I-Biograge
USomerset Moem - Umbhali 21 Roman, i-Noterist kanye ne-Playwright, ukugxeka kanye nebhubesi, ukujikeleza emibuthanweni ephakeme kakhulu yaseLondon, eNew York neParis. Umlobi wasebenza ohlosweni lweqiniso, egxile emasikweni endalo, kwanamuhla nane-neoromantism.Ubuntwana nentsha
UWilliam Somerset Maem wazalwa ngoJanuwari 25, 1874. Indodana yommeli wenxusa laseBrithani eParis, wakhuluma ngesiFulentshi ngaphambili kwesigameko isiNgisi. Emndenini, uSomerset wayeyingane encane. Abafowethu abathathu basebekhulile kakhulu, futhi ngesikhathi sokuhamba beyofunda eNgilandi, umfana wasala endlini yabazali.
Wachitha isikhathi esiningi nonina waboshwa kuye. Umama washona ngenxa yesifo sofuba lapho ingane ineminyaka engu-8. Lokhu kulahleka kwaba ukushaqeka okunamandla kakhulu empilweni kaMoweem. Okuhlangenwe nakho kwavusa isici senkulumo: Somerset waqala ukuqina. Lesi sici sasala naye ngokuphila.
Ubaba ushonile ngesikhathi umfana eneminyaka eyi-10. Umndeni wahlukana. Abazalwane abadala bafunda kubameli eCambridge, kwathumela iSomerset esitokisini nomalume kampristi, endlini ayiphanga ngayo.
Ingane yakhula inesizungu futhi ivaliwe. Izingane umfundi eNgilandi azizange zikuthathe. Enyathelelekile futhi egxile emugqeni okhuluma isiFulentshi. Ngalesi sisekelo, amahloni ayeqina. Abangane bomfana babengenayo. Izincwadi zaba ukuphela okudelelwe umlobi wesikhathi esizayo owayefunda esikoleni sase boarding.
Ngo-15, uSomerset wancenga uMalume ukuba amyeke aye eJalimane ukuyofunda ulimi lwesiJalimane. UHeidelberg waba yindawo lapho aqala khona ekhululekile. Le nsizwa yalalela izinkulumo zefilosofi, yafunda iDramaturgy futhi yaba nentshisekelo enkundleni yemidlalo yeshashalazi. Izithakazelo zeSomerset zithinteka ubuqambi be-IBSEN, Schopenhauer, Goethe, Wagner, Spinoza, uVeline noDante.
E-UK, Moem ubuyile eminyakeni eyi-18. Wayenezinga elanele lemfundo ukuze akhethe umsebenzi wesikhathi esizayo. Umalume wamqondisa endleleni yomfundisi, kepha uSomerset wakhetha ukuya eLondon, lapho kwathi kusukela ngo-1892 waba umfundi wesikole sezokwelapha esibhedlela saseSt. Thomas.
Into yokufunda
Ucwaningo lokunakekelwa kwezokwelapha kanye nokwelashwa okwenziwe kwa-somerset hhayi udokotela oqinisekisiwe kuphela, kodwa futhi nomuntu obona abantu. Umuthi ubeka ukufakwa ngesitayela somlobi. Akuvamile ukuthi asebenzise izingathekiso nama-hyperboles.
Izinyathelo zokuqala ezincwadini zazingabuthakathaka, kusukela phakathi kwabangane uMoem akazange abantu abakwazi ukuqondisa indlela efanele. Ubenza umsebenzi wokudluliswa kwemisebenzi ye-IBSEN ukuyohlola inqubo yokudala idrama, wabhala izindaba. Ngo-1897, inoveli yokuqala "Lisa evela eLambetta" yavela.
Ukuhlaziya imisebenzi ye -niding, i-dostoevsky, dickens, i-flaubert, umlobi futhi wagxila ekuthambekeni, kwesimanjemanje. Wasebenza kakhulu futhi ethelele, kancane kancane waba omunye wababhali abafundwa kakhulu. Izincwadi zakhe zazithengiswa ngokushesha, ziletha imali engenayo kumlobi.
UMoem wafunda abantu besebenzisa isiphetho sabo kanye nezinhlamvu emsebenzini. Ukholelwe ukuthi izibani ezithakazelisa kakhulu nsuku zonke. Lokhu kuqinisekiswe yinoveli ethi "Lisa kusuka Lambeta", lapho ithonya lobuthono luka-Emil Zol lwaluzwakala ngalo.
Esikhathini senoveli, "kusho uNkk Craddock" ngokudlula kwegama lomlobi prose Gi de Mauparssant. Waqala wamangala ngokuphila nothando. Ukudlala kukaMowem kwamenza umuntu ovikelwe. I-Premiere ye- "Lady Frederick", eyenzeka ngo-1907, yamukele ngesimo sokudlala.
