I-Biograge
Umlobi waseBrithani kanye nembongi reddard kipling ezweni izwe labantu abadumile ngenxa yezindaba nezinkondlo. Ama-aphorisms, izingcaphuno kanye nezitatimende zomlobi azilahlekelwa ukuhambisana. Impilo nobuqambi bombhali kuyaqhubeka nokubangela ukuba nentshisekelo - kuKipling kwakukhona ngisho nekusasa elihehayo, kodwa elinzima.Ubuntwana nentsha
UJoseph Reddard Kipling wazalwa ngoDisemba 30, 1865 eBombay. Leli gama kukholakala ukuthi linikezwe umfana ukuhlonipha ichibi legama elifanayo, lapho umama wakhe nobaba bajwayelana khona. Eminyakeni yokuqala emkhathini wezinhlobo zangaphandle zeNdiya zazijabule ngengane. Kepha lapho eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, umRediad nodadewabo, obeneminyaka emithathu, wathumela ukuzofunda eNgilandi.
Eminyakeni eyi-6 ezayo, uKiplid wayehlala ebhodini langasese. Ngaleso sikhathi kwakufanele abe nzima: abanikazi babenengane embi, babevame ukujeziswa. Uthisha waba nowesifazane ongenamusa no-hanga. URedDiard wahlala enomkhawulo, asatshiswa futhi ashaye. Isimo sengqondo esingesihle esinjalo saba nethonya elinamandla kakhulu eKwayling futhi lishiye imiphumela: Umbhali kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe wahlushwa ukuqwasha.
Umama ohambe wavakashela izingane eminyakeni embalwa, wethuka ngesimo seNdodana: umfana ucishe akayiboni ukushaqeka kwezinzwa. Owesifazane uthathe izingane zibuyele e-India, kodwa ekhaya likaKaying kwakungelona isikhathi eside.
Ukuze kubhekwe i-rudyard ukuze ubhalise kwi-Destigious Academy yezempi, lapho eneminyaka engu-12 ehlelwe esikoleni saseDevonia "Weestard-ho". Isikhundla salowo mqondisi sibambe umngani kababa kaKipling - uKorzell Price, okokuqala ukukhuthaza intshisakalo yengane ezincwadini.
Isikhungo semfundo sabusa isimo somoya nodlame. Umfana wacasulwa othisha abangazi, kanye nabafundi, phakathi kwabo abahlangana nabo amabandla amakhulu nezinsizwa zakudala. URudyard ufunde okuningi, eneminyaka engu-12 wayegqoka izibuko futhi wakhula kancane. Ukuhlala ku- "WestArd-ho" sekuyisivivinyo esiyinkimbinkimbi kumlobi wesikhathi esizayo, kodwa akukho lutho owaphula le nsizwa njengomuntu. Kwaphela iminyaka emi-5, wahlupheka futhi "wangena ekunambithekeni" kokudonswa okukhulu.
Le ntombazane ikholelwa ngokuphelele esidlekeni sezifundo ezingaphansi, ezamvumela ukuba alondoloze ukuzethemba. UKipling wabona ukuthi ukukhuliswa okunzima kufanelekile, kanye nomqondo woMthetho njengohlelo olunomoya wokuvinjelwa kanye nezimvume zithambekele ekuboniseni iKipling. Isikhathi sokuhlala esikoleni sinqume kakhulu imibono nezimiso zikaKiplish. Ubuntu bakhe bakheke ekuqaleni njengezinhloso zensizwa.
Ngenxa yokubuka kabi, iRedDiard ayizange iqhubeke nomsebenzi wayo wezempi. Ushiye "ientrad-ho" enobubi, futhi njengoba isikole asinikezanga amadiploma ukuze angeniswe ku-Oxford noma eCambridge, ukwakhiwa kweRediard kwaphela.
Ukuhlatshwa umxhwele izindaba zeNdodana, uyise wamenza waba yintatheli eBhodini Lokuhlela 'ephephandabeni laseChilialand nezempi', elaliphuma eLahore. Empilweni yensizwa yaba nethonya lokwamukelwa kwalo empilweni yeMasonic. Umoya wakhe, ukuzithoba kwesiko, okungafaneleki emithethweni naseMesiya udlala isiphetho seRidiad kude neqhaza lokugcina.
Into yokufunda
UKipling, uzwa umnikelo womlobi, wadala umsebenzi we- "School amazwi", lapho ulingisa khona ngokuyisisekelo izimbongi eziholayo zalesosikhathi. Ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, umlobi ushintsha indlela yokubhala, izimbongi ezidumile zokuhlanganisa nokudalula umhlangano nokwenza izinto zawo.
