I-Biograge
Igama likaRobert Lewis Stevenson kusukela ebuntwaneni liyakwazi kuwo wonke umuntu ongameleli impilo ngaphandle kwencwadi. Ama-adventures amangalisayo futhi ajabulisayo alinde amaqhawe emisebenzi yakhe ngazo zonke izinyathelo, aphoqelele abafundi abaningi ukuthi bahlale ngemuva kwamakhasi "esiqhingi seRafure" kanye "nomcibisholo omnyama". Futhi yize le misebenzi ibhekwa njengedumo edume kakhulu kwi-Bribliography yombhali, uhlu lwezincwadi zeStevenson alunqunyelwe kubo.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wazalelwa e-Edinburgh ngoNovemba 13, 1850. Ubaba womfana unomsebenzi ongejwayelekile - kwakungunjiniyela owayeklama ama-beacons. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, umfana walala isikhathi esiningi embhedeni - Ukuxilongwa okungathi sína kwaphoqa abazali ukuba banakekele indodana yakhe.
UStevenson watholakala ene-croup, futhi kamuva kanye ne-carcup (pulmonary tuberculosis), ngalezozinsuku zazivame ukubulala. Ngakho-ke, uRobert omncane wachitha isikhathi esiningi e "Country Country" - ngakho-ke umbhali kamuva abhale ngobuntwana.
Mhlawumbe ukulinganiselwa okuhlala njalo nemibhede futhi kwasiza umcabango kaRobert Lewis Stevenson ukuthuthukisa kakhulu kangangokuba waqala ukusungula adventures okucatshangwayo nokuhamba okwakungeke kwenzeke empilweni. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNanny wengane waletha ukunambitheka kwemibhalo kanye nomuzwa wamagama kuwo, ukufunda inkondlo evuthayo nokutshela inganekwane ngaphambi kokulala.
Kakade ngo-15, uRobert Lewis Stevenson waqeda umsebenzi wokuqala obizwa ngokuthi "uPentland Rise". Ubaba kaRobert weseka indodana yakhe futhi wayishicilela le ncwadi emakhophi ayi-100 ngemali yakhe ngo-1866.
Cishe ngasikhathi sinye, uStevenson, naphezu kwesimo sempilo, waqala ukuhamba nge-Native Scotland naseYurophu futhi uqopha okuvelayo kanye namacala ohambo. Kamuva, lezi zindatshana zangena ngaphansi kwesembozo sezincwadi "imigwaqo" kanye 'nohambo oluya ezweni'.
Ukuba mdala, uRobert Lewis Stevenson ungene e-Edinburgh Academy, kwathi e-University of Edinburgh. Ekuqaleni, le nsizwa yangena ezinyathelweni zikayise futhi yaqala ukutadisha ubunjiniyela. Kodwa-ke, ngokuhamba kwesikhathi waya eFutifety of Gurisprudence nango-1875 waba ngummeli oqinisekisiwe.
Into yokufunda
Umsebenzi wokuqala obucayi kaStevenson, owaletha udumo kumlobi, waba yindaba ebizwa ngokuthi "ubusuku bonke uFrancois Viyon". Futhi vele ku-prose ye-1878, ukuba kolunye uhambo eFrance, uqeda umjikelezo wezindaba, eshicilelwe wonke.
Leli qoqo labizwa ngokuthi yi-Suicide Club futhi kamuva laba ngomunye wemisebenzi edume kakhulu yeStevenson. "I-Suicide Club", kanye nomjikelezo wezindaba ze-Almaz Raji, zanyatheliswa omagazini abaningi bemibhalo eYurophu. Kancane kancane, igama likaStevenson labonakala.
Kodwa-ke, udumo olubi lwabona umlobi ngo-1883, lapho laphrintwa, mhlawumbe iStevenson enhle kakhulu yaseRoma - "isiqhingi seReare Island". Njengemisebenzi eminingi yobuhlakani, le ncwadi yaqala ngezindaba zokuhlekisa lapho uStevenson ejabulisa khona izinyathelo zakhe ezincane. URobert Lewis wapenda nekhadi umfana asungula isiqhingi, cishe acishe sashintshiwe esingeni sokushicilelwa.
Kancane kancane, iziqephu ezihlakazekile zaqala ukukhula enoveni egcwele ngokugcwele, futhi uStevenson wahlala phansi ephepheni. Ekuqaleni, umlobi wanikeza incwadi ethi "Ship Paup Cack", kodwa kamuva wayiguqula yaba "isiqhingi samagugu". Kulomsebenzi, njengoba uStevenson aqashelwa, okuvelayo kwezincwadi zabanye ababhali kwabonakaliswa - uDaniel Demo no-Edgar. Abafundi bokuqala benoveli eqediwe kwakungumfundi wombhali nobaba, kodwa ngokushesha le ncwadi ibikhuluma ngabanye abathandi bezincwadi ze-adventure.
Enye yezimpaphe ezilandelayo zomlobi ziphuma "ingalo emnyama", ngo-1885 "Prince Otto" kanye neNdaba Engajwayelekile "Umlando Oyisimanga ngoDkt Jakyla noMnu Heyda bavela. Ngonyaka kamuva, uRobert Lewis Stevenson uqedile umsebenzi eqoqweni elilandelayo lezindaba, elibizwa ngokuthi "kanye nenkulungwane entsha nobusuku obusha" (noma "Dynamic").
Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uStevenson wabhala nezinkondlo, nokho, kubhekiselwe ekuhlolweni kwezinkondlo njengasekuqaleni kwe-amateurism futhi akuzami ngisho nokuzishicilela. Kepha ingxenye yababhali bezinkondlo isaqoqwe ngaphansi kwesembozo esisodwa futhi yanquma ukuyishicilela. Ngakho-ke kukhona iqoqo leStevenson Poetry, ephefumulelwe izinkumbulo zeminyaka yezingane. NgesiRussia, izinkondlo zaphuma ngo-1920 zathola igama lokudlulisa "iphakethe lezimbali lezingane". Kamuva, leli qoqo liphinde liphrintwe kaningi futhi lashintsha igama lokuqala.
Ngaleso sikhathi, umndeni waseStevenson, ngenxa yesiqhingi sezinkolelo-mbumbulu ", izinhlangothi zokuphila. Kepha, ngeshwa, impilo yombhali ngokwengeziwe ngokwengeziwe yazizwa ngayo. Odokotela baluleke umbhali ukuthi ashintshe isimo sezulu, futhi uRobert Lewis Stevenson wasuka ezweni lakubo eSamoa. Abantu bendawo, ekuqaleni ophasa abantu abafokazi bayakubona, ngokushesha baba izivakashi zaphakade endlini enomoya wokungenisa izihambi walo muntu onovalo ngalo muntu.
Ngemuva kweStevenson, igama lesidlaliso elithi "Umholi-Saucer" lalihlelwe - lalibizwa ngokuthi abalobi aborigines, abasize ngezeluleko. Kepha amakoloni amhlophe angamthandi uRobert Lewis Stevenson ngenxa yalolo mbono wenkululeko, ukuthi umlobi wahlwanyela ezingqondweni zabantu bendawo.
Futhi-ke, isimo sangaphandle salesi siqhingi asikwazanga ukusiza kodwa sicabange ngemisebenzi yesoso: amanoveli nezindaba "Izingxoxo zakusihlwa esiqhingini", "Katriona" (ezaba ngubani baphuma ngaphambili), "iSanta-IV" yabhalwa eSamoa. Abanye basebenza umbhali bahlanganiswa ngokubhalwa kwabambisana nePasyanka - "Ishwa lempahla", "Ukuphukelwa komkhumbi ohlukunyezwayo", "kumnandi".
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Uthando lomlobi wokuqala kwakuyintokazi egama linguKat Dramond, owayesebenza njengomculi ebusuku tavern. IForky Stevenson, ukuba yizinsizwa ezingenalwazi, ezihlatshwe umxhwele lona wesifazane ukuthi uzoshada. Kodwa-ke, ubaba wombhali akazange avumele iNdodana ukuba ibambe umkaT kat, okuthi, ngokusho kukaStevenson-Okwesikhulu, ayizange ilungele le ndima.
Kamuva, ngenkathi ehambela eFrance, uRobert Lewis Stevenson wahlangana noFrancis Matilda osborne. UFanny - ngakho-ke uStevenson wabiza othandekayo wakhe - wayeshade. Ngaphezu kwalokho, owesifazane wayenezingane ezimbili futhi wayemdala kuneStevenson iminyaka eyi-10. Kwabonakala sengathi ikwazile ukuvimba ukuthanda ukuba ndawonye.
Ekuqaleni, kwenzeka - uStevenson wesokunxele eFrance kuphela, ngaphandle kwesithandwa, ukulila impilo yomuntu siqu. Kepha ngo-1880, ekugcineni uFanny wakwazi ukuhlukanisa nomlingani wakhe futhi ashade nomlobi, owaba ngumyeni nobaba ojabule ubusuku bonke. Kwakungekho zingane ezijwayelekile.
Ukushona
ISamoa Isa Lona kuphela indawo ayithandayo yombhali, kodwa futhi isiphephelo sokugcina. NgoDisemba 3, 1894 URobert Lewis Stevenson akazange. Kusihlwa, le ndoda njengenjwayelo yehlela esidlweni sakusihlwa, kodwa kungazelelwe kwabamba ikhanda lakhe, kwalwa nokushaywa. Emahoreni ambalwa umlobi wayengasasebenzi. Imbangela yokufa kobuhlakani kwakungunhlamvu.
Lapho, kulesi siqhingi, ithuna lomlobi lisalondolozwa. Ama-Aborigine, adabuke ngempela ngokufa kweqhawe lakhe 'nomholi kaPeter', angcwatshwe uRobert Lewis Stevenson esiqongweni sentaba ebizwa ngokuthi yi-verea, emanzini ethuneni likakhokho.
Ngo-1957, umlobi waseSoviet uLeonid Borisov wabhala i-biography kaRobert Lewis Stevenson, obizwa nge- "Ngaphansi kwefulegi laseCatriona".
I-Bibliography
- 1883 - "Treasure Island"
- Ngo-1885 - "Prince Otto"
- 1886 - "Indaba eyinqaba kaDkt Jekyla noMnu Heyda"
- Ngo-1886 - "Uthunjwe"
- Ngo-1888 - "Umcibisholo Omnyama"
- 1889 - "Umnikazi we-ballastre"
- Ngo-1889 - "Ishwa umthwalo"
- Ngo-1893 - "Ukuphuka Komkhumbi"
- Ngo-1893 - "Catriaona"
- Ngo-1897 - "Saint-Yves"