UMoem wanamathela emasikweni ajaha inkundla yemidlalo yeshashalazi yokubuyiselwa. Ama-Authoritatives ayengamahlaya ka-Oscar Wilde. I-MOEM's Pray ihlukaniswe ngamahlaya, lapho imibono ivezwa khona, efana nokubonakaliswa kweBernard Shaw, kanye ne-Dramatic, kubonisa izinkinga zenhlalo.
Emsebenzini we-moem, kwakukhona ukuboniswa okuhlangenwe nakho kokuzibandakanya kwezimpi zezwe lokuqala nezesibili. Umbhali wakhombisa umbono wakhe emisebenzini "yokufaneleka kwezempi", "onqenqemeni lwe-razor." Eminyakeni yempi, uMomem wavakashela engxenyeni yezimoto eFrance, ekuhlolweni esebenza eSwitzerland naseRussia. Okokugcina, wazithola eScotland, lapho aphathwa khona ngesifo sofuba.
Umlobi wahamba kakhulu, wahambela amazwe ahlukene eYurophu nase-Asia, e-Afrika naseziqhingini olwandle lwePacific. Kwacebisa umhlaba wakhe wangaphakathi futhi kwanikeza imibono ayisebenzisa endalweni. Impilo kaSomerset Moem yagcwala imicimbi namaqiniso athakazelisayo.
Emisebenzini yombhali ongamaqiniso obonakalayo kanye nemizwa yokuhlehlisa. Banenhlekelele ehambisana nobunzima bomhlaba kanye nobukhona bamaqhawe ezimweni zenhlalo, izingxabano ezijulile ezimangazayo.
"Umthwalo wenkanuko yabantu" kanye nomsebenzi we-autobiographical "ebugqilini babantu" - amanoveli lapho lezi zigaba zixhunyiwe khona. Kule noveli, "inyanga kanye nomhlaba" uMoem uphikisana nale nhlekelele yomculi, ku- "Colour Pokrov" - mayelana nokubamba iqhaza kososayensi, naseshashalazini "- mayelana nokuphila kwansuku zonke komlingisi.
Amanoveli kanye nezindaba zeSomerset Maem zihlukaniswa yiziza ezibukhali kanye nengqondo. Umbhali uphethe umfundi eVoltage futhi asebenzise ukwamukelwa kwezimanga. Ukuba khona komlobi "Mina" kumisebenzi kuyindlela yabo yendabuko.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Abagxeki kanye nama-biographiers baxoxa ngokucabanga komuntu we-moem. Abalaleli bakhe bokuqala baphendula ngomlobi njengomuntu onolaka olubi, umgibeli we-cynic nowesifazane, akakwazi ukubona ukugxekwa. Umlobi ohlakaniphile, onobuhlakani nowokusebenza kanzima wagodla ngendlela eya ezindaweni eziphakemeyo zemibhalo.
Wayengagxili kakhulu ezisekelweni nasezinhlelweni zokubulala, kodwa kulabo imisebenzi yakhe ababefanele. UMoem wenqabela indawo yokuxhumana yomuntu siqu ngemuva kokushona kwakhe. Ukuvinjelwa kwasuswa ngonyaka ka-2009. Kwenze ama-nuances empilo yakhe aqondakale kakhudlwana.
Kwakunabesifazane ababili empilweni yombhali. Wayewathanda u-Eitovin Jones, edume ngegama elithi Sue Jones. Izithombe zalo zisetshenziswa kwinoveli ethi "Pies kanye nobhiya". Indodakazi ye-Playwright ethandwayo, u-Eitovin wayengumlingisi oneminyaka engu-23 ubudala ngesikhathi sokuthandana nokwama-mom. Usuhlukanise umyeni wakhe futhi washeshe wanikela ngaphansi kwesipho sombhali.
U-Miss Jones ubedume ngokuthula okulula nokutholakala. UMoem akazange akubheke ngonya. Ekuqaleni akazange ahlele umshado, kodwa ngokushesha washintsha isinqumo. Esiphakanyisiwe sesandla nenhliziyo, umlobi uthole ukwenqaba. Intombazane yakhulelwa ivela kolunye.
USomerset Moem washada noSiri Mogam, amadodakazi e-Patron, adume ngemisebenzi yokusiza. USiri wakwazi ukushada. Ngo-22, washada noHenry Welkama, owayeneminyaka engama-48 ubudala. Le ndoda kwakungumnikazi wenhlangano ye-germacological.
