I-Biograge
Umbhali wamanoveli ajabulisayo we-adventure umhlanga wehlulekile ukujabulela ukuthandwa empilweni ephelele. Incwadi eyodwa kuphela kusuka kumphakathi ka-60 othandwa ngempela - "umgibeli wehhashi ngaphandle kwekhanda." I-biography yomlobi inothile emicimbini, eyalandela ngemuva kwalokho ekhasini lemisebenzi. Kodwa-ke, yize amandla okubonisa imibala imibala yangempela ephepheni, umhlanga omkhulu ushonile umuntu olahlekile, ogulayo nampofu.Ubuntwana nentsha
UThomas Main Reed wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 4, 1818 edolobhaneni elincane lase-Ireland laseBallishoi. Ukhuphuke emndenini wezenkolo: Ubaba uThomas Main Rid-Senior wakhonza esontweni lamaPresbyterian ngumfundisi, futhi umama u-Anne mhlanga wayeyindodakazi yompristi, bobabili amaScots.
Igama elithi Thomas Main Boy litholwe lapho libhapathizwa, ukuhlonipha umkhulu omkhulu. Njengoba uyise abizwa nangokuthi uThomas Main, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo "olahlekile" igama lokuqala - ukuze kube lula, ukuze kube lula ukudideka. Kusukela ebuntwaneni, umhlanga omkhulu wayazi ubumpofu buyini. Abazali kwadingeka basebenze kakhulu ukuze bangabulawa yindlala. Umfana futhi akazange aqhubeke nomsebenzi ongcolile. Kamuva kwamsiza ukuba ajwayele izimo ezinzima zensimu futhi adale umsebenzi wezempi ophumelelayo.
Ubaba wayefuna eyami ukuya ezinyathelweni zakhe futhi waba umpristi. Ngakho-ke, ngoSepthemba 1834, umfana wangena kwi-Royal Academic Insta yeBelfast. Lapho, wafunda iminyaka emine, kepha akakaze athole amandla okuqedela imfundo. UReed wabuyela edolobhaneni lakubo futhi waqala ukufundisa esikoleni.
Ngo-December 1839, uMain wahlala emkhunjini e-Damfris, kwathi ezinyangeni ezimbili kamuva wanyakaza eNew Orleans, eLouisiana. Lapha, umlobi wesikhathi esizayo wathola i-courier efektri yommbila, kwesinye isikhathi wayethengisa amahlazo emakethe. Ezinyangeni eziyisithupha kamuva, wasuka emzini ngenxa yokuphathwa ngesihluku kwezigqila: bona, njengezilwane, bashaya iziswebhu zabo, benqatshelwe ukugeza. Le micimbi yaboniswa kwi "Quarkonka" yaseRoma, yabhalwa ngo-1856.
Ukusuka eNew Orleans, uReed wathuthela eTennessee, lapho asebenza khona njengomfundisi. Ekupheleni kuka-1840, wavula isikole sangasese eNashville.
Izincwadi Nezempi Nezempi
Ekupheleni kuka-1842, okuyinhloko yathuthela ePittsburgh, ePennsylvania, futhi yaqala umsebenzi wokubhala. Le nsizwa yabhala izindaba ngokuhamba kwakhe eMelika, yanyatheliswa e "Pittsburgh Morning Chronicle" Ngaphansi kwe-scholyar empofu ye-pseudonym. Futhi emakhasini ephephandaba iphephandaba uchungechunge lwezinkondlo "Izigcawu ezivela eWest Indies" zivele.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1843, umlobi wathuthela ePhiladelphia. Waqhubeka nokushicilela kumaphephabhuku ("incwadi ka-Godey Lady", "umagazini kaGraham", "Magazine National Magazine", ecashile ngemuva kwe-pseudonym efanayo nasePittsburgh. Kwakulapha, ePhiladelphia, umhlanga omkhulu wahlangana nemfihlakalo u-Edgar u-Allan. Lesi sakamuva sibize umlingani wakhe "i-Colossal, kepha amanga amahle", ngaleyo ndlela egcizelela amandla akhe okuchaza ngokwethembekile imicimbi emangalisayo kakhulu.
Entwasahlobo yango-1846, lapho impi iqala phakathi kweMexico ne-United States, umhlanga, uReved wasebenza njenge-New York Herald Collerent futhi enyatheliswa ngaphansi kwe-pseudonym yendawo yokuzivocavoca.
NgoNovemba 23 wonyaka ofanayo, main wangena ezikhundleni zokuzithandela zokuzithandela ze-New York esigabeni seLieutenant. Izinyanga eziningana, amabutho ahlala esiqhingini saseLobos, wabe esehlanganyela ekuvinjezelweni kwedolobha laseMexico laseVeracrus. Ephephandabeni "Umoya Wezikhathi" wayevame ukubonakala ezindabeni ze-Gymm Gymnasian ngezinto ezenzeka. Babenegama elithi "ukucula izindaba".
