I-Biograge
Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky - umlobi we-Russian WALKWRIGHY kanye nomlobi, ngemisebenzi eyayelwa i-repertoire yeshashalazi yaseRussia. Impilo yakhe igcwele imicimbi ethokozisayo, futhi amagugu okubhala abalwa ngamashumi emidlalo.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alexander Ostrovsky wazalwa entwasahlobo yango-1823 eZamoskvorechye, endlini yomthengisi e-Ordling. Kule ndawo, umdlandla wasebenzisa iminyaka yakhe emncane, nendlu lapho ezalwa khona, khona nanamuhla. Ubaba ka-Ostrovsky wayeyindodana yompristi. Ngemuva kokuphothula esikoleni esingokomoya, le nsizwa yanquma ukuzinikela emsebenzini wezwe futhi yafika ezikhungweni zokwahlulela.
Umama uLubov Island ushonile ngesikhathi indodana ineminyaka engu-8 ubudala. Eminyakeni engu-5 ngemuva kokushona kukankosikazi wakhe, isiqhingi - esiphakeme saphinde sashada. Ngokungafani nomshado wokuqala nentombazane evela ezweni labefundisi, kulokhu ubaba wadonsela ukunaka kowesifazane ovela ekilasini elihle.
I-Career Nikolai Ostrovsky yahamba yaya entabeni, yathola isikhundla esihle, yazinikezela ekusebenzeni kwangasese futhi yaphulukisa ngemali engenayo ekuhlinzekweni kwezinsizakalo kwabathengisi abacebile. Impahla yakhe yayihlanganisa izifunda eziningi, nakulomsebenzi wokugcina, wathuthela esifundazweni saseKostroma, edolobhaneni laseSchelikovo, lapho eba ngumnikazi womhlaba.
Indodana yangena ekuqaleni kweMoscow Gymnasium ngo-1835 futhi yaba yisiqu ngo-1840. Usevele ebusheni bakhe, umfana wayethanda izincwadi nezindaba zaseshashalazini. Ubaba wePottakaya, wangena e-Moscow University ePhathi lomthetho. Eminyakeni yokufunda, i-ostrovsky yachitha sonke isikhathi sayo samahhala enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini encane, lapho abalingisi be-Pavel Mochalov nabo bakhanya futhi banama-shphkin. Intshisekelo yale nsizwa yamenza washiya isikhungo ngo-1843.
Ubaba wakuthokozela ngethemba lokuthi kwakungumkhuba, futhi wazama ukunamathisela indodana yakhe endaweni enenzuzo. U-Alexander Nikolayevich kwadingeka ukuba ayosebenza njengombhali emkhandlwini weMoscow, kwathi ngo-1845 ehhovisi leNkantolo Yezentengiso yaseMoscow. Kulesi sakamuva, waba yisikhulu esamukele izicelo ngomlomo. Lokhu okuhlangenwe nakho kokudlala kuvame ukusetshenziswa emsebenzini wakhe, kukhumbula amacala amaningi athokozisayo azwa ngesikhathi sokuzilolonga.
Into yokufunda
Izincwadi yisiqhingi ezihlatshwe umxhwele ebusheni bakhe, ukufunda emisebenzini kaGogol noBelinsky. Ngokwezinga elithile, le nsizwa yakha izithombe zayo emisebenzini yokuqala. Ngo-1847, umlobi wabanjelwa ephephandabeni "uhlu lwedolobha laseMoscow". Umshicileli ushicilele izigcawu ezimbili ezivela kumahlaya "wesikweletu." Le yinguqulo yokuqala yabafundi abadumile yokudlala "abantu bakhe bazoklebhula."
Ngo-1849 umbhali uqedile umsebenzi kukho. Indlela yesimo sombhali iyabonakala emsebenzini wayo wokuqala. Uchaza izihloko ezweni lonke ngokusebenzisa intengo yengxabano yasekhaya yomndeni. Izinhlamvu zezinhlamvu ze-Ostrovsky - abanikazi bezinhlamvu ezimibalabala nezibonakalayo.
Ulimi lomkhiqizo lulula futhi lulula, futhi owokugcina umakwe ngesizinda sokuziphatha. Ngemuva kokushicilelwa kokudlala kumagazini "Moskvatik", impumelelo yawa, yize ikomidi elihlolwe lavimba ukukhiqizwa nokushicilela kabusha umsebenzi.
