I-Biograge
U-Anton Makarenko unguthisha ongene ochwepheshe abane abanqume indlela yokucabanga ngezinyawo ngekhulu le-XX. Kuliqiniso, ubuhle babantu bavunywa ngemuva kokushona komfundisi onethalente. Kodwa-ke, kaMakarenko uqobo, ayizange idlale indima enkulu.
Ukubizwa kwakhe, u-Anton Semenovich wanikela ngokuphila okuningi kwemfundo ephakeme yentsha enzima. Owayengubafundi bangaphambili abanolwazi ngezindlela ezintsha zeMakarenko, bazuze impumelelo ephawuleka futhi babhala nezincwadi eziningi ezinikelwe emisebenzini yothisha.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Ngo-Ephreli 1, 1888, emndenini wesisebenzi sesiteshi sesitimela, esisedolobheni laseBelopol, eSumy County, kwazalwa izibulo. Abazali abajabule babiza ingane ka-Anton. Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kwendodana, abalingani bakaMakarenko babonakala omunye umfana nentombazane. Maye, indodakazi encane yabuya ebuntwaneni.
U-Anton omkhulu u-Anton wavuka kabuhlungu. Umfana onobuqili akazange abambe iqhaza kubumnandi bemisebe evamile, bakhetha isikhathi sokuchitha isikhathi nezincwadi, okuyinto endlini makarenko yanele. Naphezu kwesikhundla sabathengi kanye ne-malar, ubaba wothisha wesikhathi esizayo wayethanda ukufunda futhi afake lesi sici ezinganeni.
Ukuvalwa kanye ne-Myopiya, okwenza u-Anton agqoke izibuko, wenza umfana engathandeki phakathi kontanga. Ngaphezulu komfana kaningi futhi ngesihluku. Ngo-1895, abazali banikeze ingane esikoleni samabanga aphansi abangu-2, ucwaningo lapho u-Anton ayelula khona. Isithombe sesilo awuzange ungeze ingane emehlweni awo aphambene negunya.
Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-13, lo mndeni wathuthela edolobheni laseKryukov, ukuze izingane zikaMakaronko zingaqhubeka nemfundo yazo. U-Anton ungene esikoleni saseKremenuG 4-Class Urban School, owaphothula izitifiketi nezitifiketi ezincomekayo.
Ngo-1904, u-Anton okokuqala ucabanga ngomsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo futhi uza nomlaleli ezifundweni ezihamba ngezinyawo, ngemuva kokuphela kwalo olutholwa ilungelo lokufundisa esikoleni samabanga aphansi.
-Obandla
Abafundi bokuqala bakaMakarenko baba yizingane zedolobha laseKryukov. Kepha cishe ngokushesha u-Anton uyabona ukuthi ulwazi lomsebenzi alwanele. Ngo-1914, le nsizwa ingena esikhungweni sothisha wasePoltava. Ngokuhambisana nokutholwa kolwazi olusha, u-Anton unikela ngemisebenzi eminingi yokubhala. Indaba yokuqala "usuku oluyisiwula" - uMakarenko uthumela i-gorky.
Ngenxa yalokho, umlobi uthumela incwadi eya ku-Anton, lapho umsebenzi ugxeka khona ngonya. Ngemuva kokwehluleka kukaMakarenko, iminyaka engu-13 ngeke izame ukubhala incwadi. Kepha ubudlelwano nothisha obabayo buzokweseka impilo yonke.
Le ndoda yaqala ukuthuthukisa uhlelo lwayo lwemfundo ephindaphindile ekolishi labaSebenzayo labathengisi abancane edolobhaneni laseKovalevka, eliseduze nePoltava. UMakarenko wethula inqubo lapho kunezinto ezinzima zehlukaniswe ngamaqembu nangempilo ekhethekile ngokuzimela. Umhlaziyi ongaziwa waheha ukunakwa kweziphathimandla, kepha izindaba zokushaya kwezingane (uMakarenko wake washaya umfundi) wanciphisa uthisha wesikhundla sakhe.
Thola umsebenzi omusha njengothisha wasiza ngomunyu. Umlobi waqokomisa ushintsho lukaMakarenko waya ekoloni, eliseduze neKharkov, futhi walulekwa futhi ukuthi azame ukudala umsebenzi wokubhala.
Esikhungweni esisha, u-Anton Seminovich wasungula ngokushesha i-oda elifakazelwe. Ngaphansi kobuholi bendoda, abasebasha abanzima baqala ukwenza amakhamera ondla. Ngokuhambisana nezindaba ngezindlela ezintsha zeMakarenko, kushicilelwa imisebenzi emithathu yothisha: "Mashi 30," "" "Inkondlo Yezikhathi".
Futhi nabamele futhi abaphathi beziphathimandla, balandela uMfundisi ngokucophelela, bayeka izivivinyo zokufundisa. UMakarenko udluliselwe eKiev eposini eposini le-Assistront Chief of the Mandlu Colonies.
Ukubona ukuthi ngeke kuvume ukubuyela ecaleni lakho olithandayo, uMakarenko uzinikele ekubhaleni izincwadi. "Inkondlo ye-pedagogical" evumayo yanikeza umuntu e-Union of Soviet balobi. Ngemuva konyaka, ochwepheshe beza egameni lomfundisi wangaphambili. UMakarenko osolwa ngokugxeka uStalin. U-Anton Semenovich, uxwayiswe nguzakwabo owayekade, wakwazi ukufudukela eMoscow.
