I-Biograge
Ungene "ababhali ababi baka-Troika" e-par nge-anizek Asimov no-Arthur Clark. Iphinde yathola imiklomelo ehlonishwayo "Hugo" futhi "ihilela". Igama lakhe yi-asteroid ne-martian crater. Lona uRobert Heinline, umlobi waseMelika, owathonya kakhulu ukuthi inganekwane yesayensi ibukeka kanjani manje.Ubuntwana nentsha
URobert Enon Jaineline wazalelwa edolobheni laseButler, eMissouri, Julayi 7, 1907. Abazali bakhe babenezingane eziyisikhombisa, uRobert - owesithathu. Umndeni wawuhlala endlini yabazali beBem, ngenkathi umfana engazange abe neminyaka emithathu. Ngaleso sikhathi uyise wathola umsebenzi eKansas City, futhi umndeni wathuthela lapho.
Iminyaka emine engaphezu kwemine, uRobert wayetholakala emkhulu, waze wafa. Umkhulu u-Alva Lyle wethule umntwana omuhle ngenganekwane yesikhathi esizayo, enze uthando lokufunda nesayensi enembile. URobert, ngemuva kokukhumbula umkhulu, uvame ukusebenzisa ama-alias kaLyle Monroe, lapho eqala umsebenzi womlobi.
Ngo-1920, kwangena esikoleni samabanga aphansi, uRobert waba nesithakazelo sokufunda izinkanyezi. Umbono wokuvela kokuvela kukaCharles Darwin wamhlaba umxhwele futhi waboniswa ebuhlotsheni abalandelayo. Umuntu othanda ukuxazulula imisebenzi engeyona eyejwayelekile kwi-Mathematics, le nsizwa isebenzise i-hobby kamuva, ngokwesibonelo, endabeni "... futhi wakha i-domishko ebilayo."
Ngemuva kwesikole, uHeinline wanquma ukuxhumanisa impilo eyengeziwe ngemikhumbi. Ukuze wenze lokhu, kwakudingeka ukufaka i-Naval Academy, okwakuyinselele. Okokuqala, ukuze uthole ithuba lokudlula ekuhlolweni kwesingeniso, kwakudingeka ukuvikela noma yimaphi amalungu eSenate noma iCongress.
Okwesibili, lesi sikhungo sathathwa ngomunye womndeni, kanti umfowabo kaRobert osekhulile uRobert wafundwa. Le nsizwa kwakudingeka isebenze kanzima - iqoqa izincwadi zokuncoma, washeshe wabahambisa eSenator James A. Rida ngethemba lokusekelwa. Ngonyaka, uSenator wathola izincwadi eziyi-100 kusuka kubafakizicelo ezingaba khona ze-Annapolis Academy, 50 zazo - kusukela kuHeinline.
Ngakho-ke ngo-1925, uRobert wathola ezakhe futhi waqala izifundo zakhe ngentshiseko. Ngemuva kweminyaka emi-4, ephetha ngesikhungo semfundo, lo mfo wayengumpetha ngokubiyela, ukuxabana nokudubula, futhi abe ngamashumi amabili, futhi abe ngamashumi amabili esimweni sabantu abathweswe iziqu kubantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amabili. Futhi ngingaba yiminyaka yesihlanu, kepha ngilahlekile ngenxa yezinkinga ngesiyalo. Kuze kube ngu-1934, uRobert wakhonza emikhunjini, wabe esephoqelelwa ngenxa yesifo sofuba ukushiya umsebenzi wezempi.
Into yokufunda
I-Russian Literary Crows ihlukanisa impilo yokudala ye-heineine isikhathi. Kodwa-ke, ozakwethu baphesheya kwezilwandle bakhetha ukugwema ukuhlukaniswa, ngoba kuhlala kusebenza njalo okusondele kunoma yiluphi uhlaka.
Inoveli yokuqala kaRobert Haiyinile - "thina, siphila," saphenduka singaphumeleli. Inganekwane yesayensi yaqala ukubhala izindaba ezivela kuwo umjikelezo "umlando wekusasa" wavela kuwo. Ikhulu le-XX laphuma ngokungafani nokubikezela kombhali, kodwa ngawo-1980 wadala umjikelezo womhlaba njengenganekwane echaza nokulungisa ukungahambisani namaqiniso ngeqiniso.
