I-Biograge
Umlobi waseMelika kanye ne-PlayWright Irwin Shaw enamandla anekhono elihlukile ngempela lokuxhuma ukujula kanye nokuxakeka okukhulu emisebenzini. Wakha ngekhono icebo, elipolishwe ekupheleleni kwezingxoxo, apendwe amaphethini akhanyayo wezinhlamvu. Umbukiso ungomunye wababhali abambalwa abakwazi ukukhuphuka okushiwo okuphezulu ngendlela elula futhi ehehayo. Ngempilo yakhe, wabhala izindaba eziningi ezijabulisayo namanoveli angalahleki kuze kube manje.Ubuntwana nentsha
Igama langempela le-Irwin Show - Irwin Gilbert Shamforfoff, yazalelwa eNew York, eSouth Bronx. Wakhula emndenini wamaJuda afudukayo eRussia. Ngemuva kwesikhashana nje ngemuva kokuzalwa kuka-Irvina, umndeni usuka eBrooklyn. Kukule dolobha ukuthi ingane kanye neminyaka yobusha umbhali wesikhathi esizayo yadlula.
Abazali babona amasiko amaJuda, kodwa bafuna ukutholwa. Ngakho-ke, basishintsha isibongo kumbukiso lapho i-Irwin yayineminyaka eyi-10. Umfana wayeziqhenya ngezimpande zamaJuda, ngakho wenqaba ukushintsha isibongo kuze kube seziqu. Ngaphezu kwalokho, u-Irwin waphikelela ekubambeni inkambiso ye-bar mitzvah, yize engahluke kunenkolo ekhethekile.
Ubaba woLizobe waba yisisulu sokudangala okukhulu futhi waphuka. Lapho efika eminyakeni eyi-14, le nsizwa yasebenza efektri nasezitolo, u-Irwin nonina waphoqelelwa ukuba aqukethe umndeni. Le nsizwa iphothule eBrooklyn College futhi yathola iziqu ze-bachelor. Lapho eneminyaka engu-21, lo mbukiso uqala ukubhala imibhalo yeRadoshou edumile, ngokwesibonelo, "Dick Tracy". Yile ndlela umsebenzi wakhe wokubhala aqala ngayo.
Into yokufunda
Ngo-1936, ukuzophela kokuqala kuka-Irvina show kwathunyelwa - "kukhaphela umhlaba ofile", lo mbono wawubanjelwe eNew York. Umsebenzi utshela ngeqembu lamasosha alwa empini, avikele izwe lakubo. Impumelelo yezindlebe yokusebenza yaletha i-Irvina amandla okusayina inkontileka enenzuzo.
Ngenxa yalokhu kumbukiso, isikhathi esifushane esisetshenziswe njengombhali we-hollywood. Waqhubeka nokubhala izimo, kepha isibonelo samheha kakhulu. Umbhali ngokoqobo wabona ngokushesha ukuthi i-cinema yezentengiselwano iyaphikisana nezifiso zayo ezingokoqobo. Noma kunjalo, kwaqhubeka ukubhala izimo ze-movie ukuze zihlanganyele emsebenzini ofanele wezincwadi.
Emva kwalokho, umsebenzi wombukiso wawuthathwa njengomugqa we-radical kanye ne-pacifist, kepha umbono wokuthi ububi kufanele bumelane nezincwadi nezindaba zakhe ezilandelayo.
Lapho umlobi ebuyela eNew York, izindaba zakhe ngezihloko zenhlalo ezazishicilelwa ezincekwini ezinethonya: "New Yorker" kanye "Esquins". Ngo-1940, lo mbukiso wabhala izimo zamafilimu amaningana, amahlaya adumile aba "yidolobha". Umsebenzi unikelwe esihlokweni se-Civil Liverties.
Emaqoqweni lezindaba "amatilosi asuka eBremen" futhi "amukelekile edolobheni lethu", izingxabano zenhlalo kanye nobunye bezinhlanga zeNew York zesikhathi esisha. Abokufika abangamaJuda bachazwa ngokubukwa nokuhlekisa. Lezi zincwadi ziqokomisa isihloko sokulwa namaSemitism esiboniswe njengezinga eliphakeme kakhulu lokubi nokungabi nabulungiswa.
Ngokuqondene nendaba "yabahlali bakwamanye amadolobha", kuyo, izenzo zenzeka ngo-1918 edolobheni laseKiev. Umsebenzi ubhalwe phansi komculi osemncane wamaJuda. Ngemuva kwe-pogrom, uyakuqonda ukuthi ubuhlakani akuyona into ebaluleke kakhulu empilweni. Umdwebi wenqaba ukuthobeka kukaYise futhi aqale ukuziphindisela ngomusa.
Abagxeki abelwe amaqoqo okuqala i-Irwin bakhombisa uzungu ogqamile kanye nokugcwala kwe-stylistic. Umbhali wabizwa ngokuthi umbhali onekhono lesizukulwane esisha.
Inoveli yokuqala ye-Irwin "amabhubesi amasha" ashicilelwe ngo-1949. Kususelwa ezenzakalweni zangempela ezenzeka kumlobi eminyakeni yempi. Umsebenzi waphenduka waphumelela futhi esikhathini esizayo wawususwe. Isakhiwo sokuvikelwa okuphumela sasihluke kakhulu kwangempela, ngakho angiwuthandi umsebenzi wombukiso.
I-Irvine yesibili yaseRoma eyayibizwa ngokuthi "inhlangano ether", echaza ukukhula kweMcCarthyism, eshicilelwe ngo-1951.
