I-Biograge
Mayelana nokufaneleka kukaNiccolo Makiavelli phambi kwendabuko yase-Italy nendaba njengoba konke kungabhalwa futhi kukhulunywe ngokungapheli. Osopolitiki, uMcabangi kanye nombhali bashiye isembozo esiyingqayizivele, badlale, bebonisana, imisebenzi ye-lyrical. UMakiavelli obhalwe etsheni lethuna:"Ayikho i-Epitaph eveza ubukhulu baleli gama."Ubuntwana nentsha
E-Maciavelli Biography, awekho amaqiniso amaningi ngabazali kanye neminyaka yezingane. UNiccolo wazalwa ngo-1469, Meyi 3. Ubehlala nomndeni wakhe edolobhaneni laseSan Cazano-In-Val di Pesa (Florence). Umama weBartolomet uDi Stefano uNelie waletha izingane ezine: i-primarabi, uMargarita, uNiccolo noTootto. Ubaba womndeni, uBernardo di Nikcola Makiavelli, wasebenza njengommeli.
Isibongo maciavelli singesinye sesidala futhi esibaluleke kakhulu eTuscany, kepha isihloko asisithinta isimo sezezimali. Ummeli womndeni waphila kabi. Imfundo yavumela le nsizwa ukuba ifunde ama-classics ngesiLatin nase-Italian (Tibya Libya, Joseph Flavius, Cicero, Feodomij Macrobium). Ulimi lwasendulo lwasendulo lukaNiccolo lwalungazi, kepha wafunda imisebenzi kaPlutarha, eFukidid, ePolybia ekuhumusheni isiLatini.
Kwi-biography yeNiccolo Makiavelli hhayi iziqephu eziningi kusukela ebuntwaneni. Umcabangi wabhala ukuthi kulobungcweti abanesifiso sezepolitiki futhi akazange ahlale engenandaba nesimo sezepolitiki ezweni. Kusuka kwimicimbi engalibaleki: Ukuhlasela kwe-Italy Charles VIII, umndeni wakwaMedici ekudingisweni, imibono yokuphatha ye-Remover ne-Monk Girolamo Savonarola.
By the way, encwadini ehloselwe uRicardo Becky (inxusa elivela eFlorence liye eRoma), uMakiaverLelli waphendula kakhulu ezenzweni ze-savonarola.
Ngemuva kokuxoshwa kwePiero Dieno Lorenzo Medici, umbusi we-Florence (indodana yomsebenzi wombuso uLorenzo omkhulu), eqinisweni likahulumeni ekhanda likaFlorence, kwakunguSavonarola ophethe izinkolelo zeRepublican. Umgomo wombusi omusha uMakiavelli akazange afane.
Into yokufunda
Impilo nomsebenzi kaNiccolo Makiavelli wawela ngesikhathi esinezinkinga sokuvuselelwa: UPapa waba nethuba lokuba nebutho lamasosha, kanti amazwe aphesheya abesemandleni (iFrance, eSpain, uMbuso WaseRoma ongcwele). Izinyunyana zazivame ukushintshwa, ama-mercenaries ashintshele ohlangothini lwesitha, futhi iziphathimandla zashintsha kanye amasonto ambalwa, i-Pal Rome.
Ngo-1498, uMakiavelli waqala ukusebenza njengesimo njengonobhala kanye nenxusa futhi wagcina ubuholi ngemuva kokubulawa kwe-savonarola. Kusuka ku-1502, umuntu ocabangayo ubonile izindlela ezisebenzayo zokuvumelana neziqu zezepolitiki zeCesare Bordjia. Yize ezama ukusungula isimo sakhe uqobo enkabeni ye-Italy futhi ehlupheka uFiasco, uMachiavelli wathandwa obala izindlela zezepolitiki.
Unesihluku futhi uqine ezinqumweni zeBorgia wayefuna ngekhono izinzuzo kunoma yisiphi isimo, enziwe ngokukhulelwa. Le nqubomgomo ihambisane nemibono kaMachiavelli. Kwezinye izikhombo zomlando, kunemibono enegunya eligunyaziwe ukuthi ngonyaka wokuxhumana okusondelene noCesordjia Niccolo aqhamuke nomqondo wokuphatha umbuso, naphezu kwezisekelo zokuziphatha. Ngemuva kwalokho uthatha ukuqala kokwakheka kwemfundiso yombuso, kubonakaliswa kamuva kuMthetho "Obukhosi" Wezemikhosi.
Esikhathini se-renaissance, ukuthuthukiswa kwefilosofi yemvelo kuthola umfutho ngesikhathi sokutholwa kwesayensi. Ukubukwa okuphakathi nemibono kuya ngemuva, ukunikela ngezimfundiso ezintsha. Ithonya elikhulu lemibono kaLeonardo da Vinci, Copernicus kanye naseKuzansky. Manje uNkulunkulu ukhonjwa ngemvelo.
Amakhuphoni wezepolitiki kanye nezimpumelelo zesayensi azikwazanga kodwa zithinte imisebenzi kaMachiavelli. Ngo-1513, osopolitiki waboshwa waboshwa njengozungu luzungu lokulwa neMedici. Icala lalingenzanga, uMakiavelli wayekhululekile. Ngalesi sikhathi, uqala ukusebenza ekwelashweni.
