I-Biograge
Izazi-mlando zibiza uTakhemtamysh okokugcina khan ze-horde eyodwa. Ngemuva kukaMamay, ama-mongol-tatar anqobile isikhundla seMongol-Tatar, umbusi wabuthana ndawonye izwe elihlakazekile loMbuso elibizwa ngokuthi yiJuchiyev Ulus. Ngokusho kwezitifiketi ezigciniwe, i-Tukhtamysh yayinolaka olunokhahlo, owasiza owesilisa ukuba abambe ekhanda lebutho leminyaka engama-25.Ubuntwana nentsha
Usuku lokuzalwa lwesikhathi esizayo se-Khan Golden Horde alaziwa, kepha i-pedigree yesosha edumile lalandelwa kalula. UTohtamysh wazalelwa emndenini weTuy-Khoji - indodana kaJucci Khan kanye nomzukulu weGGGhis-Khan. Umndeni wazalwa ungowobusi olubusayo, kodwa wayengenawo amandla amakhulu emndenini.
Ngo-1364, uTuy-Khoji, umbusi osemthethweni weMangyshlak peninsula, ubulala isihlobo esiseduze. Imbangela yengxabano kwakuwukungabaza kukababa uTokhtamysh ukuze babambe iqhaza emkhankasweni wamasosha angadingekile. IBhodi lePeninsula liqhubekisela ezihlotsheni zesikhathi esizayo Khan. Insizwa, emizameni yokuphunyuka ekubulawenishweni okungenzeka, iphule amahlandla ambalwa ukusuka eHorde yendabuko.
Kodwa-ke, osemusha uhlala ebuyela ekhaya ukuze angaphelelwa amandla okubusa kombusi omncane osemthethweni wePeninsula. I-Tukhtamysh, ongafuni ukubekezelela isiphetho esinjalo, ngo-1375 ugijimela ephethe isikhathi sesikhathi (umbusi wamazwe angomakhelwane) futhi acele ukuzivikela komuntu.
Imizamo yezihlobo futhi ibuyela eTokhtamyShem yaphela ekwehlulekeni. UThimur akazange akhiphe le nsizwa futhi wayinikeza insizwa enebutho elincane. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda sezimpi eziqhubekayo, u-Usurper uyafa, futhi uTaktamyysh wamemezela umbusi osemthethweni weMangyshlaka. Kepha ithuba leli alizange livumelane ne-aristocracy yendawo.
Ukubuyela ekhaya nokunqoba, uTorkhan uthola ukuthi isihlalo sobukhosi saphinde sahlala. Kulokhu isitha sale nsizwa saba uTimir-Melik-oblan. Umbusi omusha wahlala esihlalweni sobukhosi. Abantu abalula abangazange bavumelane nohulumeni abaqokwe yi-Aristocrat yamaSulumane abafuna i-Tokhtamysh emuva. Futhi le nsizwa yayingacabangi ukuthi inikezela indawo esemthethweni.
Ukunqoba noBhodi
Ngo-1378, enze kahle isikhundla esisha, i-Tukhtamysh isuka emkhankasweni wamasosha. Injongo yokuqala yombusi osemusha kwakuyisifunda saseVolga kanye nensimu lapho imithetho ye-Mamay ibumba khona. Ukuthwebula kudlule ngokushesha futhi ngaphandle kokulahleka okukhulu. Ngesikhathi sokuvela kweTokhtamysh, uMamai usevele ulahlekelwe amandla ngaphezu kwabangaphansi abakwamukele ngenjabulo Khan entsha. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2, lonke i-horde yegolide lawa ngaphansi kwensizwa khan.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, iVlaadyka entsha ithumela amanxusa ezinkomeni zaseRussia. Bejwayele ukuguqulwa okungapheli kwabaseSurpers, ababusi bakwaRusi babona uThehtamysh, kodwa bayeka ukukhokha intela. Ngemuva kokunqoba empini yaseKulisikov, iziphathimandla azibonanga iHorde njengosongo.