Ekupheleni kuka-1882, le nsizwa ibuyela ezweni lakubo futhi isebenza ngentatheli. Esikhathini sakhe samahhala, uRudyard ubhala izindaba nezinkondlo ezithunyelwa ekushicilelweni ephephandabeni. UKipling ubeganwe ngobuntatheli iminyaka engu-7: Abaningi baphonsela inselelo ezweni, lapho ukungazi okuningi nokubandlululwa kuhlanganiswa khona ngokomoya. Umlobi wentatheli wamvumela ukuba athuthukise ukubonwa kwemvelo nezomphakathi.
URedDArde washeshe waqonda ikhono lendaba emfushane, washaya ukuvuthwa kusenesikhathi kanye ne-fecundity. Lapho ukubhala kusebenza, u-vinding uhambisana nesimo esiqinile: ukulingana namagama ayi-1200. Okuhle kakhulu kufakwe ekuhlanganisweni kokuqala "Izindaba ezilula ezivela ezintabeni". Iningi lezindaba ezenziwe eNdiya zaphuma ngesimo sama-tomiks amancane embozweni esithambile.
Leli phephandaba elenzelwe u-Allahabad lahlongoza intatheli ukwenza uchungechunge lwendatshana mayelana namazwe ahlukene. UKiplic oshisekayo wahlola impilo yabantu base-Asia naseMelika. Ukuvela okuhlukile okutholakele kumuntu ongenakuqhathaniswa namasiko angefani ayehlanganiswe ezincwadini ezi-6. Umhlaba wezincwadi wamukela umlobi ngentshiseko, futhi ukugxekwa kulinganisela ukuthi ungubani ngempela isilabhasi sakhe.
Ngemuva kokuhamba eNgilandi, uKipling waya eChina, wavakashela eBurma, eJapan naseNyakatho Melika. Ekuqaleni, ekuqaleni wakhuluma eNdiya, futhi kungekudala eMetropolis. Lapho esethole okuvelile okuningana kusuka ekuzulazuleni, eRudyard wabuyela eLondon, lapho aqala khona ukusebenza emisebenzini emisha.
Lapha, izindaba zakhe zaya ekubambeni, uKipling uyaqhubeka nokuthuthukisa ingqikithi yaseNdiya, futhi ibanga eliphakathi kombhali nendawo kwanikeza ukukhanya okwengeziwe kwemibono yakhe. Ngaphezu kobuciko, umbhali wazama ukuhlanganyela empilweni yezezimali yenhloko-dolobha. Abagxeki babephendule kahle ngomsebenzi we "Library of the Indian Railway", futhi njengoba inoveli "amahlathi akhanyayo" - akazange athole ukubuyekezwa okuhle.
Impumelelo emangalisayo yombhali osemusha iqhathaniswa ngaphandle kwe-dickens eyintandokazi yendawo yonke. Ukuthandwa kwe-kipling kuchazwa ngesilinganiso kanye nomlingiswa wokuqamba kwayo. Ufake izwe elibhaliwe okwamanje lapho le khethe idinga isibuyekezo, isidingo sokukhulisa amaqhawe amasha nemibono ethokozisayo.
URedDiard wadonsela ukunaka kubantu abajwayelekile, ebakhombisa ezimweni ezingajwayelekile nezibi kakhulu, lapho wonke umnyombo womuntu uqokonyisiwe, kuvulwa ukujula kwalo okufihliwe. Ngesikhathi sokudangala kwendawo yonke nokunganaki, umlobi wawuwumsebenzi wawuwumsebenzi wawuvula ubuqhawe bokudalwa kwansuku zonke.
Umbhali wenzelwe kakhulu ulimi lwezincwadi kanye nesitayela sezinkondlo, okwakuyisimo esiyinhloko sokuvuselelwa kobuciko. Emakhasini omlobi, kwakhahlelwa igagasi lempilo engafanele, wachaza umhlaba njengoba unjalo.
Ngemuva kokuthi uKipling ethanda ukubhala izindaba zezingane. Abagxeki bavumile le misebenzi - izinganekwane zilethwe kumlobi ngokuthandwa okungakaze kubonwe. Ngo-1907, uKipling, ongumNgisi wokuqala wezwe, wathola umklomelo kaNobel ezincwadini. Kuyathakazelisa ukuthi iKipling iyinhlangano encane kakhulu yamaphrimiyamu anikezwayo. Umbhali weza emcimbini, kepha akazange athi inkulumo eqinile. Kungekudala ngemuva kwalomcimbi, umsebenzi wokudala wombhali wenqabile.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
ELondon, uRudyard Kingling wahlangana nommemezeli osemusha uWalcott Beilsir, owafelwa ngo-1892. Ngokushesha nje ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, umlobi washada udadewabo walcotta - uCarolina. Lapho lo mbhangqwana wakujabulelana ngesikhathi se-honeymoon, ibhange, lapho ukonga khona amaKiplish kugcwele khona. Izimali eziseningizimu zanele kuphela endleleni eya eVermont, lapho kwakuhlala khona izihlobo zomkakhe.
