I-Biograge
OkweSpanishi, isibongo seTeotokopoulos sasiyinkimbinkimbi kakhulu, ngakho-ke ngemuva kokuthuthela eToledo, umculi waqala ukuzibiza ngoDonenico Greco, noma nje u-El Greco. I-pseudonym yabonisa umsuka - wazalelwa eKrethe, naseSpain waba yindawo yesibili kuye.
Lapha ngasekupheleni kosuku lwe-16 lwekhulu le-16, umdwebi wadala i-canvas edumile emhlabeni, kufaka phakathi "ukungcwatshwa kwenhlangano yesitho" kanye "nokuphrinta okwesihlanu", okubhekwa njengezibonelo zobuntu. Ukwakhiwa okucindezelayo, umehluko wopende kanye nokuphindaphindwa kwemithombo yokukhanya - konke emisebenzini ka-El Greco asebenze ngokuphumelela kanye nokuvezwa kokudideka okuphezulu kakhulu. Ifa lakhe lithonye abaculi, kubandakanya nePablo Picasso, ama-Cezan amasimu, u-Edward Mana.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Umndeni wamaGrikhi lapho kwazalwa khona uMdali wesikhathi esizayo waseSpain emgodini, wawungadingi lutho. Inhloko yomndeni ayitholi ukuhweba kuphela, kodwa futhi nokuqoqa intela. Amadodana kaDomenico noManussos bathola imfundo enhle kakhulu ngamazinga waleyo nkathi. Kunobufakazi bokuthi bafundisa isiGrikhi sasendulo nesiLatini.
Lapho uMDENENINICO eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala, uyise washona. Ukunakekela umndeni walala emahlombe omfowethu omdala, umdwebi we-manussos. Kamuva, wanikela impilo yakhe yonke ukuhweba. UDomenico wakhetha indlela yobuciko. Ku-Pipi, iGuild of Peapers yenza. Insizwa yajoyina umphakathi.
Ukupenda
Umdwebo weCretan wekhulu le-16 uwukuthi, okokuqala, ukupenda isithonjana sesikole. Ubumbano bobuhlakani babalobi bendawo bekuwukuhlanganisa ubulukhuni besimo se-Byzantine isitayela ne-Italian Motifs. Ama-oda atholakala emiphakathini yamaKatolika nase-Orthodox.
I-Domenico Teotokopoulos yathola isihloko se-master akekho ngaphambi kweminyaka engama-22. Lokhu kwanikeza ithuba lokuvula owakhe umhlangano wokusebenzela, nomculi, ukholelwa izazi-mlando zobuciko, wasebenzisa ithuba. Ukusebenza okusemqoka kwesikhathi sokuqala se-biography ye-El Greco kubhekwa njengokucatshangelwe "kwentombi nto". Kanye "nokubulawa kwaFartyrdom of Holy Paraskeva", umsebenzi we-Mikhail Damaseku uthathwa njengesampula ekhanyayo yamagugu wesithonjana sesikole seCretan.
Ngo-26, umdwebi ushiya izwe lakubo. Ngo-1967, amaTeotokopoulos ahlala eVenice, kwathi eminyakeni emithathu kamuva wathuthela eRoma. Ingxenye yabaphenyi ikholelwa ukuthi edolobheni emanzini, umculi we-novice wasebenza ngaphansi kweziTitheni. Enye yamaTitans of Renaissance ngaleso sikhathi yayineminyaka engaphezu kwengu-80 ubudala, kodwa wayamukela ngokuthanda abafundi emhlanganweni wokusebenzela.
Isikhathi samaRoma sokwakha i-El Greco sisaphawulwa yithonya leRenaissance. Isitayela esiphumayo silandelwa ezikwani ezikhanyayo ezikhanyayo, ukugcwala kwamapende, ukugcwala kwama-silhouette. Kepha izinhlamvu ziya ngokuya ziqandisiwe ngaphansi kwebhulashi lakhe ngesikhashana zivezwa ngesikhathi sokuzikhandla. I-Dramatic Of Meyimusm itholakala "eSihlwini Lwesihlangotho sangemfihlo", futhi "nasekushisekeni", nasekudingisweni kwabathengisi ethempelini. "
Ukusungulwa komdwebi weCretan kudonsela ukunaka kwabakwaRoma Elite. Umenyelwe ekuhlelweni kukaKhadinali Alessandro Farnes, lapho umdwebizi omncane ehlangana khona nososayensi, izazi zefilosofi, abaculi. Kepha maduze nje isivakashi silahlekelwa yindawo: I-Domenico ithathwe kakhulu kwiziphathimandla zesikhathi esedlule. Vumela ukuvusa kabusha kushiye isigaba, kepha inkumbulo yabamele ukusabela isaphila.
