I-Biograge
Ngokwesikhashana nje, umbono obuhlungu ushiya umfundi inoveli "ilanga labafileyo", okufanayo kwengqondo, ukuthula okuphelele kuveza ukufundwa kwe- "ihlobo leNkosi". Lezi ngokungafani nenye incwadi ethile wenza u-Ivan Shmeve waqashelwa ngumbhali hhayi ezweni lakubo kuphela, kodwa nakwamanye amazwe.
Umlobi waseRussia, owasinda lapho eshona uyise ekuqaleni, ukubhekana nokubalwa kwabantu basebukhosini, kwaphoqa ukuthi avuke ezweni lakubo, kepha aqokwa kabili ukuthola umklomelo kaNobel, kodwa akazange athole umklomelo kaNobel. Umbhali wachitha iminyaka yokugcina yokuphila ebuphofini ekufudukeni. Ngo-2000, izinsalela zikaSchmelev zilethwe eRussia zavuswa enhlokodolobha.
Ubuntwana nentsha
Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi umkhulu u-Ivan Schmelev osemugqeni kababa wawusesifundazweni esuka esiFundazweni ezokuya eMoscow, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa emkhayeni ovikelekile. UPopa wakhe uSergei Ivanovich wahlelwa ngelifa lezikweletu futhi wahlela ababazi be-artel. Ubuye abe ngamabhati ambalwa. Emlinganisweni, wakhetha indodakazi yakhe kumthengisi u-Evlampia Savinov. Ngo-Okthoba 3 (ngokwesitayela esidala - Septhemba 21), ngo-1873, umkakhe wamnika indodana, eyabizwa ngokuthi ngu-Ivan ukuhlonipha umkhulu.
Ngobudlelwano bomama obandayo nobuqinile, ubudlelwane buka-Ivan bebuhlale bepholile, yize kwakuyi-evlampia Gavrilovna, eyathola imfundo e-Institute of Noble Moiden, yafundisa indodana yakhe ukuba ifunde ama-Classics aseRussia. Isikhathi esithe xaxa, umfana wachitha nobaba wakhe waqasha amakhosi. Kwakukhona phakathi kwabo noMikhail Pankratovich Gorkin - inqwaba yama-Orthodoxy, kwa-Ordent anamathela asebekhulile, washiya umsebenzi futhi ngesicelo sikaSergey Ivanovich wabuka umfutho wakhe omncane. Kukholelwa ukuthi ngaphansi kwethonya lakhe futhi kwakha isithakazelo seSchmelel enkolweni.
Lapho umfana eneminyaka engu-7 ubudala, uBaba wawa ehhashini futhi akakwazanga ukululama. Umama wahlala yedwa nezingane eziyisithupha. Uhlala ngamarisidi kusuka ekugezeni; Ngaphezu kwalokho, baqashisa isitezi sesithathu sendlu nesisekelo. Happy, Serene Isikhathi sobuntwana ekugcineni saphela, lapho eneminyaka eyi-11 uVanya edluliswa esuka egumbini lokuboya elizimele, elalimi eduze kwendlu, eya eMoscow Gymnasium. Umfundi wakhe kulo kamuva wakhumbula njengesikhathi sobusha obunzima kakhulu. "Abantu ababandayo nabandayo," uzobhala ngothisha kamuva.
Ngenxa yokuvelele nezingxabano nothisha eminyakeni embalwa, uShmelev wangena esikhundleni sendawo yokufunda. Waphothula iziqu eMoscow Moscow Gymnasium ngonyaka we-1894, kanti umfundi engathathi isigamu sesikolo endodeni yegolide. UShmelev uza eyunivesithi yaseMoscow e-shrouty of rusulpprudence, kwathi ngemuva konyaka ephayona "Ukubuyekezwa kwaseRussia" kwashicilelwa umsebenzi "ku-Mill" - ukudweba kunikeza insizwa yokuqothuka okubhaliwe.
Into yokufunda
Liphefumulelwe yincwadi yokuqala, eminyakeni emibili kamuva, uShmelev unquma ukushicilela iqoqo lezindaba "emadwaleni aseVavaam". Material Umbhali wabuthana ohambweni oluya esigodlweni sezindela. Kepha umbhali wasebukhosini akavumeli ukuphrinta umsebenzi, ukuphoqa umlobi ukuthi asuse izindima ezibucayi. Ishicilelwe ukubheka ukuphawula kwabacwaningi be-Essay Shiya Abafundi Abangenandaba, futhi umbhali odumele uthatha ikhefu ekwakhiweni, okubambezelwa iminyaka engu-9.
Njengoba esethole imfundo futhi wakhonza unyaka webutho, uShmelev nomkakhe nendodana yakhe bathuthela eVladimir. Umlobi usebenza njengesikhulu sezabelo ezikhethekile ngaphansi kwegumbi laseVladimir Kazazana lenkonzo yezindaba zangaphakathi. Kusukela ngo-1905, u-Ivan Sergeevich uvuselela umsebenzi emisebenzini futhi ubhala uMaxim Gorky acele ezinye zazo. Umbhali udala izindaba nezindaba, enkabeni yokuthi "indoda encane."
