I-Biograge
I-Stateman Eqhakazile, Umsunguli Wesikhathi Sawo, Ukuxwayisa Ukuthuthukiswa Kwezomnotho Nentuthuko Yojantshi. Igama likaSergei Juliyevich Witte langena endabeni ngenxa yezinguquko nokwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu waseSiberia. Ubunikazi boNgqongqoshe Wezezimali badale imibono nezitatimende ezifanayo, kodwa iqhaza lakhe ekuthuthukisweni kwezwe lisobala.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-biography likaNgqongqoshe ivela eCaucasus, eTiflis, ngoJuni 17 (June 29 ngesitayela esisha) sango-1849. Umfana emndenini ompofu wezicukuthwane zesifundazwe wazalwa. Ubaba uSergey yulieving wobuzwe - ukushiya okuvela kumaJalimane aseBaltic, kwathola isihloko esihle maphakathi nekhulu le-XIX. Kepha emgqeni kamama, i-pedigree yagxila ezinkomeni ezidumile zeDolgorukh, ngaphandle kokuziqhenya kakhulu ngayo.
Kwakhuliswa izingane ezinhlanu emndenini - amadodana amathathu namadodakazi amabili. Ingane yesikhonzi esizayo yadlula umkhulu kulayini kamama - A. M. Fadev. Ugogo wafundisa umzukulu wakhe othandekayo u-Asamu, enikeza imfundo yokuqala yomfana. Babhalise eTiflis Gymnasium, umfundi akazange ahluke ekuziphatheni okuhle kakhulu nasesithandweni sesayensi eqondile. Izifundo zokubopha izimbotshana ezincamelayo, umculo nokugibela.
Ngaphandle kwezimpawu ezibuthakathaka esitifiketini, uSergey yulievich waya e-Odessa ukuze angeniswe eNyuvesi. Kodwa-ke, umzamo wokuqala awuzange umqhele ngempumelelo, futhi indawo yokuzivocavoca engenakuvuma kwakumelwe ibuyele endaweni yokuzivocavoca. Ngemuva kwamakilasi ashisekayo, uWitte wakwazi ukubhalisa ku-physics kanye ne-mathematics faculty of nomorossiysk University ngo-1866.
Inkambo
Ngemuva kokuthola idiploma, abaphothule behlela ukuhlala eMnyangweni futhi bahlanganyele emsebenzini wesayensi. Kodwa-ke, umama kanye nomalume wale nsizwa wakhuluma ngokulwa nokukhethwa okunjalo, njengoba kucatshangelwe ukuthi imisebenzi yesayensi iyisifundo esingafanele esibonelweni. Ngokusho kwezihlobo, ubuqili kwakufanele bangene eMsebenzini kaHulumeni.
E-Russia, kwakhiwa ngokushesha. Amahhovisi azimele atshalile imali enkulu ekuthuthukisweni komkhakha. Umlomo wokubheka ukhangwa futhi osemncane ubuwula. Ngokusikisela kokubala A. P. Bobrinsky, uSergey yulievich wathatha isikhundla sochwepheshe wokusebenza kojantshi ehhovisi le-Odessa Railway.
Umsebenzi wabaphathi abanethalente walengiswa esele esele ngemuva kokuthi inhlekelele yaseTaligulian yenzeka ngo-1875, eyayithatha impilo yabagibeli. UWitte futhi inhloko yomgwaqo wagwetshwa izinyanga ezi-4 ejele. Kodwa-ke, ukufaneleka kwe-witte, kumakwe yiGrand Duke Nikolai Nikoleyevich, kwasindisa umuntu ejele. Ukujeziswa kuthathelwa indawo amasonto amabili eGaupvakta, lapho ama-Withe achitha khona kuphela ebusuku, ngenkathi eqhubeka nokusebenza ngokulawula.
Umsebenzi wokufisa wakhuphuka. UWitte uqokwe ukubeka inhloko yenkonzo ekuphathweni komphakathi weSouth-Western Rail.
Ngasekupheleni kwama-80s, umphathi wesitimela uhlangana noMbusi u-Alexander III. Futhi ngonyaka we-1889, izilwane ngesicelo seNhloko Yezwe zibanjelwe yinhloko yenhloko yoMnyango Wezitimela ofundile ongaphansi koMnyango Wezezimali.
Emsebenzini kahulumeni, naphezu kwesimo esiphikisayo segceke kanye nabanye ababusi kubantu bakubo kanye nenqubomgomo, kuba nguNgqongqoshe Wezokuxhumana ngokushesha. Ngemuva komsebenzi okhiqizayo, ngo-1892, uthole isikhathi sokuqokwa kweposi likaNgqongqoshe Wezezimali.
Ukuthatha okuthunyelwe okuphezulu, i-Witte iyaqhubeka nokukhuthaza ujantshi, ihlenge imigqa yobunikazi boMbuso. Enye yezimpumelelo ze-Witte ukuphoqelelwa ukwakhiwa komgwaqo omkhulu waseSiberia. USergei yulieving ungumbhali we-monetary Reform ka-1897. Izwe lithole imali eqinile evikelekile ngegolide, eyaqinisa isikhundla seRussia ezingeni lomhlaba jikelele futhi laheha abatshalizimali.
Igalelo elibalulekile emnothweni lokwethulwa ngokwethulwa kwewayini lombuso, oqinisekisa ukugeleza kwemali kwisabelomali. Ukufaneleka komkhonzi onethalente akupheli. UWitte wasebenza emthethweni womsebenzi. Ngokubamba iqhaza kwakhe, kwethulwa umkhawulo wesikhathi sokusebenza. Ucabangele ukuthi kuyadingeka ukuguqula umphakathi wabampofu njengensali yesikhathi esedlule.