Ngemuva kokumangalelwa kwamanga ekuboniseni kwamaKhomanisi esifuyweni se-anti-commist "iziteshi ezibomvu", umbukiso ubhalwe phansi kwezinkampani zamafilimu ohlwini olumnyama lweHollywood. Ngo-1951, umlobi wasuka e-United States wathuthela eYurophu, lapho ahlala khona cishe iminyaka engama-25. Ekuthukeni kombukiso kwakha izimo eziningana ze-cinema namanoveli, zaphenduka ngokoqobo zaba abathengisi. Phakathi kwazo:
"ULucy Kraun" uyincwadi okokuqala ekhishwe ngo-1956. Umsebenzi uchaza unkosikazi nomama ngomlingiswa ofanayo. Ehlobo lika-1937, owesifazane waba nenoveli nomfana owaqashwa njengomngane wendodana entekenteke.
"Emavikini amabili kwelinye idolobha", umsebenzi ubhalwe ngo-1960. Incwadi ikwenza ucabange futhi ucabange kabusha impilo. Umlobi ukhombisa ukuthi isikhathi sesifikile sokushintsha okuthile futhi sizame ukulungisa ukwehluleka okwedlule, kepha ngasikhathi sinye ukungabaza kuyashintsha.
"IBogach, empofu", yadalwa ngo-1970, lapho okubhalwe kungaphumeleli kulotshiwe, ngokusho kwabagxeki, ukuqhubeka "kuqhubeka" isela. " Ngokusho kwalokhu, inoveli ngo-1976 yasuswa uchungechunge, olufanelwe yimpumelelo ekhethekile. Ngo-1982, isitudiyo sefilimu saseLithuania se-USSR futhi savikela "ocebile, ompofu."
I-Irwin Show - umnikazi wochungechunge lwemiklomelo esindayo. Umlobi uthole imiklomelo emibili o. UHenry, okhishwe ngendaba engcono kakhulu. Umbukiso wanikezwa umklomelo we-American Academy of Arts nezincwadi. Ubuye wathola amabhonasi ama-3 Playboy. Ngo-1943, u-Oscar waqokwa ngesimo esihle kakhulu esiguqulwe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yesibili, ngo-1942, umbhali waya ngaphambili wasebenza empini yaseMelika, wayeyisikhulu se-Warnt. Wakhonza engxenyeni ekhethekile, eyayihlanganisa ubuntu bokudala abatshela ngezehlakalo ngaphambili. Umbukiso olwelwa eNyakatho Afrika naseYurophu wayengomunye wabakhulumeli beParis.
U-Irwin washada nomlobi wemisebenzi yothando. Umkakhe uMaryan Edward wabeletha indodana yakhe ngo-1950, waqanjwa ngokuthi u-Adamu. Umfana ukuphela kwengane emndenini, kwakungekho zingane ezivela kulo mbukiso. Kamuva, indodana ka-Irwin yaba yintatheli nomlobi.
Ukushona
Ekuqaleni kwama-80s, lo mbukiso kwatholakala ukuthi ungumdlavuza wendlala yesinye, okwakuyimbangela yokufa. NgoMeyi 16, 1984, washona esibhedlela saseDavos, ngemuva kwenkambo engenamsebenzi yokwelashwa. Ukufa komlobi eneminyaka engama-71.
Umbukiso wawudumile kakhulu: Uhlelo lwezincwadi zomlobi ludlulele izigidi eziyi-14. Imisebenzi yayo ihunyushelwa ezilimini ezingama-25, eziningi zazo zikhethekile. Noma kunjalo, kusukela ama-50s, ukugxekwa kwaphatha i-Irwin ehlakazeka. Ukwenza isibonelo, uLidler wabiza izincwadi zakhe ngokuthi "isigamu - sibonakala." Futhi kuphela ngemuva kokufa komlobi, i-biography kanye nobuciko bombukiso baqala ukufundwa kakhulu.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1936 - "Ukhaphela umhlaba ofile" (Dlala)
- Ngo-1937 - Osada (ucezu)
- Ngo-1937 - IBrooklyn Idyll (Piece)
- Ngo-1939 - "Sailor kusuka Bremen" (Ukuqoqwa Kwezindaba)
- 1941 - "Siyakwamukela edolobheni lethu" (ukuqoqwa kwezindaba)
- 1944 - "Ababulali" (Dlala)
- 1946 - "Isenzo sokuthembana" (Iqoqo lendaba)
- Ngo-1949 - "Amabhubesi Amabhongo"
- Ngo-1950 - "Thembela, kepha hlola" (ukuqoqwa kwezindaba)
- Ngo-1951 - "Ukugwaza i-Ether" / "Umoya wokubhukuda" (Roman)
- 1956 - Lucy Crown (Roman)
- Ngo-1957 - "Isiteji kuJockey efile" (Iqoqo lendaba)
- 1960 - "Amaviki amabili kwelinye idolobha" (Roman)
- Ngo-1965 - "Izwi Losuku Lasehlobo" (Roman)
- Ngo-1965 - "Uthando Emgwaqweni Omnyama" (Ukuqoqwa Kwendaba)
- Ngo-1970 - "Ucebile, Pozhnyak" (Roman)
- 1973 - "Kusihlwa eByzantium" (Roman)
- Ngo-1973 - "UNkulunkulu wayelapha, kepha vele uhambe" (ukuqoqwa kwezindaba)
- 1975 - "I-Night Porter" (Roman)
- Ngo-1977 - "Isinxibi, Isela" (Roman)
- Ngo-1978 - "Amashumi amahlanu eminyaka" (umqoqi wezindaba)
- 1979 - "Intaba Phezulu" (Roman)
- 1981 - "Isinkwa Emanzini" (Roman)
- 1982 - "Ukulahleka Okuvumelekile" (KwamaRoma)