NgoSepthemba 13, 1847, empini ye-Chapuldepec, umhlanga omkhulu wathola inxeba elinzima ethangeni. Ama-Arms Comrade anquma ukuthi umlobi wabulawa. Cishe ngosuku aluchitha ensimini phakathi kwezidumbu, lisinda ekuhlaseleni kwabaphangi ngaphambi kokutholwa futhi bangeniswa esibhedlela. Ngesibindi, kuboniswe empini, le ndoda yasukuma eya ekatikapute. NgoMeyi 5, 1848, uReed washiya phansi wabuyela eNew York.
Inkomba yalandela impumelelo yokuqala ebhalwe phansi. Ngo-Okthoba wonyaka ofanayo, esiteji se-Walnat Street Theatre ukuze kuhlwa kusihlwa ama-5 adlale inhlekelele "ngokufezekwa kothando", okubhalwe phambili phambili impi. NgoJuni 27, 1849, ukukhanya kwabona le ndaba "impilo yezempi, noma isikhulu se-adventure sokukhanya kwezinsana" ngempilo yokuphila ezimpini. Umngani ka-Reed, uDonn Piatt, wawuphawuleka njengombhali ongenakubi, ukuqonda ngokubuhlungu:
"Inoveli yokuqala yomhlanga oyinhloko wabhala endlini yami ahlala khona ubusika. Waqhamuka empini yaseMexico, ehlotshiswe ngesilonda esindayo futhi embozwe yinkazimulo enesibindi sobudlova embuthweni wethu omncane. Lapho enganendaba namantombazane akhe amahle futhi akazange agxume ku-mare wami, wabhala inoveli yayo eyenzeka eMexico nasemngceleni waseMexico. Kusihlwa, usifundela inhloko yale noveli (wayengumfundi omuhle), futhi uma bekungabhalwanga ngokwanele, ngombono wakhe, kudunyiswe, ngentukuthelo walala, izinsuku ezimbalwa akazange abuyele izimpaphe futhi zaxosha i-mare nge-jump yakhe yasendle. Ngabona lokho ukuze ngisindise iJenny nerdy yami, udinga ukudumisa umsebenzi wakhe. "Isikhulu esididiyeli mhlanga mhlanga sasifuna ukujoyina i-bavaria Revolution, kepha amacebo akhe avinjelwe ukulimala kokulwa nokuntuleka kwemali. Esikhundleni salokho, wabuyela ekhaya e-Ireland, kwathi ngawo-1850 wafika eLondon, lapho anyathelisa khona inoveli yakhe yokuqala ebalulekile "amaVolnaya Arrows."
Umsebenzi ikakhulukazi ngokuzenzakalela. Umlingisi ophambili, uCaptain Haller, ubamba iqhaza eMpini YeseMexico. Ngakho-ke, ayikho indaba encwadini, ikakhulukazi iqukethe imidwebo namaqiniso athakazelisayo avela empilweni yamasosha.
Ukuze le noveli Landela "abazingeli be-scalp", "uhlala ogwadule", "ufuna i-bison emhlophe". Umsebenzi wokugcina ubhalwe ohlotsheni lwamanothi wemvelo. Imicimbi yenzeka eLouisiana. AmaSuites avela eFrance, ubaba nakumadodana amathathu, kufanele athole isikhumba senyathi emhlophe. Akunakwenzeka ukuyithenga noma kuphi, ngakho abafowethu banquma ukuthola isilwane uqobo babulale. Bagcwele le ndaba neziza ezinhle: ngokwesibonelo, abafana banesikhwama sobuhlalu, lapho amandla angaqondakali alethwe khona.
Imisebenzi yokuqala yomhlanga oyinhloko yenza idume emibuthanweni emincane. Ngakho-ke, uTheodore Roosevelt, ikusasa likaMongameli wesikhathi esizayo se-United States laqothula umsebenzi wombhali we-novice. Kamuva, waba ngumlandeli omkhulu we-Novelist.
Eminyakeni eyishumi ezayo, uReed wabhala imisebenzi engama-23. Phakathi kwazo, inoveli ye-adventure engokomlando ethi "ecole, umholi wama-seminols" angahlukaniswa (ifilimu elithi "ocole" liphume ku-GDR ngo-1971), indaba ye- "Sea Voltchonok, noma uhambo oluya osukwini lukaThamy", Kanye nokuqhubeka kwe- "elahlekile olwandle", izindaba zijikeleza e-Afrika, zihlotshiswe ngemifanekiso ekhanyayo, "igilavu emhlophe" yaseRoma "mayelana neNgilandi ngosuku lwe-1640-1641.
