I-Biograge
UGi de Maupassan ungumlobi waseFrance, ubuciko bawo bahlangana nemvelo. Indoda yakwazi ukuthola isimo sonke ezincwadini. Ngaphandle kothando, waphenduka iningi labesifazane abalingiswa benoveli, izindaba namanoveli. Futhi ungumhambi onothando oza phezu kweYurophu wabheka emakhoneni akude omhlaba.Ubuntwana nentsha
Igama eligcwele lomlobi nguHenri Rene-Alber-Guy de Maupassassan. Uzalelwe efeni lefarilomu eduze kwedolobha laseDiepe emndenini wezicukuthwane ezimpofu. Umkhulu waqubuka, ubaba weGustuuu de Maupasana wayengasashiyi umsebenzi wokuya emsebenzini. Kusetshenziswe yindoda ngumthengisi ku-stock exchange, kwakungu-Astrett, ubuciko be-watercolor. Ngezwa isikali nendlela yokuphila.
Kepha ushade ngokwakhe okuphambene - umngani wobuntwana uLaura Le Poetven wahlukaniswa yisimo esibi futhi esicabangayo. Kodwa-ke, lo mbhangqwana awuzange uhambe ngaphansi kophahla olulodwa. Ekwesokudla Indlalifa Yesibili, owesifazane namadodana akhe waya edolobheni lolwandle e-Etretat, lapho kwakukhona khona i-villa yalo.
Ubuntwana bakwaMopassana bundiza bungakhathali nangokunganaki. Umfana wavunyelwa, ngakho wachitha isikhathi esiningi emgwaqweni. Kusukela esemncane kufundwe ukubamba izinhlanzi, baxosha ubungani nabalimi, amatilosi, abadobi.
Eminyakeni engu-13, inkululeko yaphela. Umama wahlela i-GI kwiseminari ngokomoya. Ubulukhuni besikhungo sezemfundo abalithandi intsha ethanda inkululeko: Ngigijime kaningana, ngihlala ngibhekiswa, ngenxa yesikhashana esingatholwanga sehlazo.
Abazali banquma ukuzama injabulo yakhe eSura Lyceum, lapho futhi banamathela khona indodana yakhe. Lapha le nsizwa ithambe phansi, ikhombise amakhono akhanyayo kwisayensi nezobuciko, futhi okubaluleke kakhulu, itholakele imihlahlandlela yezwe lezincwadi. Imbongi uLouis Bui kanye nomlobi uGustave Flaubert waba ngumeluleki bokuqala. Ngemuva kweLyceum, le nsizwa yaya enhloko-dolobha yaseFrance, lapho angena khona nekhono lomthetho. Kepha isifundo saphule impi nePrussia.
UMaupassunt waya empini ejwayelekile, ngaleso sikhathi wawina uthando lwezinkanyezi kanye nesayensi yemvelo. Ukubuyela ekhaya, angikwazanga ukuqhubeka nokufunda - kwaqubuka ubunzima bezomnotho, abazali abakwazanga ukukhokhela inyuvesi. Kwakufanele ngiye enkonzweni. I-GI iminyaka eyisithupha yanikeza umnyango woLwandle, inciphise iziphetho ngamaphethelo emholo omncane. Umsebenzi, owathumba ngempela, kwakuyizincwadi.
Ukudala
Ukusebenza enkonzweni, uGi de Maupassan ngaphansi kokuqala kweFlaubert waqala ukwenza izinyathelo zokuqala enkundleni yokubhala. Eminyakeni eminingana kuphela ukwenza lokho engikubhalile, kwabhubhisa umbhalo waphinde wahlala phansi ngepeni. UFlaubert wagcizelela ukuthi le nsizwa izosebenzisa isikhathi esithi "emnyuziyamu" nsuku zonke, ngombono wakhe, le ndlela kuphela engaphumelela. Futhi ekuqaleni, kwenqabe umfundi ukuthi anyatheliswe. Ngosizo lomeluleki, uMaupassan wasuka enkonzweni yasolwandle eMnyangweni obhekele imfundo edumile.
Ukushicilelwa kokuqala e-Biography Briction yomlobi we-novice kwenzeka ngo-1875. Inoveli elithi "isidumbu sezandla" saphuma ephephandabeni ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym, njengenkondlo "ogwini", okwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emine kamuva, kwenza umsindo omningi ngenkantolo ebukeziwe futhi waletha umbhali enkantolo. Umsebenzi owathola igama elisha uthi "ntombazane", abamele iziphathimandla zomphathi babheka izithombe ezingcolile. UFlaubert weza ukutakula, enza incwadi yokuthola.