I-Ostrovsky ilethwe ohlwini lwababhali be- "abangathembekile", elenza ukuthi isikhundla sakhe singelusizo. Isimo siyinkimbinkimbi umshado we-playwright ne-mesh, engazange abuse uyise. U-Ostrovsky-Ophakeme wenqabile eNdodaneni ngezimali, kanye nabantu abasha abanesidingo. Ngisho nesimo sezimali esiyinkimbinkimbi asivimbanga umlobi ukuba alahle insizakalo futhi kusukela ngo-1851 ukuze azinikele ngokuphelele ezincwadini.
Imidlalo "ayihlali phansi emikhombeni yawo" futhi "ubumpofu akuyona ububi" ovunyelwe ukukhiqiza ezindlini zezemidlalo. Ukudalwa kwabo kwe-Ostrovsky kwenze uguquko enkundleni yemidlalo yaseshashalazini. Umphakathi uhambe uyobheka impilo elula, futhi lokhu kwafuna indlela ehlukile yokwenza okuthile ekuwombeni kwezithombe. Ukumemezelwa kanye ne-Frank Teatricality bekufanele kushintshe ingosi yokuba khona kwezimo ezihlongozwayo.
Kusukela ngo-1850, u-Ostrovsky usephenduke ilungu le- "veresial board" kamagazini "Moskvatikan", kepha lokhu akuzange kulungiswe yinkinga yezinto ezibonakalayo. Umhleli ubengumsizi wokukhokha inani elikhulu lomsebenzi owenziwa ngumlobi. Kusukela ngo-1855 kuya ku-1860, u-Ostrovsky waphefumulelwa imibono yenguquko evukelayo ethonya i-WorldVew. Wasondela kuTurnev naseTolstoy, waba yisisebenzi somagazini wanamuhla.
Ngo-1856 wahlanganyela ohambweni lwezincwadi nolwezincwadi ze-ethnographic ezivela enkonzweni yasolwandle. U-Ostrovsky uvakashele phezulu kweVolga futhi wasebenzisa izinkumbulo kanye nokuvelayo ekwakheni.
Ngo-1862 kwaphawulwa ngohambo eYurophu. Umlobi wavakashela eNgilandi, eFrance, eJalimane, e-Italy, e-Austria naseHungary. Ngo-1865, wayephakathi kwabasunguli nabaholi be-mug yezobuciko, lapho bephuma khona abaculi baseRussia be-Russian: sadovsky, streptova, e-Pisarev nabanye. Ngawo-1870s, u-Ostrovsky wahlela umphakathi wabalobi abamangalisa amaRussia futhi waba ngusihlalo wakhe kusukela ngo-1874 ezinsukwini zokugcina zokuphila.
Kuko konke impilo, i-Playwwright idale imidlalo engama-54, ihunyushwe imisebenzi ngabantu bangaphandle: Goldoni, nceku, Shakespeare. Imisebenzi ethandwa kakhulu yombhali ifaka "intombi yeqhwa", "ukuduma kwezulu", "ukuduma kwezulu", "umshado balzanov", "ngaphandle kwecala lokusola" neminye imidlalo. I-biography yombhali yayihlobene kakhulu nezincwadi, imidlalo yaseshashalazini nothando lwezwe lakubo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Umsebenzi ka-Ostrovsky waphenduka wathakazelisa kakhulu kunempilo yakhe. Wahlanganisa umshado wawodwa nomkakhe iminyaka engama-20. Bahlangane ngo-1847. U-Agafya Ivanovna, kanye nodadewabo osemusha wazinza eduze kwekhaya lomlobi. Intombazane enesizungu yakhethwa njengendlela yokudlala. Akekho owazi ukuthi bahlangana kanjani.
Ubaba ka-Ostrovsky wayephambene nalokhu kuxhumana. Ngemuva kokusuka kwakhe eSchellinekovo, abantu abasha baqala ukuhlala ndawonye. Umfazi wezakhamuzi wawuseceleni kwe-ostrovsky, noma ngabe idrama yenzeka kanjani empilweni yakhe. Isidingo nokuncishwa akuzange kukhokhe imizwa yabo.
Ingqondo nokuthanda i-Ostrovsky nabangane bakhe babebaluleke kakhulu e-Agafier Ivanovna. Wayedume ngokungenisa izihambi nokuqonda. Umlingani wayevame ukunxusa kuye izeluleko, esebenza ngokudlala okusha.
Umshado wabo wawungekho emthethweni ngisho nangemva kokufa kukayise walolo wasembhalweni. Izingane zika-Alexander ostrovsky zazingekho emthethweni. Umncane wafa ebuntwaneni. U-Alexey u-Alexey uhlala ephila.
