I-Biograge
UJan Vermeer ngumdwebi onethalente laseNetherlands, impilo yakhe, efana nobuciko, uzungezwe ukuqagela kanye nokucatshangwa. Iqiniso ngukuthi ngesikhathi sokuphila kwe-Vermeer, kanye nesikhathi esithile ngemuva kokufa kwakhe, amakhosi awazange adale isithakazelo esicacile, yize bathenge ngokushesha. Ama-canvases amaningi ayelahlekile. Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, ukunakwa kwezazi-mlando zobuciko kwaheha indalo yokhohliwe ubuhlakani obukhohliwe, futhi manje igama elithi Yana Vermeer limi emugqeni owodwa ngamagama obuhlakani bokupenda uRembrandt Wang Raina, uJan wang Eyka, Peter Bruegel.Ubuntwana nentsha
Riddles avele ngqo kusukela ekuqaleni kwe-biography kaJan Vermeer Delft. Isidlaliso sokugcina, umdwebi wathola indawo yokuzalwa okusolwayo - idolobha laseDelft. Kuvelaphi i-Vermecal (futhi umdwebi wazalwa ngo-Okthoba 31, 1632), akaziwa ngokweqiniso, kodwa imininingwane iyagcinwa ukuthi abazali babhapathize i-yana encane eDelft. Inkosi yayithanda lo muzi, enye yemidwebo yakhe ibizwa ngokuthi "uhlobo lwe-Delf." E-canvas, umdwebi wakwazi ukudlulisa ubuhle nokuthula kwale ndawo.
Ubaba womculi wesikhathi esizayo wayephethe igceke lakhe elisha kanye nendawo yokudlela, futhi futhi asebenze njengenkosi yokuluka izindwangu zesilika. Ngaphezu kwalokho, le ndoda yayazi iLoti ngemisebenzi yobuciko futhi yaze yaphinde yaphinde yathengisa abanye babo nabathelisi. Mhlawumbe kungani uYang Vermeer ngesikhathi esithile futhi waba nesifiso sokudweba.
Kuyaziwa ukuthi ngo-1653, insizwa yathatha i-Art Guild of St. Kodwa-ke, ngaphansi kwemigomo yobulungu kulo mphakathi, ngaphambi kokujoyina iqembu, umdwebi kufanele afunde kumeluleki onolwazi kungakapheli iminyaka eyisithupha. Ngubani owaba kaJan Vermeer, akaziwa.
Izindlela ziyahlukahluka: Ngokuya koyedwa wazo, i-Vermeer "yanamathela ekwandleni, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaLeonart Bramera, ngenye indlela - uthisha wensizwa uGerard Terbor. Yiba yilokho njengoba kungenzeka, i-Vermeer yayingabangane eduze kwawo womabili amakhosi.
Okunye ukucabanga okunezizathu ezinhle, yinguqulo karel fabrichius eba uthisha noMentor Jan Vermeer. Kukhona imininingwane yokuthi lo mculi ufike edolobheni laseDelft ngesikhathi ngesikhathi lapho umdwebi osemncane edlula ukuqeqeshwa. Futhi ngesitayela semidwebo ye-vermeter (ikakhulukazi kusenesikhathi), ubuqambi bakaPeter de Hoha, omsebenzi wabo wawuthandwa kuJanu.
Ukupenda
Lapho uBaba waseYana efa, le nsizwa kwakudingeka enze izindaba ze-tavern, eyaqhubeka nomthombo oyinhloko wemali etholwa ngumndeni. Yize wayesenza ngaleso sikhathi wayesebambe isikhundla esihlonishwayo enhlanganweni yobuciko kaSt. Luka (futhi eqinisweni wakuhola), akuzange kungenise imali.
Ngasikhathi sinye, imidwebo yomculi yayithandwa ngochwepheshe bezobuciko futhi bathola ngokushesha abathengi. Ngokushesha, i-vermeer yathola abashisekeli baphakade: UHendrik Wang Buyten, i-pecary yendawo, noJacob Dissius, umnikazi womhlangano wokuphrinta.
Emaqoqweni laba bantu, ngolwazi oluhlukile, kwagcinwa imisebenzi engaphezu kweshumi nambili womculi. Kodwa-ke, ihlala ingachazwa, noma ngabe i-Vermeer ibhala ngezihloko ezi-odliwe, noma ivele inikeze i-van buuytin ne-dyssku ilungelo lokuthola indalo entsha.
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uJan Vermeer waduma ngokungabi nje njengomculi onekhono kuphela, kodwa futhi njengochwepheshe kanye nochwepheshe wezinto zobuciko. Babelashwa ukuthola noma ukuqinisekisa ubuqiniso bezindwangu ezithile. Kodwa-ke, ithalente layo, umdwebi akazange adlulise muntu - izazi-mlando kanye nezazi-mlando zobuciko zihlangana ezinguqulweni zokuthi umfundi eVermeer ayengakaze.
Isici esihlukile semisebenzi yeYana Vermeer babhaliswa ngokucophelela abaphakathi kanye nemininingwane yezindawo zasemadolobheni. Kepha izithombe zabantu umdwebi ancamela ukunquma kuphela ezithombeni, uma kuvela isibalo somuntu emhlabeni, ngokuvamile kwakungelutho.