Ngo-1880, ukukhanya kwabona le ndaba "Pyshk", engene eqoqweni. Kuleli volumu, kanye nokushada komsebenzi, ekhekhe lendaba ka-Emil ZOL, Zhoris-Charles Gyuisman kanye nenye i-French ProSaikov.
Indaba ikhiqize i-furor kwabagxeki kanye nabafundi be-irony enhle nokukhanya kwezinhlamvu. Emsebenzini, waze wanika neholide izinyanga eziyisithupha. Ngemuva kwe- "Pyshki", iqoqo lezinkondlo "lezinkondlo" lishicilelwe, ngemuva kwalokho wayeka lesi sikhulu futhi wasebenza ephephandabeni.
Ngawo-1980, uMaupassan wahamba kakhulu. Imibono evela eCorsica, i-Algeria naseBrittany yathululela amanoveli, amanoveli kanye nama-eseyi. AmaCorsican, ngokwesibonelo, aphefumulelwe ukwakha incwadi ethi "Impilo". Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, isiphetho, umlobi wakwazi ukudala umsebenzi we-axibolic.
Izingqinamba zemibhalo zabela "uPierre noJean", "Emanzini", "ngaphansi kwelanga", indaba namanoveli "umgexo", "I-Moonlight", "Testament", " UGi de Maupassan wakhulela ezindaweni zokuqala ePleiad yezinkanyezi zezingane zaseFrance.
Umfundi wayelapha ama-moopassana, wakwazi ukubhala ngomsebenzi wemali engenayo. Ngonyaka, umbhali wafika kuma-franc ayizinkulungwane ezingama-60 futhi waphila ngonyawo olubanzi, engakhohlwa ngokwezimali ukusekela umama nezihlobo zomfowabo. Kwenziwa isimo esihle sokushona kwelanga kwempilo, kwatholwa indawo ethengiswayo eningi, kwathola izikebhe eziningana.
Izimfihlo zokuthandwa kwababhali besimanje zazisobala. UZola waphawula ukuthi i-GI idlala ngekhono imizwa, ikhuluma kahle nomfundi, futhi uma isebenzisa i-SATIR, khona-ke ngaphandle komthunzi wobubi nobukhali. Ibhubesi uTolstoy lachaza into kaFame Moopassana ngeqiniso lokuthi umFulentshi wabona "okushiwo impilo kowesifazane, othandweni."
Umlobi waxosha ubungani nozakwabo abadumile ezincwadini. Eduze eduze ne-Ivan Turgenev, alexis, leon dierks kanye nezinye ubuntu obudumile. Ngezwa umlingani omuhle futhi eqinisekile.
Ingxenye yemisebenzi ye-GI de Maupassant yaba yisisekelo samafilimu wesici. Ngokokuqala ngqa umsebenzi wakhe waphila kwifilimu eSoviet Union. Ngo-1934, uMqondisi uMikhail Romm ukhiphe isithombe esiyisimungulu "Push". UWilly Forst (1936), uPierre Carlinal (1983) no-Decnan Donnellan (2012) amelwe. Ethekeni lokugcina, izinkanyezi zeHollywood Robert Pattinson, Mind Tourman, Christina Ricci.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UGi de Maupassan wahlangabezana nothando lwabesifazane abangalawulwa, wezwa ama-leval, eqala inqwaba yamanoveli nokuxhumana okungahleliwe. Uthando Adventures lwaba yisisekelo sesabelo sengonyama yemisebenzi. Ngisho nokudumazeka akuzange kumvimbele le ndoda. Ngolunye usuku, le nsizwa eneminyaka engu-18 ubudala yathandana neParisian egama linguFanny futhi yanikezela izinkondlo zayo. Ezungeza ngaphansi kwamafasitela embonweni, wezwa intombazane ngokuvuma ukufundwa kokufundela ukufundela abangane.
Kunamanye amagama ezinkanuko avele evela empilweni yabantu abadala ye-Frenchman: Countess Emmanuel Pototskaya, Ermina, Marie Cannes. Kodwa-ke, umbhali akazami ukuzokhangisa ubudlelwano bezokuphepha. Ngandlela thile wacishe wahlela i-duel enentatheli eyayikhuluma le ntokazi elandelayo ephephandabeni.
Ngo-1882, iMaupassan yashada ngokuzumayo, kepha ayifinyelelanga emshadweni. Indoda engaphambi kokuphela kwempilo yahlala i-bachelor. Mhlawumbe ngeke nje ngithole okuwukuphela komuntu. UGuy ungumbhali wezitatimende eziningi ngamantombazane asephenduke ama-aphorisms. Omunye wabo:
"Ngithanda umuntu oyedwa kuphela - umfokazi, ongekho ngokoqobo."
