I-Biograge
UNikolai Ostrovsky - umbhali womsebenzi ongafi "wensimbi nzima". Imicimbi yale ncwadi ne-protagonist yayo, yehla i-korchagin, sekuyisikhathi eside ihlotshaniswa nobuqhawe obungenabugovu, isibindi namandla angenakuphikiswa nguMoya. Le ncwadi yadilizwa yizingcaphuno nama-aphorisms, kanye nezitatimende zeKorchagin ngempilo kanye nomzabalazo usasebenza kufanelekile. Kodwa-ke, bambalwa abantu abaziyo ukuthi ukubhala kanye nenoveli ye-ostrovsky akusilo isivivinyo esincane kunaleso esedlule esabisweni sabalingiswa bakhe.Ubuntwana nentsha
Umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa ngoSepthemba 29, ngo-1904 edolobhaneni elincane laseVilia, esifundazweni saseVolyn (manje yindawo ye-Ukraine). Ubaba uNicholas wayeyizempi esethathe umhlalaphansi, wasebenza ekukhiqizeni okuvelele, umama wayepheke. Izingane eziyisithupha zakhula emndenini oveststky: U-Ostrovsky wayenabo odade ababili abadala, odadewethu abadala nodadewethu ababili. Kuliqiniso, amantombazane amabili amancane afa esemncane.
U-Ostrovsky wayephila ngesidingo - umndeni omkhulu wafuna izindleko eziphakeme, ngakho-ke izingane zaqala ukuzuza kusenesikhathi impela, zisiza abazali. Lapho uNikolai eya esikoleni sesonto lesonto, odadewabo abadala base besebenze njengabafundisi. Esikoleni kwaphawula ngokushesha amakhono avelele e-Ostrovsky: umfana osehlobo wabamba noma yiziphi izinto. Sekuneminyaka engu-9 ubudala, uNikolai wathola isitifiketi sokuthweswa iziqu esikoleni kanye nephepha lesikebhe.
Emva kwalokho, umndeni we-Ostrovsky wathuthela edolobheni laseShepetovka, lapho uNikolai akwazi ukungena khona esikoleni. Eminyakeni emibili kamuva, ngo-1915, le nsizwa yathola idiploma futhi yaya emsebenzini. U-Ostrovsky kwadingeka ahlangane nendawo yomsizi wasekhishini, umsizi, i-cubover, okungenani azuze futhi asize abazali. Kodwa-ke, le nsizwa ayizange ishiye izinhloso ukuze ifunde phambili kwathi ngo-1918 wangena esikoleni sokuqala kakhulu.
Ukuqomisana kwabafundi kwavumile uNikolai eJustice of Bolshevik imibono, le nsizwa yaba yisishoshovu futhi yahlanganyela emisebenzini yaphansi komhlaba, yasabalalisa amapheshana abumbene. Umuzwa wezinguquko wawuthunjwa ngokuphelele yi-Ostrovsky, kwathi ngo-1919, le nsizwa yajoyina amazinga enhlangano yeKomsomol. Ngasikhathi sinye, uNikolai wawela ngaphambili, walimala kabi esiswini nasekhanda, wawa ehhashini, walimaza kakhulu umgogodla. Isimo sempilo asivumeli nicholas ukuthi ihlale ebuthweni lempi, futhi insizwa yadelela.
Kodwa-ke, kwakungesona isiqhingi sokukhononda ngesiphetho futhi sihlale ngaphandle kwecala. Ngasemuva, le nsizwa yasiza izitho ze-HCC, yabe isithuthela eKiev, lapho yathola khona umsebenzi woMsizi Womsebenzi kagesi. Ngokufana, uNikolai waphinde wafunda, kulokhu ekhetha onjiniyela bakagesi.
