I-Biograge
Emuva kuma-60s ekhulu leminyaka edlule, uVulf wachaza imisebenzi yeVirginia eVirginia, onguMfazi. Kuchazwe ukuthi wayeyindodakazi yokugxekwa okudumile kanye nonkosikazi wombhali wamaNgisi, intatheli. Kamuva nje ithalente elibonwayo kanye negalelo elikhulu ezincwadini. I-Wolfe - Feminist, enye yezisekelo ze- "Female prose", amanoveli alo nezindaba ezinqoba ifomu elingajwayelekile kanye nomdlalo wokugcina.Ubuntwana nentsha
UVirginia wazalelwa emkhayeni waseLondon wase-Aristocrats. Ubaba uLeslie Stephen wayengukugxekwa okudumile kwemibhalo, kanti umama uJulia Dakurty wasebenza njenge-simulator, eyaziwa ngokuthi yi-philanthrop. Ngemuva kwamahlombe babazali kwakuvele emshadweni owodwa, abafelokazi. ULeslie waletha indodakazi, noJulia izingane ezintathu. Izindlalifa zonke ezikhula ndawonye emndenini omusha.
IVirginia yindodakazi ejwayelekile uStefanu noDakrt, wayenabafowethu ababili bonyaka owodwa nodadewethu osekhulile. Inhloko yomndeni, ngenxa yomsebenzi wakhe, wayengabangani nabamele imibuthano, ababhali, izazi zefilosofi, izimbopho, izimbopho zazivame ukuhlala endlini.
Isibonelo, uHenry James noGeorge Henry Lewis babheka ukukhanya. Ukujwayelana kangaka okunjalo kwathinta ukukhulisa izindlalifa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, bekukhona umtapo wezincwadi omkhulu ekufinyeleleni kwamahhala. Umbhali wesikhathi esizayo wayazi kahle isiNgisi, wafunda tutorials yamaGreek.
Kodwa-ke, inhlala-kahle yobuntu obumangalisayo yayingeyona into ephanga elihle. Ngokwezingcweti zezimbali, i-Little Virginia, kanye nodadewethu, bahlukunyezwa ngokocansi kubafowethu abadala emshadweni owedlule kamama. Ukwesaba uthando lomzimba kwakuhlala nowesifazane impilo yakhe yonke.
Lapho le ntombazane ineminyaka engu-13 ubudala, iNtamu yenzekile emndenini - umama washona. Lo mcimbi waba nokushaya, iVirginia yasinda ekuqhekekeni kwemizwa. Esikhathini esizayo esiseduze bengilindele usizi lonke lwevintage: umfowabo owuthandayo nodadewabo osemdala ushonelwe eTifi, bese kuba yinhloko yomndeni.
Ubudlelwano nobaba bathonywa kakhulu emhlabeni wangaphakathi weVirginia. Ngemuva kokushona komngane womshado, uLeslie kancane kancane waphenduka waba iDestot, wenza ukuba khona kwefulawa eyenziwe ekhaya. Lapho efa, izihlobo ziyabubula kakhulu, kepha uVirginia wawela ekucindezelekeni waze wazithola esesibhedlela sezengqondo.
Akakaze athole inkululeko kuyise: Kwenziwa njalo izingxoxo eziningi zangaphakathi naye, osolwa ngezenzo ezithile, wathola isizathu. Kakade lapho sekuhlwitha khona ukushona kwelanga ku-idayari:
"Ngiseyingane, ngimlahla, njengowesifazane oneminyaka engu-58 - ngiyaqonda, okungukuthi, ngifuna ukusho - ngiyamphatha. Mhlawumbe zombili izinto zokukhanya zilungile? "Nemigomo yesifazane, umbhali wahlangana ekuqaleni nje kobusha bakhe lapho efunda ezifundweni zeKing College. Lapha isiphetho silethe nabesifazane ababenalo amaReforms ngaleso sikhathi ngokubukwa - uClara Pater, uLilian Feituityl, Georgina Warr.
Kwathi emva kwesikhashana nje, ngemuva kokushona kukayise, ikhaya lakhe laphenduka umbuthano wabafundi. Ngokubambisana nodadewabo kaVanessa Bell noMfoweth 'u-Adrian bathengise umzali, bethenga izindlu endaweni yaseBohemian of Bloomsbury. Lapha, abaculi abasebasha nabalobi baqala ukubuthana, umphakathi uthole udumo ngokuthi "isiyingi se-bloomsbury".
Into yokufunda
I-biography yokudala yombhali yaqala ngo-1905. Kuxoshwe njengombhali wokubuyekezwa ngemibhalo yezemibhalo yasosikhathi sabantu nezihloko ephephabhukwini "izikhathi". Inoveli yokuqala yabona ukukhanya ngo-1915 - kwashicilelwa incwadi ethi "Ulwandle". Ngemuva kweminyaka eyishumi, enye yemisebenzi ebaluleke kakhulu yeVirginia Wolferay Mnu. Dallowway, okhuluma ngolunye usuku lwentokazi yezwe. Maphakathi nesakhiwo - indaba yothando, lapho izwe noma impi noma impi engabalulekile.
Ucabange kabusha ubudlelwano emndenini wakho. Owesifazane wathatha inoveli "kumaMayak" (1927). Incwadi yavela izinhlamvu zikayise nonina. UWolfe akagcini nje ngokuchitheka ngentukuthelo ngobushiqela benhloko yomndeni. Lapha ngaphakamisa izingqinamba zokungalingani emfundweni yabafana namantombazane. Iqiniso ukuthi iVirginia ayizange inikeze ukuphumula kwesinqumo sabazali ukufundisa amadodana eNyuvesi yaseCambridge, kuyilapho amadodakazi enokweneliseka ngezinsizakalo zothisha abamenyiwe kanye nezifundo zesikhashana ekolishi.