Ukuzithokozisa uthando kwaphenduka lesi sifo: Umbhali watheleleka nge-syphilis. Futhi umngani wakhe wabhala ngokuxilongwa ngentokozo:
"Ngiyaziqhenya, ngine-syphilis yangempela, futhi angesabi ukuyicosha!"Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi ngemuva kokushona kukaGi de Maupassant e-French Edition of Eclo, izindaba ezihlekisayo zavela ukuthi umbhali "wabangane abahle" nguyise wezingane ezintathu: amantombazane amabili nomfana. Izindlalifa ezingekho emthethweni, ngokwesiko lesikhathi, begqoka igama likaMama Josephine Littzelman.
Umlobi ngokwakhe akazange akhulume ngezingane, futhi izihlobo zinqatshele iqiniso lobukhona bazo. UGi wasishiya iTestamente, lapho cishe wonke umbuso wawudlula umshana. Ikota yefa kuphela elidluliswa kubazali.
Ukushona
UGi de Maupassan wayene-helity embi. Umama wahlupheka nge-psychosis, futhi umfowethu omncane washonelwa waze washona emtholampilo wezengqondo. Umlobi wesaba ukuhlanganisa impilo yakhe yonke, kepha ukuphela akudlulanga. Ngaphezu kwalokho, impilo ihlehlise ukungezwani ngokweqile kwengqondo, ngoba wabhala ngaphandle kokuma.
I-GI yahlulwa ikhanda, ukuthathwa kwezinzwa okwethusayo kamuva. Ngo-1891, indoda ethile yazama ukuzibulala, yamsika umphimbo. Wawela esibhedlela sezengqondo, kwathi eminyakeni emibili kamuva washona. Imbangela yokufa iyakhubazeka kwengqondo. Umlobi ongakwazi futhi athinte uthando lothando, aluzange aphile iminyaka engama-43.
Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- UMoopassan, kanye nezinye izibalo zamasiko, waphikisana nokwakhiwa kwe-Eiffel Tower, ebiza ukwakheka kwe- "mugly skeleton". Imvamisa idla ophahleni lombhoshongo, ngoba kuphela kusuka kuleli phuzu leParis alibonakali.
- Umlobi wakuthanda ukuhamba, wahambela amazwe amaningi. Wahamba eBrittany waze wandiza ngebhaluni evela eFrance eBelgium.
- UmFrance owawunamathela umfula, uthanda imidlalo yokugibela. Ngo-1885 wathenga i-yacht ebizwa ngokuthi "umngani omuhle." Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, kwavela isiyesibili, savela kahle, kodwa ngegama elifanayo.
- Mayelana nokufika kothando lomlobi wenceku yakhe uFrancois Tassar wadala incwadi ethi "Izinkumbulo zikaGuy de Moopassan", zibonile ukukhanya ngo-1911. Umbhali ugcinwe kakhulu uvule obala ikhethini lezimfihlo zempilo yomuntu siqu.
Amacaphuna
"Ngiqoqa abesifazane. Ngomunye, ngihlangana kanye ngonyaka, nabanye - kanye njalo ezinyangeni eziyisithupha, ngehora lesithathu - kanye ngekota. Nabanye - lapho bayifuna. Angithandanga muntu ngokuthi "" Amagama othando ahlala enjalo, - konke kuncike emlonyeni kabani, "Yebo, uthando luwukuphela kwenjabulo empilweni, kepha thina ngokwethu sivame ukuthatha, siveze izidingo ezinkulu kakhulu" " Ukuqabula okungaphansi akunakuqhathaniswa nokuqabula kwe-Snuaking "" Abesifazane bangempela ngokuphelele noma, ngokunembile, ukuze bangenele umuntu othintekayo "" uvame ukwenza amaphutha. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ungukuphila kuphela okwenza lokho okwenza amaphutha "" Wonke umuntu omi emandleni ezwe ubophekile ukugwema impi ngendlela efanayo nokaputeni womkhumbi ugwema ukuwaphuka komkhumbi "I-Bibliography
- 1883 - "Impilo"
- Ngo-1885 - "umngani omuhle"
- Ngo-1887 - Mont-Oriol
- Ngo-1888 - "Pierre noJean"
- 1889 - "Kuqine Njengokufa"
- 1890 - inhliziyo yethu
- "Isifiso Somlilo" (Engapheli)
- "Umphefumlo we-Alien" (ungapheli)
- "Izingelosi" (zingapheli)