I-Biograge
UThomas Hardy - I-Playwwright ne-Noresist, uMlobi wezinkondlo kanye nezindaba, ezazisebenza ekunwetshisweni kwenkathi yaseVictoria. Umlobi wenza ukubandlulula inoveli yezenhlalo, kwavela ngokungethembana, amaqhawe emisebenzi yakhe awakwazi ukumelana nezimo zempilo, izakhiwo zomphakathi kanye nokushaya isiphetho.Ubuntwana nentsha
UThomas Hardy wazalwa ngoJuni 1840 eDorset County. Okhokho bomlobi - izicukuthwane, kepha bampofu kakhulu kangangokuba uyise nogogo wakhe kwadingeka basebenze namagumbi alula etshe. Umndeni lapho abafana ababili bakhula khona futhi amantombazane amabili ahlala edolobhaneni laseBouchampton eliphezulu, futhi sonke inani labantu lalikhona ezakhamizwe ezingamashumi amahlanu.
Umama wabandakanyeka ekukhuliseni izingane. Ukuba ngowesifazane omncane, akafuni izindlalifa ukuba zibe khona ngombitha, futhi ziqonda ukuthi kufanele ziqale ngemfundo enhle. UThomas waya esikoleni sesonto lesonto futhi, ngaphezu kwalokho, wafunda okuningi lapho kugcizelela. Ababelethi bamlungiselela indodana yakhe ukuba inikezele kwi-San engokomoya, kodwa kwavela ukuthi ukushumayela komphefumlo kaHardy akuqambi amanga.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-16, uTomas waba nesithakazelo ekwakhiweni kwezakhiwo, futhi umfana wavunyelwa ukuba enze amabhizinisi eDorchester, okwabuyisela izakhiwo ezindala. Ngasikhathi sinye, ukupenda okuqinile okufundwayo, isiGreki nesiLatini. Lapho eseya eLondon, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wasuka eRoyal College wahlala esebenza e-Arthur Blomfield, eSikoleni Sombuso Wozakhiwo. Inkampani yendodana yombhishobhi, eyayinguMri Blomfield, ekhethekile ekubuyiselweni kwamasonto nezinye izinhlaka zenkolo.
Into yokufunda
Ukubuyela eDorchester ngumdwebi ozimele, uHardy wahlela ukwenza ukubuyiselwa, kepha ngasikhathi sinye waqala ukwenza izinyathelo zokuqala ezincwadini. Inoveli yokuqala kaThomas "Pozhnyak kanye nentokazi" akakaze afinyelele ezizukulwaneni - umbhali wacekela phansi umbhalo wesandla ngemuva kokuthola ukwenqatshwa komshicileli. Ukuze ungadumali ekuhlolweni kwethalente ngokuzayo, umlobi wanyathelisa ngokungaziwa lo msebenzi olandelayo - "Izimali Ezinentshisekelo".
Ngo-1872, umshicileli "uTinsley" wabona ukukhanya "ngaphansi kwesihlahla esiluhlaza", owavula umjikelezo ophelele obizwa ngokuthi "uNom Nomans wabalingiswa nezemvelo". Igama lomlobi liqale likhonjiswe eminyakeni emi-4 kuphela kamuva lapho kushicilelwe khona okushicilelwe eMelika.
Inoveli yindlela yokuphila yabaculi be-Chorus yesonto yedolobhana laseMellstock, i-prototype yayo eyanikezwa yi-Orchestra Orchestra Stinford, eyasungulwa nge-Santy. Ngakho-ke, amakhasi kaThomas aveza izinkumbulo zezingane, izincazelo zezindawo zangempela. Ngo-2005, uNicolas Lafland, owadubula uchungechunge oludumile "lokubulawa okumsulwa", washukumisela isenzo senoveli ku-teleexer.
Amaqiniso e-biography yabo eqinile esetshenziswayo nalapho ebhala inoveli ethi "Amehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka" - izimo zomhlangano wokuqala nentombi, izinkinga ezibangelwa isimo senhlalo ehlukile yendoda nowesifazane. I-heroine eyinhloko ka-Elfried yabhalwa kumlobi othandekayo emma.