Ukungabekezeleli ifa lezakhamuzi kuye kwabonakala nasendabeni yakamuva "Igumbi laso" kanye "neGuinea Truinea", efakwe ifa legolide labagxeki besifazane. Unecala lezimpi futhi eqinisweni lokuthi amadoda anonya futhi onomusa, uWolfe wabona umsizi womphakathi.
Omunye umsebenzi obalulekile wemibhalo wamukelwa njengenoveli yesiko elithi "Orlando", okuyingxenye yezinhloso, umlobi ubolekwe e-biography yentombi kaVita Sauquil-West. Lesi sakhiwo selulelwe iminyaka engama-350, siqala ngesikhathi sika-Elizabeth I futhi siphelile ngesikhathi sokukhanyiselwa. Le nsizwa egama layo lingu-Orlando inesikhathi sokuthandana, dumazeka ngemizwa, iphenduka ngowesifazane futhi iba ngumama. Umsebenzi owehluka kumdlalo wezemibhalo ogqamile wakhulelwa njengencazelo yothando lwe-vita.
Ekuqaleni kwama-30s, amaBrithani akhanga ngohlobo lwenoveli yokuhlola. Ukusuka ngaphansi kwezimpaphe zakhe, "amagagasi", okubandakanya imidlalo emincane eyisishiyagalolunye. Ubhala izindaba - "ubucwebe kanye ne-duchess", "ndlu nezipoki" nabanye. Ukusetshenziswa kwezingathekiso, izitatimende ezicacile - hhayi zodwa, lapho abafundi bathanda khona ngokushesha umsebenzi wombhali. Owesifazane ususa umcimbi ngemuva, aqonde isimo sengqondo sabalingiswa. Lokhu kukuvumela ukuthi ugxile emcabangweni wamaqhawe, uqonde isimo sabo sengqondo ngokwenzekayo.
Amarekhodi e-Virginia aholwa amarekhodi. Ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, umyeni wahlelwa incwadi yokubhalela, eshiya iziqephu ezimbalwa kakhulu zokwakheka. Noma kunjalo, emsebenzini, kanye nezincazelo zemicimbi nabantu, kwakukhona isizathu sezingxabano ngezindaba zabo, amanoveli nezindatshana. Ukukhanya kwabona amavolumu amane encwadi ethi "Umlobi Idayari".
Yonke imisebenzi yabesifazane yaphuma endlini yokushicilela "uHogarth Press", yena nomyeni wakhe bavula ngo-1917. Imisebenzi nabanye ababhali banyatheliswa lapha, iyiphi iVirginia yayithayipha ngokuzimela futhi yahlelwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1912, le ntombazane yashada nelungu le-Bloomsbury Mug, umlobi kanye nentatheli uLeonard Wolf, ayephila naye kwaze kwaphela izinsuku. Impilo yomndeni ekuqaleni kwaba nzima - iVirginia ayikwazanga ukunqoba ukwesaba ukusondela kobulili. Ngenxa yalokho, oshade naye esefikile, lo mbhangqwana walolo thando oluhlanganisiwe.
ULeonard waphatha umkakhe, wasekela konke. Umshado waphenduka inyunyana yobuhlakani obususelwa ekuhlonipheni. UWolfe udale izimo ezinhle ukuze iVirginia ibhala ngenduduzo.
Noma kunjalo, empilweni yomuntu siqu yombhali kwakukhona indawo eya emizweni efuna ukwazi ukuthi abacwaningi bangamaqiniso athakazelisa kakhulu e-Biography. Lapho iVirginia yayineminyaka engama-40 ubudala, i-Aristocrat of Vita Skvil-West yathandana nayo. Ubudlelwano busungule iminyaka emihlanu. Oshade naye wayengazange angesali kulobu buhlobo bothando, ikakhulukazi inoveli bafika kuphela ukuze bazuze - eminyakeni yemihlangano esontekile eVirginia, babhala imisebenzi yabo emihle.
Ukushona
UWolfe wagula ngengqondo, imvamisa eshaya umtholampilo ukuze athole ukwelashwa. Kuyo yonke le minyaka, lesi sifo sithuthuke, saphoqa ipeni okwesikhashana. Lindela isimo esaqala impi yezwe yesibili. Umlobi wesaba ukuthi ama-fascist afika eNgilandi, ngoba lapho uMusha angamaJuda ayezolinda isiphetho esibi. Owesifazane wavuma noLeonardo: Endabeni yokuhlanzwa kwaseJalimane zombili kuzokuvumela impilo yokuzibulala.
Ngo-1941 Virginia wahlangana esimweni esibi. Akazange abhalisele ukukhanda, izwi ekhanda lacaca, lona wesifazane wacasulwa futhi ngaphandle kwawo, futhi odokotela bavunyelwa izandla zabo. Ngokuya kodokotela banamuhla bezengqondo nodokotela, uWolfe wahlupheka nge-psychosis ye-manico-ecindezelekile. Enye imbangela yalesi sifo ibizwa ngokuthi isimila sobuchopho.
Entwasahlobo yaseVirginia kwabhala incwadi yokuvalelisa, lapho acele khona intethelelo futhi wachaza ukuthi akasakwazi ukuzinikela yena yena. NgoMashi 28, 1941, umbhali waminza emfuleni i-Oyuz.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1915 - "Ngolwandle Awa kude"
- Ngo-1919 - "Imini nobusuku"
- 1925 - Mnu. Dalloweway
- Ngo-1927 - "ELightthouse"
- Ngo-1928 - "Orlando"
- 1931 - "Amagagasi"
- 1933 - "Flash"
- Ngo-1937 - "Iminyaka"
- 1941 - "Phakathi KwezEnzo"