Ngeshwa, amanxeba ezandla ze-ostrovsky azange akhawulelwe ku: Ngo-1922, insizwa, elondolozela i-lesodist, echithe amahora amaningi emanzini eqhwa. Akudlulenga ngaphandle komkhondo wezempilo kaNikolai Aleksevich, ngakusasa wayegijima nomkhuhlane, wabe eseqala ukuhlushwa i-rheumatism ethuthukile, futhi kamuva into enobuthakathaka yathatha i-typhas, eyayingeyona eyangelo tythovsky ethuneni .
Ngenhlanhla, uNikolai Aleksevich walulama ku-typhoid nangomkhuhlane, kepha ukulimala nokulimala kwagcina kumangalela impilo yensizwa. I-Ostrovsky yaqala ukuthuthukisa ukukhubazeka kwemisipha, eyayiyinkimbinkimbi yisifo esihlangene. Kwaba nzima ukunyakaza, futhi odokotela banikeze izibikezelo ezidumazayo.
Into yokufunda
I-biography yokudala kaNikolai Ostrovsky yaqala ngomqondo wangempela wegama elisesibhedlela embhedeni wesibhedlela. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, uNikolai Aleksevich owayekuthanda ukufunda: imisebenzi ye-fenimor coper, uJules Verne noWalter Scott ngokoqobo "bagwinya" ngokuhaha ezincwadini zomfana.
Kamuva, u-Ostrovsky wabiza imisebenzi eyintandokazi ye "Ovodi", uRafaello Jovinoli. Kancane kancane, i-Hobby yaphenduka ubuhlakani bayo: u-Ostrovsky ukuzodlula isikhathi ezibhedlela, waqala ukubhala izindaba ezimfushane nemidlalo, elandelayo ngomlobi wakhe ovelele - ogama lakhe lingu-Alexander Ostrovsky.
Kusukela ngo-1927, u-Ostrovsky akasakwazi ukuhamba ngokwawo, ama-prosaika athola ukuthi isifo se-bekhtev, kanye ne-polyarthritis. UNikolay Alekseevich wahlushwa imisebenzi eminingana, kepha ngisho nalokhu azange asasemukelwa ngesimo sakhe. Ngokushesha kwacaca ukuthi ukuthuthuka bekungeke kube. Umlobi ngaleso sikhathi waphenduka iminyaka engama-23 kuphela.
Kodwa-ke, uNikolay Alekseevich waqala ukuzibandakanya kanzima futhi waphothula eMnyangweni weSurdlovsk University. Ngokufana, le nsizwa yabhala okuningi, cishe ngalesi sikhathi kwaba nombhalo wesandla "owazalwa", owaba yinguqulo yokuqala yenoveli " Kwaphela izinyanga eziyisithupha, umlobi wanikezelwa kulo msebenzi, kwathi lapho inketho ebhalwe ngesandla yalahleka lapho kuthunyelwa.
Lo msebenzi wawudingeka uqale futhi, kepha lapha i-Ostrovsky yayilindele inkathazo entsha: umlobi waqala ukulahlekelwa ngukubona. Kwamunca kakhulu amandla okuziphatha kaNikolai Aleksevich, umshushisi waze wacabanga ngokuzibulala, kepha insimbi izonqoba, futhi i-ostrovsky yaqhubeka nokubhala. Ekuqaleni, le ncwadi yadalwa ngokungaboni, ngezikhathi ezithile uNikolai Alekseevich wacindezela umbhalo ezihlotsheni nakwamkakhe umnakekele. Futhi-ke kwaqhamuka ne-stencil, evumele ukusebenza ngokushesha okukhulu.
Ngemuva kwesikhashana, umbhalo wesandla wawusukulungele. U-Ostrovsky wathumela umsebenzi endlini yokushicilela yeLeningrad, kodwa impendulo ayizange ilindile. Ngemuva kwalokho uNikolai Aleksevich wathumela umsebenzi wakhe endlini yokushicilela "abagada abancane", ukusuka lapho athola khona ukwenqaba ngenxa ye- "Intokozo Yezangaphansi."