Ngo-1865, inoveli, ikhazimulisa umhlanga oyinhloko, - "" I-Horseman engenakhanda. " Ngokokuqala ngqa empilweni yakhe, umbhali wathola imali enkulu. Angazi ukuthi uzisebenzise kanjani ngokwezomnotho, watshala imali kumaphrojekthi angajwayelekile: Ukuthuthukiswa kwedolobhana laseJahads-Cross, kwakhiwa kabusha impahla yaseMexico. Ukwakha yonke imali, ngoNovemba 1866, umhlanga waqothuka. Ukwazi ukuxazulula ngokwengeziwe noma ngaphansi kokuxazulula ubunzima bezezimali ngoJanuwari 1867.
Lapho bephishekela udumo lwangaphambilini, umlobi wasuka eLondon waya eMelika futhi wasungula umagazini kamagazini kamagazini. Imisebenzi yakhe emisha ayizange ivimbele izilaleli. Ngokwengxenye ngenxa yenkinga yezinzwa, ukulimala okudala kwethanga kwavutha. Lesi sifo besibucayi, futhi wachitha uhhafu wonyaka esibhedlela. Ngo-1870, isazi se-Novelost sabuyela eLondon, sahlazeka ngokuswela isithakazelo emsebenzini wakhe.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1851, lapho uRida kaikhulu wayeneminyaka engama-33 ubudala, wahlangana no-Elizabeth Heid, indodakazi yakhe yommemezeli wakhe. Ngemuva kwalokho le ntombazane yayineminyaka engu-13 kuphela ubudala, ngakho-ke akazange anake umbhali wabantu abadala abangaphumelelanga. Edayareni yakhe wabhala:
"Ngesinye isikhathi kusihlwa, uCaptain Main Reed wayeyisimenywa endlini ka-anti woper. Ngaphambi kwalo kusihlwa akukhumbuli, angizwanga ngisho negama lakhe. "
Futhi umbhali wathandana nentombazane ebhekisisa. Iminyaka engu-2, umhlanga esekufune indawo ka-Elizabeth, kwathi ngo-1853 lo mbhangqwana washada. Abalingani bebengahlanganyeli izintshisakalo ezifanayo, futhi umshado wabo wawubonakala sengathi uzokwehluleka. Intombazane ibingazi ukuthi bazimele kanjani ngokuzimela umnotho, futhi kwakungekho makhanda kwabasebenzi benkonzo emndenini. Noma kunjalo, uHeid wahlala ethembekile kumyeni wakhe kwaze kwafika izinsuku zokugcina zokuphila kwakhe. Babengenazo izingane.
Iminyaka yokugcina nokufa
Ngo-1870, ngemuva kokubuyela eLondon, umhlanga wawucindezelekile. Ukuhlangenwe nakho okuqotho kwakhulisa izinhlungu ethangeni. Umlobi ophindaphindwayo wabuyela ebukhwini, wabhala amanoveli, kepha akekho noyedwa kubo owakhumbula imiphakathi yaseYurophu neyaseMelika. Ekugcineni, wawela ukudangala, okuyinhloko wanquma ukungalwa nobuhlungu futhi wakhubazeka. Eminyakeni eyi-10 edlule yokuphila, akakwazanga ukuhamba ngaphandle kwendunduma.
Umhlanga oyinhloko ushonile ngo-Okthoba 22, 1883, ngonyaka wama-66 wokuphila, eLondon. Ithuna lakhe lisendaweni yasemathuneni eluhlaza.
Ngemuva kokufa, ukuthandwa komlobi eMdabubeni Britain enkulu nase-United States akuzange kwandise, kepha amaqoqo akhe emibhalo athengwa e-USSR. KwakuseSoviet Union ngo-1973 "I-Horseman ngaphandle kwekhanda" yavikelwa. Kuliqiniso, ifilimu eyinhloko yomhlanga inmisiwe.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1849 - "Impilo yezempi, noma i-adventures of Officer Light Izinsana"
- Ngo-1850 - "" IVolnaya Arrows "
- Ngo-1853 - "Ukufuna I-White Bison"
- Ngo-1856 - "Quarternka"
- Ngo-1859 - "I-Otzole, induna yamaSeminols"
- Ngo-1859 - "Sea Voltchonok"
- Ngo-1864 - "elahlekile olwandle"
- Ngo-1864 - "Igilavu Emhlophe"
- Ngo-1865 - "I-Horseman ngaphandle kwekhanda"
- Ngo-1866 - "I-bandolo noma umshado ezintabeni"
- Ngo-1868 - "Mfazi ntombazane"
- Ngo-1872 - "Umunwe Wendlela"
- Ngo-1877 - "I-Madunger Mustanger"
- 1882 - "Intaba elahlekile"