I-Biograge
Ngesithombe se-Edward Minka "Creek" manje sesijwayela kangcono kunase-biography yobuciko baseNorway. Impilo yakhe, imnandi futhi ebuhlungu, yagcwala ukufa, ukuphazamiseka kwengqondo, ukudumazeka. Ekushoneni kwelanga kwezinsuku zabo, u-Edward Munk washiya irekhodi kudayari:"Izifo, ubuhlanya nokufa kwakuyizingelosi ezimnyama ezindizela eCradle yami ukuze ngiphelezele impilo yonke."Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Edward wazalwa ngoDisemba 12, 1863 edolobheni laseNorway laseLöthen emndenini weChristian Mink noLaura Katrina Bjölstad. Umfana wayenaye udadewethu osekhulile kaYuhanna Sofia kanti ababili abancane - umkisha noLaura, kanye noMfoweth 'u-Andreas. Ingane yomculi wesikhathi esizayo yayiwela: ngokwengxenye ngenxa yomsebenzi wobuKristu - udokotela wezempi, ngokwengxenye efuna izindlu ezishibhile.
Yize umndeni odabukisayo wayehlala kabi, abantu abanobuntu be-Creative babeseduze nohlobo lwabo. Ngakho-ke, isihlobo esikude kwakuwumculi uJacob Munk. Umkhulu ka-Edward wakhumbula umhlaba njengomshumayeli onekhono, futhi uMfoweth 'uChristian, uPeter Andreas - isazi-mlando esivelele.
Lapho umkhathi omncane eneminyaka engu-5 ubudala, umama wakhe washona ngenxa yesifo sofuba, futhi ipulazi lathatha udadewabo uKaren. UChristian, abe yindoda engokwenkolo, ngemuva kokushona koshashayo wawela ekushisekeni kwesasasa. Watshela amadodana akhe namadodakazi akhe ukuqalisa igazi lomlando waseHelian, futhi amaphupho amabi ahlala ephupha ngalokhu edwa. Ukuze baphunyuke emibonweni ephazamisayo, umfana wadonsa. Kakade-ke imidwebo yakhe ibukeka inethalente.
Ngo-1877, udadewethu omdala u-Edward, uSofia washona ngenxa yesifo sofuba. Le nsizwa yayisondelene naye, ngakho-ke wathatha ukulahleka kakhulu. Umcimbi odabukisayo bekuyisizathu sokudumazeka okholweni. EDayari, iMuks yakhumbula ukuthi uBaba "wahamba abuyele egumbini, agoqa izingalo zakhe ngomkhuleko," kodwa akuzange kusize intombazane ukuba ilulame. Izinsuku ezichithwa nodade ofayo kamuva zibonisa imidwebo "intombazane egulayo" ne- "Spring".
Izifo ngandlela thile ziphishekela umndeni munk. Kungekudala ngemuva kokufa kukaSophie, omunye udadewabo u-Edward, uLaura, waqala ukuziphatha ngendlela edabukisayo. Wayevame ukukhathazeka, akhipha ama-hysteresies, ahlala ngokuthula kwezinye izinsuku futhi akazange akhulume namuntu. Watholakala ene-schizophrenia.
UChristian wabona eNdodaneni yonjiniyela, kanjalo ngo-1879, eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, u-Edward wangena ekolishi lobuchwepheshe. Yanikezwa kalula i-physics, chemistry kanye nezibalo. Naphezu kwempumelelo, ngemuva konyaka, le nsizwa yaxoshwa, yanquma ukuba ngumculi. Ukuqala kukababa womfana akazange akwesekele: wawucabanga umsebenzi wobuciko ongcolile. Naphezu kwemibhikisho, ngo-1881, umdwebi omncane wangena esikoleni sasebukhosini sokudweba e-Oslo.
Ngo-1883, igama le-Edward Minka lizwa okokuqala emphakathini waseNorway. Njengombukiso wokudala, i-spencrives eved's "etude head." Ukusuka kulokhu kwaqala ukwakheka komculi omkhulu.
Ukupenda
Eminyakeni eyalandela, iMunk ibambe iqhaza kaninginingi emibukisweni, kepha umsebenzi wakhe walahleka phakathi kokukhanya kwezithunzi kanye nevolumu yamagama abaculi. Ngo-1886, u-Edward wethule inhliziyo ebizayo "yeziguli" futhi wathola ukufutheka kwezibuyekezo ezingezinhle. Lokhu kubuyekezwa kwavela kwelinye lamaphephandaba endawo:
"Isevisi engcono kakhulu ongayinikeza i-Edward Munka, ithule ukudlula ngemidwebo yakhe. Imidwebo kaMusk inciphise kakhulu izinga lombukiso. "Isizathu sokugxekwa kwakuwumsebenzi obonakalayo wobunchinster nokwenza ukwakheka. Umdwebi omncane usolwa ngokuthuthukisa inqubo futhi athuthukise.
Kanye ne-junch ebhekwa "ntombazane egulayo" ngempumelelo yakhe. Njengemodeli, wabuza uBetsey Nielsen oneminyaka engu-11. Wake waphendukela kuYise ka-Edward ukuze athole usizo - umfowabo omncane wephula umlenze. Le ntombazane yajabula futhi ihle ngamehlo apendiwe apendiwe umdwebi osemncane ambuze ukuba abe yinto embi.