USergey yulieving wagqugquzela isimo sabantu abafundile ngengqondo enkulu ebushelelayo. Ungqongqoshe uzuze ilungelo lokukhetha abasebenzi ukuthi bafanelwe, hhayi ngokuba khona kwezihloko ezinhle. UWitte wakholelwa kubasekeli bongxiwankulu, isicaphuna sikangqongqoshe abaningi izicukuthwane zethu - isixuku sokonakalisa esizenzela izinzuzo zazo ngokulahlekelwa yizinzuzo zabantu, zaba i-aphorism.
Ngokufika kwe-Emperor Nikolai II, abaphikisi baqala umkhankaso ovusa inkanuko. Isahluko esisha soMbuso singathandwanga uNgqongqoshe, ngoba uCharismatic Sergey yulievich ucijile isithombe se-autocrat. Ngasikhathi sinye, uNikolai akakwazanga ukwenza ngaphandle kwawo ocasule kakhulu. Kodwa-ke, uWitte waphendula umbusi ubumbano. U-Alexander III wasala ungqongqoshe III.
Ngo-1903, uSergey yulievich wajoyina udumo, kodwa empeleni isikhundla esiphakeme sikasihlalo weKhabhinethi Labafundisi. Eposini elisha, i-Witte ayizange ixazulule lutho. Ngo-1906, ekugcineni wathatha umhlalaphansi entandweni yakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
USergey yulieving kabili washada. Kokubili othandweni, futhi zombili lezi zikhathi zabesifazane abakhethiweyo baba abesifazane abashadile. Ngomlingani wokuqala, ithemba lika-Andreevy Divodon 'sabaqondiswa yisikhathi esizayo bahlangana e-Odessa. Njengoba sebefunde ukuthi othandekayo usexhumekile ngumshado we-UZami, okhathazeke mathupha ngesehlukaniso.
Lo mbhangqwana washada eVladimir Church, kepha injabulo ayihlali isikhathi eside. Unkosikazi kaWitte uvame ukugula futhi isikhathi esiningi sasihlala ezindaweni zokungcebeleka. Ngo-1890, owesifazane wabulawa yinhliziyo edabukisayo.
Ngemuva konyaka, uNgqongqoshe wahlangana nentokazi entsha yenhliziyo - uMaria UManolta Nurok. Ngokusho kwesithombe esigcinwe kanye nokubuyekezwa kwabezikhathi zalo, i-witte ethandekayo yahlukaniswa ukubukeka okukhangayo, okwasetshenziswa ngempumelelo.
Owesifazane wayesemthethweni, futhi umyeni ongavumi wenqabile ukunikeza isehlukaniso. I-Witte, ebeka engcupheni umsebenzi wakhe, yaphoqeleka ukuba ikhokhele isinxephezelo futhi isebenzise isikhundla sayo.
Inhlamba yahlukana, umshado wamaJuda wabekwa ngaphansi kwempumelelo yeSergei yulievich enkonzweni, kodwa imizwa yayinamandla kangangokuba le ndoda yayisilungele ukufaka engcupheni wonke umuntu. U-Alexander III, owathanda uWitte, wasukuma ohlangothini lwakhe futhi waba umbhikisho osanda kudingeka.
Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwemizamo, lona wesifazane akazange amukelwe emphakathini ophakeme, lapho kuye, futhi umyeni wakhe wadelela khona. Ukuba nezingane, amantombazane athola amakhosikazi abo bobabili abafazi emishadweni edlule.
Ukushona
OwayenguNgqongqoshe We-Reformer washona ngo-1915. Imbangela yokufa yaba yi-meningitis. Ngokuya nge-Memoirs yeNxusa laseFrance eSt. Petersburg, J.-M. Isazi se-paleologist, uNikolay, impumuzo, safunda ngokufa kwesikhonzi sangaphambili.
Ngaphambi nje kokuba kufe uSergey yulievich asebenze encwadini yomuntu siqu. "Izinkumbulo" zishicilelwe ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1920 eBerlin, ngemuva kwesikhashana ku-RSFSR.
Emhlabeni wanamuhla, umnikelo we-Witte ekwakhekeni komnotho waseRussia, kanye nobuntu obuvelele waba yindaba yezazi-mlando. Amafilimu abhalwe phansi asusiwe mayelana nesifokazi, okubuye kube nzima, njengabantu ayephila nabo, babheka uSergey yulievich.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ukuqala ukusebenza kochwepheshe okusebenzayo, i-Witte, efuna ukufunda okufihliwe kwabaphathi kanye nenhlangano, kudlule i-internship ezikhundleni ezahlukahlukene. Abaphathi abasebasha bahlala ehhovisi lebhokisi, basebenza njengesiteshi sesikhungo sokuxhumana kwezimpahla nabagibeli.
- Lapho unakekela kusuka ekuphathweni kokulawula ujantshi kanye nokwamukelwa isikhundla sombuso, i-Witte ilahlekelwe kakhulu kwisikhalazo semali. Esikhundleni sama-40 izinkulungwane ezingama-40 ngonyaka, uNgqongqoshe omusha osanda kusha waqala ukuthola izinkulungwane eziyi-8 kuphela. Umbusi wemali yomuntu siqu ekhokhelwe uSergei yulievich ezinye eziyizinkulungwane eziyi-8 njengenxephezelo.
- Abaphathi benkomishi yensimbi yesimanjemanje futhi evamile, besasetshenziswa ezinqoleni, bangeniswa esontweni ngesikhathi somsebenzi we-witte.