"Wayengumuntu olungile, kodwa engazi ukuthi angawathola kanjani," kusho umculi wamaGrikhi, esithi, ngokwesibonelo, ngoMichelangelo.Ubuye abe nesibindi sokunikeza uPapa wokuthola kabusha iFresco "enkantolo ethusayo" eSignine Chapel ngokuya ngemibono yenkolo yenkathi.
"Isiphukuphuku u-Ino Semechan," umdwebi we-Pierre Ligorio uphendula nge-El Greco.Ngisho nokuxabana kukaKhadinali nomculi. Naphezu kokungafani nomphakathi waseRoma, ngo-1972 amaTeotokopoool avula umhlangano wokusebenzela edolobheni elithi "idolobha laphakade", kodwa lehluleka ukuthola ama-oda amakhulu, futhi i-Domenico ishiya i-Italy.
ISpain yaheha umdwebi wethemba lomsebenzi: Inkosi yalesi sifundazwe uFiliphu II yayinesifiso sokuhlobisa izakhiwo zangaphakathi zesigodlo esisha, ukukhethwa kwamakhosi kwakukhona. Ukuba seMadrid futhi ngibona inhloso yokunqotshwa kwegunya okuvela enkosini, u-El Greco wahlangana nemfundiso yezenkolo eBenito Montano kanye nesonto elithile le-tedalsky Cathedral lisondele ku-Abbot. Ngenxa yalokho, esikhundleni se-oda lasebukhosini, inkontileka yokuqala yaseSpain Umdwebi osayiniwe nabamele isonto.
Ngokwesicelo, kwadalwa imidwebo eyi-10, edume kakhulu yiyo "inkinga yekhonsoli noKristu." Umbuso ocindezelwe, ugcizelela ingcindezi yesixuku kuKristu, umvuthwandaba, lapho umxhasi weProtering elungiselela ukuphazamisa iChiton kuye, futhi, ukuqina kobomvu kugcwele umkhawulo wesimo samandla esimangaliso se manerism.
Iqiniso Elithakazelisayo: Kuma-canvas, manje abheka ubuciko wobuciko bomhlaba, isonto lenqabe ukukhokha ama-ducats angu-950. ENkantolo, umbhali wazuza inani kathathu ngaphansi kwezikhathi ezingama-350. Izimangalo zezimangalo zancishiswa ukuba zibe ngu-El Greek azibekele phambili phambili kwabathathu, iKoyi ayikhulunywanga kunguqulo yeBhayibheli yezehlakalo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, abakwaSonto bathukuthela indawo yabahloli ngenhla kwenhloko kaKristu. Noma kunjalo, umyalo we-tolel Cathedral ukhanyisiwe u-El Greco eSpain.
Futhi nokho, ekuthuthukiseni iFiliphu II, akuzange kusize. Umdwebi wenza ama-oda amabili eMonarch, kepha umsebenzi weNkosi akazange ahlabeke umxhwele, futhi ukusebenzisana kwethulwa kancane nge-El Greek okuphazamiseka. Umbhali oneminyaka engu-44 uthathe isinqumo sokusebenzisa ngokunenzuzo udumo olunqotshwe eToledo futhi wavula umhlangano lapha ngo-1585. Umsizi wamaRoma uTeotokopoulos Francisco Malble wathuthela eSpain.
Ngokushesha umdwebi wakha indwangu eyimfihlakalo - isithombe sokungcwatshwa kwenkimbinkimbi yesitho. Isebenzisa uhlaka lwenganekwane yenkolo mayelana nohlali olucebile lukaToledo, oxhasa ngemali esontweni. "Ukungcwatshwa" kubonisa osanta ababili okwehle bevela ezulwini ukuze basebenzise umhlomuli. I-canvas yenzelwe isonto lama-tolesk laseSan tome.