Ukubuyela enhlokodolobha, iShmelev ngonyaka we-1909 ijoyina imvelo. Umbuthano wezincwadi wawuhlanganisa u-Ivan Bunin, u-Alexander Kuphrin nabanye ababhali, kanye noFedor Shalyapin. Abalobi bahlanganisa kuphela imihlangano, kodwa futhi basebenzisana nababhali "ababhali baseMoscow", abakhiqizi bawo banguBunin noShmelev.
Ngo-1911, indoda "yomuntu yokudlela" iyashicilelwa. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-16, ukuguqulwa komsebenzi, ukudweba ukuwa kwezimilo, okwenziwe nguMqondisi weSoviet Yakov Protazanov. Eminyakeni engama-40, uShmelev waziwa njengombhali wezindatshana futhi uhola kumthengisi kanye ne-peasantry. Echaza ama-soles, ukubona impilo yakhe esindayo, umlobi ovumayo uhlangabezana nemicimbi yangoFebhuwari 1917. Kodwa-ke, ukuvumelana kokudideka nokubandlululwa kobudlova ngokushesha kwaphenduka amathemba ekudumazekeni nasekwesandleni.
Ukubona ukubhujiswa hhayi kuphela izisekelo ze-Healsood, kodwa futhi nasemakhaya okuziphatha, ukukhula ngesihluku kanye nesiphithiphithi, umkhuhlane nomkakhe nendodana yakhe, elwa ngaphambili kweMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, yashiya eCrimea. Lapha umndeni uthola indlu nesakhiwo, u-Ivan Sergeevich ubhala le ndaba enikezelwe ezenzakalweni zempi yombango "njengoba yayinjalo" futhi iqala le ndaba ngokuthi "igazi elingaziwa". Kepha i-Bumblebee imangalisa nje ukuhlala kude nemicimbi ebuhlungu. Ibutho elibomvu lihlala eCrimea futhi naphezu kwemizamo nezincwadi zikababa, uSergey Shmelev oneminyaka engama-25.
Umlobi ophilayo walo uphulwe ukulahlekelwa, uphethe eminye iminyaka emibili ePeninsula, abese efika eYurophu. Ekuqaleni uyama eBerlin, wabe esethuthela eParis. Enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, uShmelev uzobamba ukulingana kwempilo.
Kungekudala ngemuva kokunyakaza, "ilanga labafileyo" - inoveli, idonsela ubuntu bezehlakalo zokuguqula eRussia. "Funda lokhu uma unesibindi esanele," kusho umsebenzi owenele umlobi waseJalimane uThomas Mann, futhi u-Alexander Solzhenitsy wamchaza ngokuthi "lesi sitifiketi seBolshevism", ebika ukuthi "Ukufa Kwendawo Yokuqala YaseSoviet."
Ngokwesaba isiphetho sendawo kamama, ukubona ukubhujiswa kwamakhulu eminyaka akwamukeleko nokufaka esikhundleni samagugu, iShmelev yakha izindaba - amapheshana. Engxenyeni yesibili yezinhloso ezingama-20 ezibucayi, i-nostalgia ithathelwa indawo yi-Old New. "Ukudla kwasemini okuhlukile", "Ingoma yaseRussia" - Lezi zindaba zigcwele izincazelo ezikhanyayo zamaholide obu-Orthodox, impilo, amasiko.
Isihloko salesi sigaba siba yindaba ethi "Bogomol" nenoveli ethi "Ihlobo Lord". Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi imisebenzi yadalwa ngokufana. Zombili lezi zincwadi zithole ukuthandwa okukhulu phakathi kwabafuduki baseRussia.
Ngobuqotho nangokufudumala, umbhali uvusa umkhathi wobuntwana, futhi ngawo - elahlekelwe yiRussia yangaphambi kwangaphambili. Ngokokuqala ngqa, "ihlobo leNkosi" linyatheliswa ngo-1933 eBelgrade, "Bogomol" - ngo-1935 lapho. Ezweni laseShmelev, izincwadi zisemhlabeni kuphela ngasekupheleni kwama-80s.
Isikhathi sokugcina sokwakheka komlobi waseRussia saphawulwa ukulangazelela okuqinisiwe ezweni lakubo. IShmelev inezela kumamemori ethanga le-1896 futhi kwakha i-eseyi "endala ye-vavaam". Ngo-1936, esebenzisa uhlobo lwasekushiwo, inoveli "nanny evela eMoscow" iwa, i-heroneline eyinhloko lapho owesifazane osekhulile ethanda khona ukufuduka.
UShmelev wazonda kangangokuba umbuso weBolshevik wathatha ukuhlaselwa kwamaFascist e-USSR njengombukiso kaNkulunkulu. Encwadini eyincwadi yesazi sefilosofi u-Ivan Ilsin, ukuhlaselwa kukaJalimane kwabizwa ngokuthi "I-Feat of Knight, waveza inkemba kuDeveli" futhi waveza ithemba lokuthi ukugubula kwamandla amaKhomanisi kuyovula indlela yokuvuselelwa ngokomoya nangokuziphatha kwe izwe.