Ukufakazela amandla akho, i-Tukhtamysh iya eMoscow mathupha. Endleleni, uKhan unikeza amaqhawe aphange futhi angavuli yonke imihlangano. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukuvalwa okuyinhloko kwahamba noRus Thai.
Kodwa-ke, ngokushesha uDumry DonSkoy no-Andrei abanesibindi bafunda ngendlela yamasosha aseTatar-Mongolia. Izikhulu ziphuthuma ngokuphuthumayo ukuqoqa amabutho, kodwa sasingenaso isikhathi. IMoscow ihlala ingavikelekile, ukwethuka kwaqala edolobheni.
Izinsuku ezi-3 zokuvinjezelwa azilethanga umphumela womphumela, ngakho-ke khan wanquma ukuya kwinkohliso. Ukuqonda ukudideka kwabantu, umbusi we-hold horde wathembisa ukuthi uzosindisa konke lokho uma iMosco ivula isango. Abantu bakholwa. Ngemuva kokuvulwa kwesango, amabutho e-Tatar-Mongol acekeleke futhi ashiswe ngokwengxenye eMoscow.
Ukubuyela eSarayi, uTorkorhysh wathatha indawo yokuhlala kanye ne-Old Staliar - Khan Timur. Abeluleki abethukile ngamandla nomakhelwane banikezwa ukunamathiselwa amazwe amasha eHorde. Izenzo zamasosha ezibunjiwe zikhombisile ukuthi amabutho akwaKhans amabili ayalingana, kepha empini enqumayo yoMfula iKundhtamysha ahluleke.
Ukwehlulwa kwesibili okuvela e-Timir, owanquma ngokuhlaselwa okuphindisiwe eHorde, kwenzeka ebusika be-1395. Ukulahleka kwaba kubi kakhulu kangangokuba uTakTamyshsh kwadingeka agijime edolobheni laseBulgar (njengamanje idolobha laseTatarstan).
Ngawo lowo nyaka, umhlaba ohlanganisa iTukhtamysh futhi walahlekelwa yisikhungo esihlanganisiwe. I-Horde yeGolide ihlukaniswe izimpi ze-internecine. Kepha ngokushesha nje lapho iKhani elikhulu ibuya, iningi labafakizicelo esihlalweni sobukhosi lanyamalala. Ukumelana nakho kwakuwukuphela kweThim Tutut. U-Emir uxhumekile kuye, exhunywe ngu-UZami umshado nendodakazi kaTakhetAmysh.
Imizamo yokuxosha i-Timura-Kutgut kusuka endaweni yeHorde yaphela ukunqotshwa. UHan ushiya abantu nomndeni futhi. Kulokhu indoda icela izindawo zokukhosela kusuka kumbusi waseLithuani waseVitovt. Ukunqotshwa kukaThimup okukhonjisiwe kuthunyelwa kolandelayo futhi kudinga ukukhishwa kwesitha ngama-Lithoania.
Ukuqaphela ukuphakama kwayo (izwe nobuningi), i-vitovt yenqaba umncintiswano omncane wesihlalo sobukhosi sokudla. Kepha ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, sahlangana ukulingana namathuba, siletha ibutho elikhulu naye.
Impi yamaTatar namaLithuania baphela ngokunqotshwa kokugcina. I-Tohtamyysh inesikhathi sokugijima futhi ibuyele kubha yayo yendabuko. Kodwa-ke, ukuxabana kweKhanani no-Emir kuthatha eminye iminyaka embalwa. Sekukonke, amadoda angena engxabanweni evulekile amahlandla ayi-15.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umfazi wokuqala weqhawe elikhulu kwakuyintombazane egama linguTagayi-Bick. Owesifazane wabeletha umlingani wezingane ezi-5: amadodana amathathu namadodakazi amabili. Elinye lamantombazane futhi kwakuyisizathu esenza uTahtamyshsh abulala oshade naye.