"UMbusi" akuwona umsebenzi omkhulu wevolumu ehlukahlukene, kepha incwadi encane eyenze igama elithi niccolo makiavelli liyimi. Le mpikiswano iveze umqondo oyinhloko wesibalo sezepolitiki sase-Italy: Amandla nokubalwa kwamandla ngaphezu kwamanani wokuziphatha we-Unitman. Egameni lenhloso efanelekile, ukuthwala okuhle, ngokuziphatha kuya ngemuva.
Incwadi yabona ukukhanya ngemuva kokufa komlobi. Ngokuphila ngesikhathi kanye nezazi-mlando eziningi zenze umbono kaMachiavelli njengomashiqela obukhulu obungenamikhawulo. Kodwa-ke, kukhona abasekeli bemibono yomcabangi obheka njengentando yeningi. I-anthropology yezepolitiki kaMachiavelli ifaka ezepolitiki njengomuntu onamandla okuqala kwesilwane esiqala ukukhohlwa ngokuziphatha kanye nokuziphatha ukuze kusizakale bona kanye nabantu.
"UMbusi", ebhalwe cishe ngo-1513 (ayikho idatha eqondile ngalokhu), iyisiqondiso kubaphathi bakahulumeni ngencazelo eningiliziwe, ukuthi ungagcina kanjani ukusebenzisa amandla. Ngokokuqala ngqa, uMbusi wathathwa njengomuntu.
Imisebenzi kaNiccolo Machiavelli yigalelo elihlukile kwezenhlalo yezenhlalo kanye nesayensi yezepolitiki. Umuntu ocabangayo wase-Italy aqala kabusha umbono wokuthi indoda ngayinye inesibopho sokuthwala inkonzo yezempi. Mayelana nalokhu - emsebenzini "ngobuciko bezempi".
Ngaphezu kwezindlela zokuphakelwa ngamandla kahulumeni nezepolitiki, uMachiavelli unezinye izincwadi. Ngo-1518, kwabhalwa amahlaya yiLa Mandragola (Mandragora). Ngo-1965, ukuguqulwa kweMandragora kwashicilelwa ngesonto likaKallimah, owasuswa ngumfazi wommeli uNikia. ILucretia ayitholakali futhi iyaziqhenya. Kepha emndenini wentaba yommeli: Umlingani wobuhle uyazala. UCallimah uthembisa ukwelapha lesi sifo empandeni yeMandragora kanye nobuqili kufinyelela ebusuku obuhlangene neLucretia.
Inqubo uNikcolo Makiavelli isuselwe kuphela kokuhlangenwe nakho nokubukwa. Ukushumayela ifilosofi ebalulekile, kubhekwa njengomcabangi, ungaqonda futhi ngokunengqondo. Umsebenzi wesazi sefilosofi ase-Italy sekuyisikhathi eside wahlakazeka ngezingcaphuno nama-aphorisms. Kunzima ukweqa umnikelo wakhe endabeni.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ebusika, ngo-1501, i-propotat machiavelli yafika eFlorence neMishini Yezwe Elandelayo. Lapho futhi wakhetha uMarietta di Luigi Corsini, intombazane emndenini ompofu.
Lo mshado wawusizonke, okokuqala, ukuthuthukisa inhlala-kahle yemindeni emibili. Kodwa-ke, ubudlelwano phakathi kwabashadikazi bafudumele. UMarietta wazala yena izingane ezinhlanu.
Kodwa-ke, lokhu akuzange kuphazamise izinqubomgomo zohambo lwangaphandle ukwenza ubudlelwane obuningi bezothando nabanye besifazane.
Ukushona
UNikcola Makiavelli wanikezela impilo yakhe yempilo kanye nezepolitiki, i-gril mayelana nokuchuma kukaFlorence. Kodwa-ke, akukho okulindelwe okulungiselelwe. Ngo-1527, abaseSpain baphanga iRoma, kwathi lapho amandla anqunyelwe angabe esadingeka uMakiavelli.
Le micimbi ixhasa impilo yomcabangi. NgoJuni 1527, uNiccolo wafa. Ukufa kwafika eSan Kasano (eduze naseFlorence). Kukuphi ukungcwatshwa kwe-Italian, akekho ongasho ngokuqinisekile. Kodwa-ke, eFlorence, eSontweni Lesiphambano Esingcwele, kunetshe lethuna elizokhumbula iMachiavelli.
Ngo-2012, ifilimu elokukhumbuleka yencwadi ebhalwe ngememori kaNiccolo Makiavelli yasuswa.
Ngaphezu kwalokho, ubunikazi be-Italian enkulu kukhulunywa ngaye kumafilimu naku-serials. Phakathi kwazo: "Impilo Leonardo da Vinci", "Borgia", NikColao Makiavelli - Prince Politics. " Igama likaMachiavelli lihlala lingafi ezincwadini zezobuciko (Somerset Moem "Manje", Jorge Prayer "umgcini wezimfihlo zeBorgia").
I-Bibliography
- 1499 - Discorso Sopra Le Cose Pisa
- 1502 - "Ngendlela Ongayenza Nt Izakhamuzi Zabavukeli baseValdikyan"
- 1502 - "Ukuchazwa kokuthi UDuke Valentino wasusa kanjani i-Wittello Vittelly Olivertta da Fermo, Signora Paolo noDuke Gristina Orsini"
- I-1502 - Discorso Sopra La Laud Del Danaro
- 1513 - "UMbusi"
- 1518 - Mandragora
- 1520 - Discorso Sopra Il Riformare Lo Stato Di firenze
- 1531 - "Ukuxhumana Eminyakeni eyishumi yokuqala kaTitus Libya"