Phakathi kuka-1587 no-1592, umdwebi wabhala umdwebo osekelwe emfanekisweni "abaphostoli uPeter noPaul" ngokusekelwe kuqhathaniswa nezithombe. Namuhla kugcinwe eHermitage. Umlobi akawona umfokazi nohlobo lwezwe, yize izindwangu ezinjalo efeni lika-El Greco ezintathu. I- "Toledo View" edume kakhulu, ekhombisa idolobha elikhanyayo elikhanyiselwe ukukhanya kwangaphakathi, ukusakazeka ngaphansi komnyama, ukuduma kwezulu. Lesi sithombe saba ngenye yezindawo zokuqala zomdwebo wase-Europe.
Ngaphambi nje kokuba afe, i-Master yadala i-canvas "yokuhoxisa kokuphrinta okwesihlanu", okwakufanele kwenziwe umhlobiso wangaphakathi weSonto LaseToledo kaJohane uMbhapathizi. Lesi sithombe silahleka ngokwengxenye: ekuqaleni kwamakhulu angu-19-20, abavundi banqume ingxenye engenhla. Kukholakala ukuthi kuleli fomu, umsebenzi wawusebenza njengomthombo wokuphefumulelwa kwePicasso lapho ubhala "ama-Avignon Maicens."
I-El Greek yaziwa nangokuthi isithombe esithi ngubani ongaphumelela umlingiswa ezicini zokubukeka. EToledo wayeganwe esithombeni, wadala i-altari ngephephandaba i-chapel san jose. Ukubaluleka kobuqambi kuhlotshaniswa nokwakhiwa kwezindlela zokuziphatha, okwakusebenza njengesisekelo se-baroque, kanye namabomu amabomu imidwebo kwasivumela ukuba sikhulume ngo-El Greek njengobubanzi bokuthi u-El Greek njengomuntu ophambili wokukhuluma nokukhuluma.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kusukela eminyakeni engama-36, wayehlala emshadweni wangempela neSpaniard Heronim de Las Cuevas. Ngo-1578, babenendodana eyabiza uJorge Manuel.
Abaphenyi baphakamisa ukuthi uDomenico wayeshade ngaphambili: Waphetha umshado noma eKrethe, noma e-Italy. Futhi akuzange kumvume ukuthi abhalise ubumbano ne-heronim. Ngasikhathi sinye, u-El Greco washo umfazi wangempela emaphepheni asemthethweni, kufaka nentando, wayibona iNdodana.
Ukufa el Greco
Ngo-1614, umculi wasebenza nge-oda lesibhedlela saseToledo, kepha umsebenzi wawungapheli. Umdwebi wagula, futhi umbuso usuwohlokile usuku nosuku.
Ukuqonda ukuthi ngeke ngilulame, u-El Greek wakwazi ukudonsa intando. Umculi washona ngo-Ephreli 7. Wangcwatshwa esigodlweni sezindela, ngemuva kwalokho wabhujiswa. Izinsalela zomculi zilahlekile.
Ukusebenza
- I-1560-1565 - "Modensky Triptych"
- 1567 - "Ukucatshangelwa KweNtombi Enyulu"
- 1570 - "Isidlo sakusihlwa sokugcina"
- 1570 - "Ukukhulekelwa Kwama-Magi"
- 1570 - "Imidwebo kaJulio Clea"
- 1571-1575 - "Ukudingiswa Kwabathengisi Ethempelini"
- 1573 - "UKristu Esiphambanweni"
- 1577-1579 - "Ukukhuluma Ngezingubo Ezivela KuKristu"
- 1585 - "Umkhaya Ongcwele"
- 1586 - "Ukungcwatshwa kwama-Orsas
- 1587-1592 - "Abaphostoli Peter noPaul"
- 1595 - "" Umphostoli u-Andrey noSanta Francis "
- 1596-1600 - "Buka Toledo"
- I-1600 - "I-Self-Portrait"
- 1608-1614 - "Ukususa Ukuphrinta Okwesihlanu"