Ngemuva kokugxeka okunzima, u-Edward wayeka ukuba qotho, umdwebo wakhe awunandaba nokungathandeki. Ngemuva konyaka, ngo-1889, wazama ukutshela udadewethu ngesithombe "entwasahlobo". Ukuyakha, munk wenza umfazi: ungabona ukuthi amakhethini atholakala kanjani, futhi uzizwe ukukhanya kwelanga, kuthulula ngewindi.
Ese-canvas yosuku lwehlobo kuqhathaniswa nomoya osindayo, obusa egumbini. Intombazane enezinwele ezibomvu, encike emuva emcameni, ukubheka isalukazi nge-melancholy, ezandleni zakhe umuthi. Awekho amathoni akhanyayo ezingutsheni, kunalokho ubukeka njengosizi lokulila. Kuzwakaliswa ukuthi kungekudala ukufa kuzobhekelwa kubo.
Ekupheleni kuka-1889, lapho iMunch eya ukufunda eParis, yathola izindaba zokufa kukayise. Umculi wangena ekucindezelekeni, wephule ukuxhumana nabangane. Lo mcimbi usuphenduke ngomunye wemisebenzi emsebenzini we-specidest. Wabhala ngaleso sikhathi kwidayari:
"Akufanele kube khona okuningi ukubhala izinto zangaphakathi ezifunda amadoda nabesifazane ababophayo. Bazothathelwa indawo ngabantu bangempela abaphefumula futhi bazizwe, bathande futhi bahlupheke ... ".Ngenkumbulo kababa Edward wabhala isithombe "ebusuku eSan Clas". Efulethini, kugcwele ukukhanya ebusuku, iwindi lihleli yindoda. Izazi-mlando zanamuhla zobuciko zibona kulo mfanekiso womabili ama-mug, futhi uyise ulindele ukufa.
Ukubuyela ezweni lakubo, umculi waqala ukusebenza ngomjikelezo wemisebenzi, kamuva eyathola igama elithi "ama-fries okuphila: inkondlo mayelana nothando, impilo nokufa." Kuyo, iMunk yayifuna ukubonisa izigaba zokwakhiwa komuntu - kusukela kwazalwa kuze kube sekufeni. Umjikelezo ubandakanya imisebenzi yokhiye: "Madonna", "Creek", "umdanso wokuphila", "umlotha". Imidwebo ephelele 22, ihlukaniswe ngamaqembu amane: "Ukuzalwa kothando", "Ukuchuma nokushona kwelanga kothando", "ukwesaba impilo" kanye "nokufa".
Kufakwe ku- "Frieze Wempilo" nesithombe esithi "Melancholy" 1881. Abagxeki azange bamukele injabulo, baphawula ukuthi munzi uthole isitayela sakhe uqobo - izindlela ezikhanyayo, amafomu alula nokubusa kwako yonke imisebenzi. Umjikelezo ogcwele wangeniswa okokuqala ngo-1902.
Emsebenzini we-Edward Minka, azikho ezinye izithombe eziyikhulu, kepha "ukukhala" kwaba odume kakhulu kubo. Ohlelweni olujwayelekile, isidalwa esinjenge-Human sikhonjiswa kukho, isibhakabhaka sipendiwe ngemithunzi ekhanyayo ebomvu. I-Creek, yaphunyuka emlonyeni we-sonoid, njengokungathi ishaya indawo ezungezile. Amanani amabili amaningi abonakala ngemuva. Kudayari yakhe, munk wabhala:
"Ngahamba ngaleyo ndlela nabangane ababili, ilanga lalinjalo, kungazelelwe isibhakabhaka saba bomvu anegazi, ngamiswa, ngizizwe ngikhathele, ngihambe ngihamba ngocingo - ngabuka izilimi zelangabala nge-fjord fjord Futhi lo muzi, abangane bami baqhubeka kaningi, futhi ngema, ngenjabulo ethuthumela, ngizwa ukukhala okungapheli, ukubhoboza imvelo. "Ngaphansi kombono walokho akubona ngonyaka we-1892, umdwebi wabhala isithombe esithi "ukuphelelwa yithemba". Kuyo, esikhundleni sesidalwa esivamile, indoda ivezwa esigqokweni. Ngemuva konyaka, i-munk idweba i-pastel ye-humanoid, yabe isipenda ngamafutha. Kamuva, ezinye ezimbili zengezwa kulezi zinguqulo. Ikakhulu ethandwa yisithombe sika-1893, esigcinwe kwi-National Museum e-Oslo.
Izazi-mlando zobuciko zithole indawo lapho u-Edward angasibona isithombe. Kuyathakazelisa iqiniso lokuthi ngaphambi kwale ndawo lalitholakala indawo yokuhlala enkulu kunazo zonke e-Oslo nesibhedlela sezengqondo. Umcwaningi we-Musk ubuhlakani obuphawule:
"Bathe ukukhala kwezilwane ezifakwe amaphuzu, kuxutshaniswe nokukhala kwabagula ngengqondo, bekungabekezeleleki."Ngakho-ke, "ukukhala okungenamkhawulo, ukubhoboza imvelo".