Inoveli yokuqala eyayishicilelwa ngo-1947 "Umkhumbi we-Galile Rocket". Ekuqaleni, inoveli yayingafuni ukuphrinta, njengoba insimu yokundiza eya enyangeni yayibonakala ingasebenzi. Kepha inganekwane yesayensi isathola umshicileli futhi yaqala ukukhulula le ncwadi njalo ngonyaka, yabe isingena kulowo obizwa ngokuthi umjikelezo wentsha.
Lezi zincwadi zithakazelisa umfundi wanoma yimuphi unyaka, zilula futhi zilondolozekile ngesimo, kepha hhayi kokuqukethwe. Akuhlali njalo ngabacwasi. Isibonelo, e "Planethi ebomvu", umhleli akayithandi indlela yokuzalela phakathi kwezakhamizi zaseMars nokuthi intsha leyo ntsha inokwethenjwa ngokuzethemba ngenxa yezikhali.
Kudume phakathi kwabathandi bezinganekwane "umnyango ehlobo" (1956) kanye ne- "Galaxy Citizen" (1957). Owokuqala hhayi owamukelwa njengenoveli ehamba phambili yesayensi engcono kakhulu.
Ngasekupheleni kwama-50s, uRobert Sainline wahlukana nendima yombhali wentsha. Lokhu kwenzeke ngenxa yenoveli ethi "Star Landing" - impendulo eyingqayizivele ekubizeni ezifundazweni zokumisa ama-nuclear. Ngemuva kwalokho, inoveli yombhali yasolwa ngempi.
Kusukela ngo-1961, uRobert wabhala izithameli ezindala futhi washintsha kakhulu uhlobo lwe-NF uqobo. Wathandwa kakhulu futhi wamukelwa njengephawu eliphawulwa ngisho nokuphawula ngokufika kwezinkanyezi enyangeni engokoqobo kuya e-Ether ngo-1969.
UHeinline akayena umbono owodwa, kamuva owaba yi-cliché yohlobo lwe-NF. Isibonelo, umbono wabafokazi obuxakile emhlabeni, abazithobayo intando yabo nengqondo, njengasekuqaleni kwenoveli "Cooks". Inoveli "i-Orange Ezweni Lomunye umuntu", owayenesihloko esisebenzayo esithi "Hehetik", uHeinline wabhala iminyaka engaphezu kwe-10 futhi watshala imali eqenjini lezincwadi zomlando. Ngemuva kokushicilelwa kwenoveli, inqwaba yenzekile ngenxa yokungahambisani kwezithombe zesithombe senkolo nezocansi.
Ngawo-1960, inganekwane yesayensi yabuyela kuhlobo lwe-fantasy, ngokusetshenziswa kwemigqomo yalo yabhala ngawo-1940 wezindaba. "Umgwaqo kaValor" (1963) ukuphela kwengqondo "ehlanzekile" yombhali. I-Satira, i-anti-nighwopia, iFilosofi Yombhali yengezwe emsebenzini wakamuva. Umlobi wasebenza iminyaka engama-48, futhi manje i-Bibliography yayo iqukethe amanoveli angama-32 nemisebenzi eminingi emincane, kufaka phakathi izindaba ezingama-59.
Kunamafilimu ama-4 eHeinline: "Ukufika ngamatheku", "ukuphela - i-Moon" (kususelwa kwinoveli "esuselwa endabeni" yonke ye-zombie ") kanye" nopheki ". Kulaba, kuphela laba bokugcina abangabizwa ngokuthi ukuphuma, ngoba kuzo zonke izimo kanye nabaqondisi babehunyushwe ngokushesha kakhulu yinhloso yomlobi.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngokokuqala ngqa, uHeinline wahlanganiswa nomshado ngo-1929 no-Elinor Curry, ujwayele kuye esikoleni. Umshado wahlukana ngawo-1930. U-ELINOR wayengafuni ukushiya idolobha lendabuko, futhi inkonzo yezempi kaRobert ayisho lutho. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, i-Fiction yesayensi yesikhathi esizayo iphinda ishade - esishoneni sezepolitiki futhi imane nje ingumuntu wesifazane omangalisayo uLeslin McDonald.
Njengoba usuqede umsebenzi wezempi ngenxa yokugula, uRobert ngokulethwa koMlingani ohlanganyele emisebenzini yezepolitiki eyayiphethe ukuqondiswa kobuso. Kwathi ngo-1938, wazama ukuya emhlanganweni womthetho, owayengaphumeleli.