Enye yezibonelo ezikhanyayo zopende we- "Interior" kubhekwa njengesithombe somculo womculi owabhalwa yi-Master ngo-1666. Lokhu kungumsebenzi wesikhathi sekwephuzile, lapho iVermera ikwazile ukudlulisa isimo somsebenzi weWizard. Kukholakala ukuthi isithombe somculi uJan Vermeer sibhale kuye. Futhi, isibonelo sesimo sezulu esihle kakhulu sangaphakathi, imidwebo "Intombazane efunda incwadi ewindini" futhi "thrush" kubhekwa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-Vermeer kwakuyinkosi yopende obizwa ngokuthi "uthando" ngomdwebo. Lo muzwa usuphenduke isisusa esikhulu semidwebo yomculi omningi. Izigcawu ezilula zasekhaya zidlulisa ngokuthula nokuvumelana kwezinhlamvu nezilungiselelo. Imvamisa imodeli nemnyuziyamu kaJan vermeter baba ngumlingani wakhe, isibonelo salokhu ngukupenda "kwesikhulu sentombazane".
Donsela umculi kanye nezingane zabo: Ngokusobala isithombe esithi "Intombazane enamacici weparele" iyisithombe sendodakazi yomculi. Futhi, umsebenzi onesihloko esithi "Umfanekiso wentombazane encane" uthathwa ngesinye isithombe sendodakazi kaVermeer. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi zombili imidwebo (futhi kuphela ososayensi abajwayelekile) umdwebi wabhala ngosizo lwesikrini sokuthinta.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomndeni Yana Vermeer yayijabule. Kumculi we-1653 washada nentombazane egama linguCatarina BNEAN. Isimo siyinkimbinkimbi kuphela ukwenqatshwa ngunina woMlobokazi wendodakazi yakhe ayithandayo. Iqiniso ngukuthi umndeni weCatarina wanamathela kuLatolika, i-Vermeer yayingumProthestani.
Kepha kungekudala, ukubona isimo sengqondo seYana Vermec endodakazini yakhe, lona wesifazane wavuma futhi wavuma umshado. Noma kunjalo, kuze kube sekupheleni kokuphila, uMaria Bneeling, umama weVermeer, akazange amukele ukukhethwa kwendodakazi yakhe, ukubala i-Yana ithambile kakhulu nendoda engeyona eyayincane. UCatarina wethule noshade naye wezingane eziyi-15. Ngeshwa, abane bafa ebuntwaneni.
Ukushona
Iminyaka yokugcina yempilo yeYana Vermeer yasikhwazelwa isidingo. Umculi, kuze kube yileso sikhathi, ezazingazi izinkinga ezibonakalayo, zabhekana nesidingo sokuthola imali mboleko, cela imali mboleko futhi unciphise ukuphela ngeziphetho. Akuzange kwehlise amandla okuthinta isimo sokuziphatha: Inkosi yaqala ukumpande, impilo ye-vermeer yaphakanyiswa ngokuqinile. Kukhona nenguqulo edlalwa yiqhaza elikhulu futhi isehlukaniso sikaJan Vermeer nomkakhe amthandayo, kepha akukho ukuqinisekiswa kwalokhu kucatshangwa.
Izizathu zokufa komculi zisaphikisana: Ukuxilongwa noma izimo noma izimo noma izimo noma izimo noma izimo ezinembile zazingakwazi ukuthola. Ngokusobala, uJan Vermeer wempilo wasuka ngenxa yokukhathala okunamandla, ekugcineni wakubeka phansi impilo yabadwebi. Kwenzeka ngoDisemba 15, 1675. Umculi wayeneminyaka engama-43 kuphela ubudala. I-Vermeer iphumula emndenini wakriphu echibini lakhe lomdabu.
Eminyakeni engu-20 emva kokushona kukaJan Vermeer, ngo-1696, kwenzeke endalini, lapho kwadalulwa khona umsebenzi womculi. Abanye babo balahlekelwe ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, futhi manje ososayensi kanye nezazi-mlando zobuciko bakhuluma ngemidwebo ebonwayo engu-16 ye-Vermeer. Amanye ama-canvases ayi-5 asalokhu ebhekene nendaba yezingxabano futhi awaziwa ngokusemthethweni ngemisebenzi ye-Master.
Ama-Falsifiers, alingisa umsebenzi weYana Vermeer, ajatshulelwa yisimo esifanayo. "UMitator" odume kakhulu ubizwa ngokuthi yiKhan Wang Megerene, owathola igama ngamafayili.
Umsebenzi weVermeer wethule ugqozi kanye nabanye abantu abanethalente. Ngakho-ke, amafilimu amaningi amadokhumenti nawabuciko anikelwe imidwebo yakhe, izinhlamvu ze-Opera "eziya eVermeler" yomqambi uLouis Andrissen, kanye nenoveli yamacici ", kanye namacici weparele weWeber. Kulesi sithombe, ukutshela ngempilo yeYana Vermeer, uColin Firth inkanyezi, Scarlett Johansson, uTom Wilkinson, uWillian Murphy.
Imidwebo
- Cishe ngo-1653-1654 - "Diana nabangane"
- Cishe ngo-1654-1656 - "UKristu endlini kaMartha noMariya"
- 1656 - "I-Summinko"
- Cishe 1656-1657 - "Intombazane Elele"
- Cishe 1657-1659 - "Intombazane ifunda incwadi ngewindi"
- Cishe 1657 - "Isikhulu Esihlekisayo Intombazane"
- Cishe ngo-1660 - "thrush"
- Cishe ngo-1663-1664 - "Owesifazane ophethe izikali"
- Cishe ngo-1665-1667 - "Intombazane enamacici weparele"
- 1668 - "Isazi sezinkanyezi"