U-Ostrovsky waba ngumyeni ongakholwayo. Wayethandana nomlingisi ngo-Love Kositskaya-Nikulina, owadlala indima yeKaterina ekudlaleni kwangaphambilini "ukuduma kwezulu" ngo-1859. Umdwebi wakhetha umlobi womthengisi ocebile.
Olulandelayo olandelayo waba nguMaria Bakhmertev. U-Agafya Ivanovna wayazi ngengcebo, kepha akazange alahle ukuziqhenya futhi wakhuthazelela idrama yomndeni emi. Ushone ngo-1867. Likuphi ithuna lowesifazane, elingaziwa.
Ngemuva kokushona koshade naye, u-Ostrovsky iminyaka emibili wayehlala yedwa. UMaria wakhe othandekayo uMaria Vasilyevna Bakhmetedva waba ngumlingani wokuqala osemthethweni we-playwright. Owesifazane wamnika amadodakazi amabili namadodana amane. Umshado nomlingisi wawujabule. Nge-ostrovskyy yakhe waphila kuze kube sekupheleni kwempilo yakhe.
Ukushona
Impilo yalesi siqhingi ikhathele ngokwengeziwe lomthwalo, umlobi wazihlanganisa naye. Uhole umsebenzi wesiyaluyalu nomphakathi wokudala, kodwa sonke isikhathi saphenduka esikweletini. Izinhlanga zezinhlanga ziletha imali enkulu. Futhi, u-Ostrovsky wayenempesheni eyizinkulungwane ezintathu, kepha lezi zimali zazinganele njalo.
Isimo esibi sezezimali asikwazanga ukuthinta inhlala-kahle yombhali. Wayesenkingeni nasezinhluphekweni ezithinte umsebenzi wenhliziyo. Kuyasebenza futhi kuyaphila, i-Ostrovsky yayilandelana kwezinhlelo ezintsha nemibono edinga ukubonwa kusenesikhathi.
Imibono eminingi yokudala ayitholakalanga ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwempilo yomlobi. NgoJuni 2, 1886, washona eKostroma Hiked. Imbangela yokufa ibhekwa njenge-angina. Umngcwabo wokudlala wadlula eduze kwesidleke somndeni, edolobhaneni laseNikolo-Berezhka. Ithuna lomlobi litholakala emathuneni eSonto LaseNicholas Wombuwula.
Umngcwabo womlobi uhlelwe ngumnikelo wokuthi umbusi u-Alexander III uyalelwe ukwenza. Uveze izihlobo zama-ruble ayizinkulungwane ezi-3 asevele anempi eyizinkulungwane ezi-3 nempesheni efanayo aqoke umfelokazi we-Ostrovsky. Ukukhulisa izingane zomlobi, umbuso wabela ama-ruble angama-2400 ngonyaka.
Imisebenzi ka-Alexander Nikolayevich Ostrovsky iphinda iphrintwe. Waba yisibalo sophawu lwe-Classic Dramaturgy kanye ne-Theatre yaseshashalazini. Imidlalo yakhe isagqoka izigcawu zezemidlalo yaseRussia nezangaphandle. Umsebenzi we-Playwright waba neqhaza ekwakhiweni kohlobo lwezincwadi, umqondisi kanye namakhono okusebenza.
Izincwadi lapho kuqoqwa khona ama-ostrovsky's plays, ephambuka ekusakazweni okukhulu ngemuva kweminyaka embalwa eminyaka ngemuva kokushona kwakhe, futhi imisebenzi ihlukaniswe izingcaphuno nama-aphorisms. Izithombe ngu-Alexander Nikolaevich Ostrovsky oshicilelwe kwi-Intanethi.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1846 - "Umdwebo womndeni"
- Ngo-1847 - "Abantu Bakhe bayimfashini"
- 1851 - "Umakoti Ompofu"
- Ngo-1856 - "Indawo Enenzuzo"
- Ngo-1859 - "ukuduma kwezulu"
- Ngo-1864 - "Joker"
- Ngo-1861 - "Umshado Ballisamica"
- Ngo-1865 - "EBigy Place"
- Ngo-1868 - "inhliziyo eshisayo"
- Ngo-1868 - "Kuzo zonke izindlela zokulula okuhle"
- Ngo-1870 - "ihlathi"
- Ngo-1873 - "Intombi yeqhwa"
- Ngo-1873 - "Uthando Sekwephuzile"
- Ngo-1875 - Izimpisi Nezimvu "
- Ngo-1877 - "Isisulu Sokugcina"