Inoveli "kude nesixuku esikhathazekile" yaletha umbhali ukuba abe yinkululeko yokuzimela kanye nokuthandwa. Ekugcineni uThomas wagcina imbongolo eDorchester, wakha indlu futhi wakwazi ukwenza izihlakala ezihlukile. Umkhiqizo ubuvike kaninginingi. EMebedrame ngonxantathu wothando ngezikhathi ezihlukile, uJonathan Furt, umfowethu omncane uColin FÖRta, noLinda Basket, uMichael Shin kanye noCary Malligan, amaTerens Stamp noJulie Christie.
Indaba "Izandla ze-Eitelberts" zigxile kubameleli bezibani eziphakeme kakhulu, kepha abagxeki bancoma uTomas ukuthi bakhule ngokuzalanisa kwezimvu ngezinga elithile futhi benza kube - amaqabunga asondele eStermiste-Newton, lapho inoveli " Buyela eMotherland "ubhala. UHardy wenza umsebenzi ozwakalayo ezingqondweni zabafundi, utshele ngowesifazane oshadile ophelelwa yindlu nesithandwa sakhe.
Umcabango wentambo ebomvu udlula endabeni lowo ozama ukulwa nokungatholakali kokuphela uzozenza ithuna. "Ishalofu eliphakeme elilandelayo" ishalofu eliphakeme "," emibili embhoshongweni "kanye" nokungakhethi "nalo" linikelwe empilweni e-English Exclack.
Kuleveli ethi "IMeya yeKestbridge", uHardy ukhulume ngesiphetho somBhamelo ongenakhaya, obonga amakhono akhe eba yiMeya yedolobha, kodwa angabanjwa phezulu kwephiramidi yezenhlalo - izehlakalo ezedlule zishintsha Impilo yakhe, kanye nezimpilo zabantu abazungezile. Ngo-2003, uMqondisi waseBrithani uDavid Tucker wathwebula ifilimu ngegama elifanayo nokubamba iqhaza kukaJuliet Obelli, uPolly Walker noJames Pürfoy.
Mhlawumbe ukubhala okudumile kukaThomas Hardy kubhekwa njengokuthi "ama-tess kusuka emndenini d'erberville." Le noveli yashaqeka umphakathi odumile waseVictoria, akazange aphuthelwe ukucwaninga, abagxeki abanomusa, abashayela umlobi enkingeni yokudangala kanye nenhlekelele yokudala.
Ukulandisa kwentombazane enikela ngokwakhe ngenxa yomndeni, kugcwele ngophawu kanye nomqondo wokuthi ukuhambisana okuphezulu akumenzi umuntu ajabule. Ngokusekelwe emsebenzini, hhayi ochungechungeni olulodwa kanye nefilimu eligcwele. Izindima eziphambili kubo zenziwa nguJamma Arthon, Madhuri Dixit, Nastasya Kinski.
Inoveli elithi "I-Jud ayinakubalulekanga" - Okokugcina eminingana emisebenzini ebhalwe kulolu hlobo. UThomas, osuvele ukubekezelela amaza okulahla nokugxeka, kulokhu kwahlulwa okungakaze kubonwe. IBishop Wakefield yahlela ukushiswa okubonakalayo kwekhophi yale ncwadi, njengokungathi kusayina abalandeli abambalwa abasele, yeka ukuthi kuyingozi kangakanani futhi ungavumi futhi unhle kakhulu.
Kusukela ngalowomzuzu kuqhubeke, uHardy washintsha ukunaka amafomu enhlandlo, ahlala enza kuqala. Abaphenyi bobuciko bombhali wesiNgisi babalwa ngaphezu kwezinkondlo ezi-1000 nenoveli, babumbane namaqoqo ahlakazekile.