Ngo-1894 kwaphawulwa ukuvela kwemisebenzi emibili - "ukuvuvu" kanye "nentombazane nokufa". Womabili ama-paintings ahlanganisa izehlakalo ezihlukile. Ngakho-ke, ekuvuthweni "ekuvuthweni" kwabancane, buthaka, isithunzi esimnyama, esimnyama, esasatshiswa ubunqunu bakhe, besaba ubunqunu bakhe.
Emsebenzini 'wentombazane nokufa', ubuhle obukhulisayo baqabule ukufa kwamathambo, bamthatha njengomngane ongcono. Ukuphikiswa okunjalo kuyinto yesimanje.
Imidwebo ye-Munk eyenziwe ngezinhlobo ezahlukahlukene: imidwebo, ukubukeka komhlaba, namanje impilo. Ngesikhathi sekwephuzile, umsebenzi wakhe waba nomugqa, futhi iziza zilula. Abalimi kanye nezinkambu bavele kwizindwangu zakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
I-Edward Munk ayishadanga futhi ayinazo izingane, kepha yaziwa ngamanoveli akhe ama-3.
Ngo-1885, wahlangana noMillie Taulov. Le ntombazane yashada, ngakho-ke akazange anakekele insizwa ngokungathi sína, kodwa ayizange ayilahle. U-Edward wabhekisa othandweni ngokungathi sína: ukusonta inoveli nowesifazane oshadile kwakusho ukuwela zonke izithiyo ezingokwenkolo. Ngakho-ke ngaphandle kokuthola ukuphindisela okuvela ku-milli, iMunch yenqabile ukuyinqoba.
Ngo-1892, umdwebi wajwayelana noStanislav Pherybyshevy, isigxobo, ngobuzwe, nonkosikazi wakhe wesikhathi esizayo dagney yul. Le ntombazane yaba yi-mug yeMulka, yasisebenzisa kaningi isithombe sayo emibhalweni. Abaphenyi bayalivuma ithuba lokuthi kwakukhona ubudlelwane bothando phakathi kwabantu abasha.
Okubuhlungu kakhulu kwakuyinoveli ne-tolla (matilda) larsen, eyaqala ngo-1898. Ekuqaleni, ubudlelwano babo babubushelelezi, owesifazana waseqala ukuguquguquka ngokuthambekela. Ngo-1902, wezwa ukubanda kothandekayo wakhe futhi wasongela ukuzibulala. Ethukile, u-Edward weza kuye.
Ezinsukwini ezimbalwa kamuva, kwavela ukuxabana phakathi kwabo, ngenxa yalokho kudubule isandla. Ngokusho kwenguqulo ejwayelekile, uTulla wayefuna ukudubula, futhi umculi emizamweni yokuhlwitha ecindezelwe ecindezelwe kwi-trigger. Le ndoda yangeniswa esibhedlela, futhi kulobu buhlobo baphela.
Kuze kube sekufeni empilweni yomuntu siqu kaMukka, owesifazane owayemthandayo akazange avele.
Ukushona
Lo mculi wayenempilo ebuthaka, nokho, ngo-1918, iSpanishi iyisisekelo, esacekela phansi izigidi zabantu. Ngo-1930, cishe izimpumputhe ngenxa ye-hemorrhage emzimbeni we-vitreous welitho lokunene, kepha azange ayeke ukupenda.
Inyanga ngemuva kosuku lokuzalwa lwayo lwe-80, ngo-1944, kwafa umculi. Isithombe sakhe esimnandi sigcinwa emnyuziyamu we-minka e-Oslo.
Ngemuva kokufa kwe-spencist, yonke imidwebo yathunyelwa embusweni. Izinkulungwane zama-canvases kawoyela kanye nemidwebo yanamuhla yakha inchazelo esemnyuziyamu ye-mink.
Ukushiwo ngomculi kutholakala ezincwadini zobuciko namafilimu. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1974, ifilimu elithi "Edward Munk", likhuluma ngeminyaka yokwakhiwa kwe-spencist.
Imidwebo
- 1886 - "Intombazane Egulayo"
- Ngo-1892 - "Ukuphelelwa yithemba"
- Ngo-1893 - "Creek"
- Ngo-1893 - "Ukufa egumbini lesiguli"
- Ngo-1894 - "Madonna"
- Ngo-1894 - "Sidel"
- Ngo-1895 - "Vampire"
- Ngo-1895 - "Umhawu"
- Ngo-1896 - "izwi" ("ehlobo ebusuku")
- 1897 - "Kiss"
- 1900 - "Umdanso Wempilo"
- 1902 - "Iminyaka Emine Empilweni"
- Ngo-1908 - "Ukuzikhandla okumelene nesibhakabhaka esiluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka"
- Ngo-1915 - "ebufakazini obufayo" ("umkhuhlane")
- Ngo-1919 - "Ukuzikhandla ngemuva komkhuhlane waseSpain"