Enhlokodolobha, indoda iyaqhubeka nokubhala izincwadi. Ngokubambisana nomkakhe, uMakarenko uqeda "incwadi yabazali", lapho kuchaza khona imininingwane yakhe ukubheka kwakhe ukukhulisa izingane. U-Anton Semenovich uthi ingane idinga iqembu elizosiza ukuzivumelanisa nezimo emphakathini. Akubalulekile kangako kumuntu ukuthi kungenzeka ukuthi kusetshenziswe mahhala.
Umsebenzi wezabasebenzi kwakuyisimo esilandelayo sokuthuthukiswa okuvumelanayo - abafundi bakaMakarenko bazimele ngokuzimele izidingo zabo. Kamuva, umsebenzi, njengenye indalo eminingi ye-Anton Semenovich, izihlangu. Sekuvele ngemuva kokushona kukathisha, kuzodedelwa amafilimu ngokuthi "inkondlo eyinkondlo" kwizikrini, "amafulegi emibhoshongweni" kanye "nokukhulu nokuncane".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Uthando lokuqala lukaMakarenko lwaba u-Elizaveta Fedorovna Grigorovich. Ngesikhathi somhlangano no-Anton, lona wesifazane wayeseshade nompristi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, othandekayo kwakungukhetho oludala iminyaka eyi-8. Ukujwayeza abantu abasha bahlela umyeni wakhe u-Elizabeth.
Ngo-20, u-Anton wabeka kabi ontanga waze wacabanga ngokuzibulala. Ukuze asindise umphefumulo wale nsizwa, umpristi wahola uMakarenko engxoxweni ende futhi waheha ezingxoxweni u-Elizabeth. Ngokushesha abantu abasha babona ukuthi babethandana. Izindaba zibambe wonke umuntu. UMakarenko omkhulu wakhahlela indodana endlini, kepha u-Anton akazange aphonse isithandwa sakhe.
NjengoMakarenko, u-Elizabeth wathola imfundo yabafundi futhi, kanye nesithandwa sakhe, wasebenza ekoloni legama laseGorky (koloni edolobhaneni laseKoselovka). Le noveli yathatha iminyaka engama-20 futhi yaphela ekuqaleni kuka-Anton. Encwadini, mfowethu, uthisha wathi "ama-atavasms omndeni wakudala wasePolovskaya" avuke e-Elizabeth.
Ushade noMakarenko ngo-1935. Ngonkosikazi wesikhathi esizayo, uthisha wahlangana nomsebenzi - uGalina Stakheevna wasebenza njengomhloli we-narkomadzor wafika ekoloni ngokuhlolwa. Owesifazane wakhuphula indodana yengonyama, u-Anton Semenovich wamukela ngemuva kokubhaliswa komshado.
Ngokunikeza sonke isikhathi sakhe kubafundi, uMakarenko akakaze abe ubaba. Kepha wafaka umzali kaPasyanka kanye nomshana we-Olimpiki - indodakazi yomfowethu omncane. UVitaly Makarenko, kusukela ebusheni bakhe wakhonza eMhlophe Guard Regiment, waphoqeleka ukuba abalekele eRussia. Unkosikazi okhulelwe wasala ezweni lakubo. Ngemuva kokuzalwa, umshana wadlula ngokuphelele ngaphansi kokugcinwa kothisha.
Ukushona
UMakarenko ushone ngo-Ephreli 1, 1939 ngezimo ezingaziwa. Indoda eyabuya ezokungcebeleka kwababhali emathangeni yayiphuze isitimela. U-Anton Semenovich wayelinde kumshicileli ngezindatshana ezintsha ezilungiselelwe ezimisweni zemfundo. Njengoba ebulale emotweni, uMakarenko wawela phansi futhi akasavukeli.
Imbangela esemthethweni yokufa iyisifo senhliziyo. Kwahlekwa ukuthi eMoscow Makarenko kwadingeka abopha, ngakho-ke uthisha akakwazanga ukumelana nokungezwani. I-autopsy yabonisa ukuthi inhliziyo yomfundisi onethalente ilinyazwa ngendlela engajwayelekile. Umzimba uthatha ukubukeka okufanayo uma ubuthi buhlasela umzimba. Kepha ukuqinisekiswa kobuthi ubuthi akutholakalanga.
UMakarenko wangcwatshwa emathuneni eNovodevichy. Amaphephandaba amaSoviet athumele isazi se-necrologist ekhasini, lapho u-Anton Semenovich ashiwo njengombhali ofanele. Mayelana nemisebenzi yokuhlehlisa yendoda ayizange iphrinte izwi.
I-Bibliography
- 1932 - "Major"
- Ngo-1932 - "Mashi 30 iminyaka"
- 1932 - "FD-1"
- Ngo-1935 - "Inkondlo Ye-Pedagogical"
- 1936 - "Izindlela zokuhlela inqubo yemfundo"
- Ngo-1937 - "Book for Bazali"
- 1938 - "Hlonipha"
- 1938 - "Amafulegi emibhoshongweni"
- Ngo-1939 - "Izinkulumo Ekukhulisweni Kwezingane"