Ekuqaleni, abasanda kushada bahlungwa indawo yokuhlala encane. Kepha ngemuva nje kokuzalwa kwendodakazi kaJosephine, lapho ama-reerome egumbini asondelana, umkhaya wathenga umhlaba, uyajabulisa futhi uhlomisela indlu. Indodakazi yesibili u-Elsi wayekade ezazalelwa kule ndlu. Lo mndeni waphila iminyaka emine, kuze kube yilapho ingxabano yama-killy nge-shurin.
Ngemuva kwesihlamba ngo-1896, umndeni ubuyela eNgilandi, lapho kuzalwa ingane yesithathu - indodana kaJohane. UReddarde wayengubaba onothando, ngisho nezinganekwane lapho kushisa khona ngokomoya, iKipling yahlanganiswa izingane.
Akuyona yonke into empilweni yomuntu siqu yale ndawo ebushelelezi. Ngesikhathi sohambo eya e-United States, indodakazi endala kaJosephine yafa ngenxa yokuvuvukala kwamaphaphu - yaba ngumlobi oqinile kumlobi.
Kulokhu, ukulahleka kweReddard akuphelanga - ukushona kweNdodana eMpini Yezwe Yokuqala, isidumbu sakhe esingakutholanga, sashiya isilonda enhliziyweni yombhali. UKipling noCarolina nge-wartime basebenze esiphambanweni esibomvu, bachitha iminyaka emi-4 ukucacisa izimo zokufa kweNdodana.
Babenethemba lokuthi iNdodana yathunjwa kumaJalimane. Kepha ngoJuni 1919, ekugcineni, umlobi watshela umyalo wezempi ngokufa kweNdodana yakhe. Mayelana nale micimbi eqoqele ifilimu "umfana wami uJack".
Kulezi zingane ezintathu zikaKiling, u-Elsi waphila impilo ende: ushonile eneminyaka engama-80. Owesifazane oseku-Intanethi, uke wazama ukugcina amasiko omyeni wakhe nobaba kuyo yonke impilo. Ngemuva kokushona kuka-Elsie, wathatha impahla yakhe esikhwameni sikazwelonke.
Ukushona
URudyard waqhubeka nokubhala, kepha impumelelo ike yahambisa umlobi. Kusukela ngo-1915, umlobi wahlushwa i-gastritis, kodwa ngokuhamba kwesikhathi kwavela ukuthi ukuxilongwa kwakungesihle - empeleni, uKipling wahlaselwa yisilonda. Umlobi ushone eLondon ngoJanuwari 18, 1936, kungakapheli isonto ngemuva kokuhlinzwa. Umzimba weRedDArd ushiswa, futhi uthuli lutholakala ekhoneni lezimbongi eWestminster Abbey, eduze kukaCharles Dickens noThomas Hardy.Ukushona kwelanga kwenkazimulo yokubhala ye-kipling kungenzeka kakhulu nemibono egciniwe, kanye nokutholakala komphakathi. Abakwa-Names babecabanga ukuthi umlobi wedlula esihlokweni kanye nemigomo yobuhle abavumayo.
Kodwa-ke, kusukela ekuqaleni kwama-40s, umsebenzi we-kipling uphinde wajike kakhulu nabagxeki. Ngemuva kokukhishwa kabusha kokuqoqwa kwezinkondlo zeRidiad, inzalo emisebenzini ibhukwa kabusha.
I-Bibliography
- 1888 - "Izindaba ezilula ezivela ezintabeni"
- Ngo-1888 - "Amasosha Amathathu"
- Ngo-1888 - "Baby Willi Vinki"
- Ngo-1893 - "Ikati elimhlophe"
- Ngo-1894 - "I-Jungle Book"
- Ngo-1895 - "Incwadi yesibili yehlathi"
- Ngo-1896 - "Izinduna ezinesibindi"
- Ngo-1896 - "Izilwandle eziyisikhombisa"
- Ngo-1896 - "I-White Theses"
- Ngo-1898 - "Imisebenzi Yosuku"
- Ngo-1899 - "uShelks no-K"
- Ngo-1899 - "Umthwalo Wendoda Emhlophe"
- Ngo-1903 - "Izizwe Ezinhlanu"
- 1901 - "Kim"
- 1904 - Izindlela Nokuvula "
- Ngo-1906 - "Pak kusuka egqumeni elibunjiwe"
- Ngo-1909 - "isenzo kanye nokubala"
- 1910 - "Imiklomelo neFairy"
- 1910 - Umyalo "Wenkondlo" ("ungumnikazi phakathi kwesixuku sabantu abadidekile")
- Ngo-1918 - "Gefsema Garden"
- Ngo-1919 - "Grey Amehlo Ukusa"
- Ngo-1923 - "Onogada base-Irish phakathi nempi enkulu"
- Ngo-1932 - "Ukuvinjelwa kanye nokuvuselelwa"
- Ngo-1937 - "kancane ngawe"