Kepha-ke intando nenhloso yalowo mlobi akamvumanga ukuba abuyele emuva. I-Ostrovsky ithola ukuhlolelwa kabusha kombhalo wesandla. Ngalesi sikhathi, umsebenzi wathunyelwa ukuyonyathelisa, kodwa-ke, ngaphambi kokuba abahleli baqediwe, futhi umbhalo wawubhalwa kabusha.
Ngakho-ke, ngenxa yalomlobi, kwaqala isigaba esisha sencwadi ethi: Avikele konke ukugabha. Noma kunjalo, ngo-1932 ingxenye yokuqala yencwadi ethi "i-Insimbi Yenziwe Kanjani, futhi ngemuva kwesikhashana ukuphela kwenoveli kwanyatheliswa.
Impumelelo idlula okulindelwe kakhulu kwe-Ostrovsky: Imitapo yolwazi yaqala ukuvela emigqeni ngomsebenzi wakhe, abantu babeya emaqenjini futhi bengahambisi izindinyana zabo abazithandayo.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kukaNikolai Aleksevich "Insimbi yensimbi elukhuni" yaphrintwa ngayo izikhathi ezingama-41. U-Ostrovsky waqala ukucabanga ngokuqhubeka kwenoveli, futhi wahlelela ukubhala umsebenzi "ubuntwana bezingane" ezinganeni. Incwadi entsha, umlobi aqala ukusebenza ngayo, wamukela igama elijwayelekile "izivunguvungu ezizalwe". Umdwebo womsebenzi wawuxoxwa ngisho nangomhlangano we-Writers 'Union. Ngeshwa, inoveli yayingakaze iphele.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Naphezu kwalesi sifo, impilo yomuntu siqu kaNikolai Ostrovsky yathuthuka ngenjabulo. Unkosikazi wombhali waba ngumndeni ojwayelekile ojwayelekile we-ostrovsky raisa matsuk.
Owesifazane waxhasa othandekayo ezikhathini ezinzima kakhulu futhi wasiza uNikolai Aleksevich eqhubeka nokusebenza futhi engapheleli ukholo. Ngemuva kokushona komyeni wakhe, uRaisa Porfiryevna wahola umnyuziyamu we-Ostrovsky eMoscow, ngenkathi egcina imininingwane ye-biography, izithombe ezingavamile namaqiniso athakazelisayo empilweni yombhali.
Ukushona
Inyanga yami yokugcina yokuphila uNikolai Ostrovsky wanikezela inoveli entsha. Umlobi wakha umlobi ngezinsuku nobusuku, engeza futhi wabhala kabusha amakhanda ale ncwadi. Ngeshwa, bekungamiselwe ukubeka indawo yokugcina: ngoDisemba 22, 1936 UNikolai Alekseevich akazange. Odokotela banamuhla babiza imbangela yokufa kwe-Ostrovsky Scarm Sclerosis, kanye nesifo esithuthukayo seBhekhteva.
Ngo-December 26, ngosuku lomngcwabo wesiqhingi, incwadi engapheli yaphuma ezindongeni zomshicileli: Umsebenzi wafakwa amaphuzu futhi wabhalwa ngesikhathi sokuqopha.
Ithuna lomlobi litholakala emathuneni aseMoscow Novodevichy. Ngemuva kokushona kukaNikolai Ostrovsky, kwavulwa izikhumbuzo eziningana emadolobheni ahlukene, kanye neminyuziyamu yombhali eMoscow, Soochi, Shepetovka. Imicimbi yempilo kaNikolai Alekseevich yaboniswa kwifilimu elibhalwe phansi "impilo engaqondakali kaNikolai Ostrovsky".
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1927 - "Indaba ye-" Kotovtsy "(Indaba ye-Autobiographical, umbhalo wesandla ulahlekile lapho kuthunyelwa)
- Ngo-1934 - "Insimbi elukhuni"
- Ngo-1936 - "Isivunguvungu Esizelwe"