UJaninka Hanech, wabiza le ntombazane, wafinyelela iningi, washada kancane umsekeli kayise. Kepha ngesikhathi sengxabano yamasosha ne-Timir, umyeni kaJanki ufulathela isivivinyo. I-angry tukhtamysh yathatha isikhundla somngane wakhe womshado ngolaka, yancipha ngowesifazane wokuphila.
Isazi-mlando u-A. Grigoriev sithi uTulunbeck Khanum wafakwa enanini labafazi be-Great Khan. Ngemuva kokunqoba kukaMama Tokhtamysh, walalela i-harem ye-khan edlule. Ukuvikela isikhundla sakho, indoda eshada nomfelokazi.
Ngo-1386, uTulunbek Khanum wafela umyeni wakhe. I-Tukhtamysh yasola umfazi ekubuthweni nezitha, ngakho-ke wasusa lowo oshade naye, ngaphandle kokuthola ukunemba kokusolwa. Kepha kunenguqulo eye yabekwa isigwebo sentambo ngenxa yokukhashelwa komyeni omkhulu.
Amagama abanye abafazi ababili baseKhan Golden Horde ayaziwa: Shukr-Bika-Yeah ne-Urun-Bick. Owokuqala wawunabo ubuhlobo no-Amir Arsaka futhi wabeletha uTkhtamysh ndodakazi yaseBakhti-Bick-Hanech. Owesibili akakwazanga ukuziqhayisa ngezihlobo ezicebile, kodwa wabeletha uHanu namadodana amabili nendodakazi yakhe.
Manje inani eliphelele lenzalo yeTokhtamysh ibangela izingxabano ezijwayelekile phakathi kwabaphenyi. Le nguqulo isatshalaliswa ukuthi, kanye nezingane ezivela kwisancinza, uKist Khan waba uBaba amahlandla ayi-13, nezindlalifa eziyi-9 zazalwa zivela kubafazi abavumile. Kepha indodana yombusi kaJehova, yathi u-Ahmet, wazalwa evela komunye wabesifazane ngemuva kokufa kweTokhtamyy. Ngakho-ke, ububele bukaKan bubangela ukungabaza okuthile, ngoba usuku oluqondile lokubukeka kwengane alwaziwa.
Ukushona
Impilo kaKhan Golden Horde inqunywe ngo-1405 ngaseTyumen. Indoda echithe iminyaka embalwa edlule ezimpini enaye i-eyeshem yathola imininingwane engamanga ngokufa kwesitha. Ngaphandle kokuphila okwesaba, uTorkoma waqhubeka nohambo ngaphandle kokuvikela khona.
I-Tempecia, kanye ne-geghisid, nquma kanye nokutholwa kwamaqhawe ahlasele uKhan ngokuzumayo. Izitha zinqume indlela yendoda yokubuyela emuva. UKhan waqonda kakhulu ukuthi wangena entshonalanga, futhi akakwazanga ukucasha. Naphezu kokuphikiswa okusobala, i-Tukhtamysh yangena empini futhi isikhathi eside yayilwa nabahlaseli. Kepha amanxeba amaningi abuthaka indoda engafuni ukunikela ngesihe sesitha, futhi ayizange ishiye i-taktamtamyshe ithuba lokuphunyuka.
Ukukhumbula
Ezincwadini:
- Tohtamysh kanye tum, wehluleka i-Ibity
- "Rus nge-tokhtamysh. Ushise uMsesMow, "Viktor Vorotnikov
- "Isikhulu sethu noKhan", uMikhail Weller
- "Ilebula uTashtamysha Khan to Yalang", ilya Beresin
- "Isikhathi se-Ordinsky. Imithombo eyisisekelo ", Boris Akunin
Ku-cinema:
- Ngo-2007 - "Umlando Wombuso waseRussia" (uchungechunge 117)
- 2015 - Ukubusa kweMoscow ngo-1382 "I-Video Lecture S. S. Volkov