Ngesikhathi sempi, uRobert wahlangana noVirginia Gershendfeld. Ekuqaleni, yena, yize athandana nothando, akafuni ukuqeda umshado noLeslin, kodwa wayekade ehlukane ngo-1947, lapho ubunzima obuhambisana notshwala buqala. Ngemuva konyaka, washada neVirginia.
Lo mshado waphenduka waphumelela kakhulu - abalingani bahlala ndawonye iminyaka engama-40. Unkosikazi wasiza inganekwane futhi wamsekela, wanikela ngemibono, bobabili wayengumfundi wokuqala, kanye nemenenja, noNobhala.
Ama-1970 aletha inkinga kumlobi - isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka emibili aphathwa ePeritonitis. Ngo-1978, ngemuva kokuhlaselwa okunamandla kwenhliziyo i-Ischemia, u-Heineine wathatha uCoronary uyanyakazisa. Kuthuthe imisebenzi embalwa yenhliziyo, amaphuzu abhale amanoveli amahlanu. Futhi ngisho nango-1983 waya e-Antarctica, kwathi ngaphambi kwalokho wavakashela onke amanye amazwekazi.
Ukushona
Ngo-1987, impilo kaHeinlan yabizeka, wayedinga ukunakekelwa kwaphakade. URoberta noVirginia kwadingeka bashiye indlu yabo eBonnie Dun futhi bathuthele edolobheni laseKarmel. Meyi 8, 1988 URobert Heinline ushone ephusheni. I-Emphysema iphazamise i-biography yombhali wesayensi yesayensi edumile. Yayishisiwe, futhi uthuli lwalukhipha phezu kwamagagasi ePacific.
Ngemuva kokushona komlobi, ngo-1989, umkakhe wakhipha iqoqo "elibuyisaneni ethuneni", elingenela izincwadi zakhe. Ku-1992 Collection "Requiem: inkokhiso kwimemori ye-master" yangena ezindabeni zokuqala ezingashicilelwa ngesikhathi sombhali.
Ngo-2003, inoveli yokuqala "thina, siphila", sabhalwa ngo-1939 futhi sabhekwa njengelahlekile. Futhi ngokuqala kwe-Intanethi, izithombe zikaRobert Heinlayna, indalo yakhe kanye nezingcaphuno eziningi ezincwadini ze-Great Master of Science FICCRICT zatholakala kubo bonke.
I-Bibliography
- 1941 - "Izingane zaseMalfusail"
- Ngo-1942 - "Lapho, ngaphesheya"
- Ngo-1947 - "I-Galile Rocket Ship
- 1948 - "I-Space CADET"
- Ngo-1949 - "Iplanethi ebomvu"
- Ngo-1950 - "Umlimi ezulwini"
- 1951 - "Abapheki"
- 1951 - "Phakathi kwamaplanethi"
- 1952 - "Itshe Lomndeni Lomndeni"
- 1953 - "I-Astronaut Jones"
- 1954 - "Isilo senkanyezi"
- 1955 - "Umhubhe esibhakabhakeni"
- 1956 - "inkanyezi ephindwe kabili"
- 1956 - "Isikhathi Sezinkanyezi"
- 1956 - "Door to Sumd"
- 1957 - "I-Galaxy Pumanen"
- 1958 - "Kuzoba ne-jade - kuzoba nohambo"
- 1959 - "Ukufika Kwenkanyezi"
- Ngo-1961 - "Stranger Ezweni Elingaziwa"
- Ngo-1963 - "Ukudinwa Kwendawo Yonke"
- Ngo-1963 - "Road Road"
- Ngo-1963 - "I-Martian Podkin"
- Ngo-1964 - "Inani Lamahhala" likaFarnham
- Ngo-1966 - "Inyanga - Ihostela elinzima"
- Ngo-1970 - "Angisiye isidlo" ("esidlula esigodini sesithunzi"
- 1973 - "Ingabe isikhathi esanele sothando"
- 1979 - "Inani Lesilo"
- 1982 - "NgoLwesihlanu"
- 1984 - "Imisebenzi, noma ukuhlekisa kobulungiswa"
- 1985 - "Ikati lidlula ezindongeni"
- 1987 - "" Ukuntanta Ukushona kwelanga "
- 2003 - "We, Living"