhomanisi. Uphuthelwe yiNcwadi ngo-1936, iRandi ikhokhe u- $ 100 ngayo. Ngonyaka wokukhishwa, inoveli ayizange ibe nempumelelo yezentengiso. Ngo-1937, le ncwadi yanyatheliswa e-UK.
Ngemuva kwalokho amarandi afakwa ekubhaleni "umthombo" wenoveli. Udale lo mkhiqizo weminyaka emi-4. Kwesinye isikhathi umlobi wanikezwa kakhulu kwinqubo eyayihleli ngemuva komshini ophrintiwe amahora angama-30, ngaphandle kokuphazamisa ubuthongo noma isidlo.
Kodwa umphumela wawufanele, abagxeki balwazise kakhulu "umthombo", le ncwadi 26 Izikhathi zaya kuhlu lwabathengisi bezwe. Yize ekuqaleni wonke umuntu wenqaba ukuphrinta umbhalo wesandla. Abanye bathi i-Plot inempikiswano kakhulu, yengqondo kakhulu futhi awenzelwe umphakathi jikelele. Futhi okuwukuphela komshicileli kuphela "uBobbs Meryl Company" uvumile ukushicilela incwadi yeNcwadi Rand.
Ngo-1949, ifilimu yasuswa eHollywood eHollywood, umlingiswa ophambili - umlingiswa ophelele we-Howard Rork - udlale uGary Cooper. Vele, impumelelo yalo msebenzi ichithe u-Ain Land ukuze isebenze ngenkuthalo. Futhi ngo-1957, wanyathelisa inoveli yakhe eyinhloko - "i-Atlant yaqonda amahlombe akhe." Usebenze emsebenzini iminyaka eyi-12.
Encwadini, ulandisa ngenkululeko, ama-egoism kanye nobuzenzisi bomphakathi wanamuhla, mayelana nezindlela zokuziphatha. Ngokusho kocwaningo lwe-Atlant, amahlombe abhekene nendawo yesibili ngemuva kweBhayibheli ohlwini lwezincwadi anomthelela omkhulu kubantu baseMelika.
Lapho le ncwadi iba ngumthengisi, imisebenzi yokuqala yombhali iphinda iphrintsh. Isibonelo, inoveli ethi "Siyaphila." Kuliqiniso, umlobi wenza ezinye izinguquko embhalweni. Ngokusho kwakhe, okuncane. Namuhla, uhlelo lokuqala lwencwadi luyinto enkulu nenani elikhulu.
Ngemuva kokungena ekukhanyisweni kwe-Atlanta, u-Ayn Rand wabhala kuphela izincwadi zokuqukethwe kobuntatheli. Wanikela impilo yakhe yonke ekufundisweni kwakhe kwefilosofi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Okokuqala ngqa u-Alice Rosebaum wathandana noSt. Petersburg. Into yokunakwa kwayo nguLev Borisovich Beckerman - othweswe iziqu eLeningrad Institute of Technology. Nguyena owaba yi-prototype kaLeo Kovalensky emsebenzini wakhe "siyaphila." UBeckerman wadutshulwa ngoMeyi 6, 1937.
Uma esesethe, lona wesifazane wabona umlingisi uFrank O'Connon. Ngemuva kokusho ukuthi bekuyinto ekahle. Ngo-1929, bashada. Futhi ngo-1931, u-Ayn Rand wathola ukuba yisakhamuzi saseMelika. Lapho benomyeni wakhe, babehlala emshadweni kuze kube sekufeni kwakhe. Indoda yashona ngo-1979.
Ngokusho kwakhe, lowo oshade naye usephenduke umngani wakhe othembekile, umhleli nomngane wakhe empilweni. Kuliqiniso, akazange aphazamise nomthandi weNtaling Brandon waseNathaniel, waxoxa ngefilosofi yakhe futhi wayengumlandeli womlobi. Le nsizwa yayiyindari yeminyaka engama-24. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uFrank wayazi ngalokhu kuxhumana, ngoba wathatha iminyaka eyi-13.
Ukushona
U-Ain Land ushone ngoMashi 6, 1982 ekhaya lakhe eNew York. Isizathu sokufa kwakhe saba ukwehluleka kwenhliziyo. Ungcwabe umfazi eKenesico Cemetery.
Njengoba ayengenazo izingane, wafundisa uLeonard Paikoff. Eminyakeni engu-3 ngemuva kokushona komlobi, le ndoda yasungula i- "Institute Ain Rand: Isikhungo sokuthuthuka kwe-Obthivism".
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1934 - "Kuhle"
- Ngo-1936 - "Siyaphila"
- 1938 - "Iculo"
- 1943 - "Umthombo"
- 1957 - "I-Atlant yaqonda amahlombe akhe"
- 1958 - "Ubuciko benganekwane. Umhlahlandlela Wabalobi Nabafundi "
- Ngo-1964 - "amandla e-egoism"
- Ngo-1969 - "I-Romantic Manifesto"
- 1979 - "Isingeniso Sokufakaza I-Epistemology"