Ngo-1948, u-Ivan Sergeevich waqala umsebenzi wenoveli "Indlela yezulu." Umsebenzi uhlala ungapheli ngenxa yokufa kombhali, kodwa ngokwezahluko ezidaliwe kusobala ukuthi ufuna ukukhombisa ukudoba kukaNkulunkulu emhlabeni wangempela.
Esikhathini saseSoviet, umsebenzi kaShmelev wabhekwa njenge-anti-Soviet. Shicilela izincwadi zombhali ofudukayo zaqala kabusha kabusha kabusha. Ngo-1993, kwavulwa umnyuziyamu wendlu e-Alushta, futhi ngokushesha umbhali waqashelwa ezweni lakubo.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
U-Ivan Shmelev washada iminyaka engama-20, ngemuva nje kokuthola iNyuvesi. Umkakhe waba u-Olga Ohthon. Igama lokugcina elingajwayelekile lachazwa yimvelaphi emndenini omuhle kaScotland. Okhokho bakhe bathuthela eRussia ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-18. Ubaba Alexander Alexandrovich waba yiqhawe lokuvikela leSevastopol.
Umshado no-Olga Alexandrovna wajabula, ngokubambisana lo mbhangqwana waphila iminyaka engama-40. Kwakungunkosikazi ngemuva nje kokuzalwa komphefumulo uSerezha ngonyaka we-1896, wancenga umlobi we-novice ukuba ahambele uValam. Washona ngo-1936. U-Ivan Sergeevich wasinda kuye iminyaka eyi-14.
Ukushona
Ngokubambisana nabanye abalobi bokufuduka kwaseRussia, u-Ivan Bunin noDmitry Merryovsky shmelev, kabili, kufakwe inani labafakizicelo ngomklomelo kaNobel. Noma kunjalo, wehlulekile ukuba ngumnqobi. Omdala waba umbhali, wabhekana nobunzima ngokwengeziwe.
U-Ivan Shmelev washona ngo-1950, ngoJuni 24. Imbangela yokufa yayihlaselwa yinhliziyo. Wangcwatshwa emathuneni edolobha laseSaint-Genevieve de Boua, kepha manje izinsalela zakhe ziphumule e-Necropolis of the don monastery, edolobhaneni laseRussia. Ukuvukelwa kabusha kwabanjwa ngonyaka ka-2000. Futhi izinsalela zika-Olga noSergey Shmeleva zithuthe lapha.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1897 - "Emaweni aseVavaam"
- 1907 - "Izakhamizi Uklazikin"
- 1911 - "Umuntu Ovela Esitolo Sokudlela"
- 1913 - "I-Wolf Dock"
- 1916 - "Izinsuku zeSigor"
- 1918 - "Ishwa Isitsha"
- Ngo-1927 - "Mayelana Nowesifazane Omdala Othile"
- 1927 - "Umlando Wothando"
- 1923 - "Ilanga Labafi"
- Ngo-1933 - "Nkosi ehlobo"
- 1935 - "Bogomol"
- 1935 - "I-Old Vavaam"
- 1936 - "Nanny kusuka eMoscow"
Amacaphuna
"Usuku losuku luyesabeka kakhulu - futhi manje idlanzako likakolweni libiza kakhulu kunomuntu." "Umgwaqo ongenalutho awunalutho; kubhalwe izingcezwana zezimpilo zabantu." "- Ngeke ngibulawe yizicucu zezimpilo zabantu. Lokhu futhi akuhlukanisiwe: Izindlela azinakuvuzwa, kepha zifihlekile kuhlakaniphile futhi zinengqondo. "Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
- Ngokokuqala ngqa nomdlavuza, u-Ivan Shmeliv wayesesekuzindawo zokuzivocavoca okuyisithupha. Umfundi ufakwe embhalweni womsebenzi ethempelini lamazwi okungabaza wembewu kaNadon, athola ngalo "iyunithi," aphuthelwe ukuhlolwa futhi ahlala ngonyaka wesibili. Ngokusho kokuvuma kwakhe izono, kusukela ngaleso sikhathi inefilosofi engakholeki.
- Ngiseyingane, wahlushwa umkhaza wezenkolo ngenxa yokwesaba kwaphakade kukamama. Esikhundleni sokukholisa, i-evlampia Gavrilovna yathathwa ama-rugs. Uma kuphawula ukuthi indodana ihlala esihlathini, yanikeza umfaki.
- Uthando lokuqala lusindile eminyakeni eyisishiyagalombili, kepha ngokushesha umuzwa waguqulwa okuhlangenwe nakho okusha. Ukuvezwa kwentsha ukwenza isisekelo senoveli "Umlando wothando" ngo-1927, ngokusho kwawo ngo-1927, okuphindaphindwayo kwe-Yaroslavl Petrov kwakha ifilimu enezithombe.