Ngo-1898, kwaqhamuka "izinkondlo zeWessec", umbhali wahlanganisa umsebenzi obhalwe ngezikhathi lapho uThomas ehlaba umxhwele khona ukumangalelwa. Kulokhu, njengakwamanye amaqoqo ayisikhombisa, uHardy wabhala ngezihloko ezingathathi hlangothi - wafaka isicelo kumkakhe, uchaze ubuhle bempilo yempilo yokugqwala nezimo zasendlini.
Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-20, uThomas Hardy wakhalaza ngohlobo lwe-EPIC, elandela isitatimende somlando wezimpi zikaNapoleon Bonaparte emavesini. Ukudlala, okubizwa nge- "Dinasta", kwashicilelwa ezingxenyeni ezintathu. Ngo-1923, kwashicilelwa inhlekelele edumile yeNdlovukazi yeNdlovukazi ", eyayisekelwe ezinganekwaneni zamaCelt mayelana neKing Arthur naseThamu LaseThamu LaseThamu.
Ngaphandle kokucwaninga, ukulahlwa komphakathi, umlobi wezwakala emibuthanweni emibhalo ngumuntu onegunya. UHardy waba yilungu elihlonishwayo le-Old British Magdalen College School neKolishi leNdlovukazi, bathola udokotela wezincwadi zeCambridge nase-Oxford. Ngo-1912, uThomas wanikezwa indondo yegolide yomphakathi wasebukhosini.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umfazi wokuqala kaThomase Hardy ngonyaka we-1874 kwakungu-Emma Lavinia Gifford. Le ntombazane yabalela umpristi kumpristi, eyayizobuyisela umlobi wesonto labo. I-cum yayo ngonyaka we-1912 yaba yi-leitmotif eyinhloko yomjikelezo we-lyric wezinkondlo ezi-Hardy "1912-1913.
Le nkondlo "yacabanga ngeTreifen ezindabeni zokufa kwakhe" inikezelwe kumzala olayini kamama. Kwacatshangelwa ukuthi uThomas waqala inoveli enezikhala zokukhumbula kanye nombhangqwana waze waze waboshwa ngasese.
Okwesibili, uHardy washada nokuguga ku-Emily Florence Dagdale. Umlobi wahlangana naye ngo-1905, u-Emily wabe esefundisa esikoleni sabesifazane. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili ukufa kuka-Emma, uThomas wenza isiphakamiso, futhi uDagdale, akazange esatshiswe umehluko oneminyaka engu-40, wakuthatha. Njengama-biographiers aphawule, impilo yabo yonke umlobi wezingane, futhi u-Emily wasikhipha encwadini yezindaba, wasala emthunzini kaGifeford - nomfazi ophilayo, umlobi wabhekana nezinkondlo ezishonile.
Futhi akekho wokuqala noma emshadweni wesibili kwaThomas wayengenazo izingane.
Ukushona
Ekupheleni kuka-1927, uThomas waba yi-Plelit futhi washona ngoJanuwari 1928 eSangweni le-Estate Mana. Umngcwabo wawunguJanuwari 16 eWestminster Abbey. Iqiniso elithandekayo: Isidumbu sikaHardy singcwatshwe engxenyeni eseningizimu yethempeli, futhi inhliziyo iseStylford, ethuneni lomkakhe lokuqala.
Ngonyaka ngemuva kokushona komyeni wakhe, uFlorence wayazisa incwadi ethi "Impilo Yasekuqaleni kukaThomas Hardy, 1841-1891", lapho kuqoqwe khona amadayari akhe, izincwadi nezinduna.
Ngaphambi nje kokuba kufe uThomas Hardy aqokwe umklomelo kaNobel ezincwadini futhi wanikeza ukuhleleka kwe-merit.
I-Bibliography
- "Ngaphansi kwesihlahla esiluhlaza"
- "Amehlo aluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka"
- "Ihlukaniswe Isixuku Esikhathazekile"
- "Okunganakwa"
- "Emaphethelweni amahlathi"
- "Ama-Tess avela emndenini d'Erberville"
- "I-Jude Introbentcent"
- "Wessekse poom"
- "Indlovukazi edumile yenhlekelele kaCornwelly"