Umndeni waqubuka ngokushesha ngenxa yokuvukela komuntu umkakhe nomnikazi wezitolo zomnyango waseLondon. UMoem wahlangana nentombazane ngo-1911. Indodakazi ka-Elizabeth yazalelwa ebunyeni bayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, uSiri wayengahlukani noWelkam. Ukuxhumana ne-moem kwavela ukuba scangalous. Intombazane izama ukuzibulala ngenxa yezimangalo zomyeni wangaphambili ngesehlukaniso.
I-Moem yangena njengendoda emnene futhi yashada, yize imizwa inyamalala ngokushesha. Ngokushesha abashade baqala ukuhlala ngokwahlukile. Ngo-1929 kwenziwa isehlukaniso esemthethweni esemthethweni. Namuhla, akekho umuntu oyimfihlo wobungqingili be-moem, engaqinisekiswanga, kodwa futhi ungabaphiki abaphikisi abalandeli bakhe.
I-Union noGerald Hackston ukuqinisekisile ukuhlakanipha kombhali. USomerset Mom wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala, futhi umlingani wakhe wayeneminyaka engama-22. Kwaphela iminyaka engama-30, uHekston wahamba ne-mom njengonobhala ohambeni. Waphuza, wayethanda ukugembula futhi wachitha imali moem.
IHackton ejwayelekile umbhali osetshenziswe njengePrototypes ngemisebenzi yakhe. Kuyaziwa ukuthi uGerald waze wafuna abalingani abasha be-moem. Enye yalawa madoda kwakunguDavid Posner.
Intsha eneminyaka eyishumi nesikhombisa yahlangana momm ngo-1943, lapho ineminyaka engama-69 ubudala. UHackSton wabulawa opha iphaphu edema, no-Alan Sirl, fan kanye nomthandi omusha wombhali wamshintsha. Ngo-1962, uMoem wamukela ngokusemthethweni unobhala wakhe, esephule indodakazi ka-Elizabeth ilungelo. Kepha indodakazi yakwazi ukuvikela amalungelo asemthethweni, kanti nenkantolo yamukela ukungavumi.
Ukushona
USomerset Moem wafa evela ku-pneumonia iminyaka engu-92 yokuphila. Lokhu kwenzeka ngoDisemba 15, 1965 edolobheni laseFrance esifundazweni laseSaint-Jean-Cap Ferra, hhayi kude nakuNice. Ngokuphikisana nemithetho yesiFulentshi yesiguli esishonile ezindongeni zesibhedlela, ayibekanga i-autopsy, futhi yathutha ikhaya kwathi ngakusasa benza isitatimende esisemthethweni ngokufa.Izihlobo nabangane bombhali bathi wafumana isiphephelo sokugcina kwi-villa yakhe ayithandayo. Umbhali akanawo umngcwabo, ngoba kwakhiqizwa isidumbu. Uthuli lwe-moem lwalusatshalalwa yizindonga zezincwadi eRoyal School eCanderbury. Lesi sikhungo sithwala igama lakhe.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1897 - "Lisa kusuka Lambta"
- 1901 - "Hero"
- Ngo-1902 - Mnumzane Craddock
- Ngo-1904 - "Carousel"
- 1908 - "Mag"
- Ngo-1915 - "Umthwalo Wezinkanu Zabantu"
- Ngo-1919 - "INyanga neGross"
- Ngo-1922 - "Ku-Chinese Shirma"
- Ngo-1925 - "Peterpiece"
- Ngo-1930 - "Amaphayi nobhiya, noma amathambo embeni"
- Ngo-1931 - "Izindaba Eziyisithupha ezibhalwe ngumuntu wokuqala"
- Ngo-1937 - "Ishashalazi"
- Ngo-1939 - "Amaholise kaKhisimusi"
- 1944 - "Izihlahla Izihlahla '
- 1948 - "Catalina"
Amacaphuna
Izilinganiso, ama-aphorisms kanye nezitatimende ze-witty moem zifanele namuhla. Baphawula ngezimo zokuphila, umbono wabantu, i-copyright kanye nesimo sakhe sengqondo ngobuqili babo.
"Ngaphambi kokubhala inoveli entsha, ngihlala ngifunda" uCandida "ukuze ngokungalingani ngokungazi, ngomusa nowamanzi," uma bengingakubheki ukuthi kudingekile ukuhlola isenzo sabo emphakathini ukuze kufundwe, ukubhala kanjani zona. "" Die - isifundo esidabukisayo nesibuhlungu. Iseluleko sami kuwe: Gwema okuthile okunjalo. "" Okuhlekisayo empilweni yilokhu: Uma wenqaba ukuthatha noma yiziphi izinto, ngaphandle kokuhle, uvame ukubathola kakhulu. "