I-Biograge
"Onke-inyunyana emdala", usihlalo we-presidium woMkhandlu Ophakeme wezwe, "inhloko ye-USSR" UMikhail Kalinin wayengumuntu ogqamile, kodwa onqabile. Emisebenzini yokuguqula okusebenzayo, waboshwa amahlandla ayi-14, wabonisa isithakazelo esandayo kuma-ballerinas we-Bolshoi Theatre, kodwa wakwazi ukushiya inkumbulo yakhe iminyaka eminingi ngamagama amadolobha, emigwaqweni, amanyuvesi.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMikhail Ivanovich Kalenin wazalwa ngo-7 (19) ngonyaka we-77) edolobhaneni likaZiqu-zintathu ophezulu wesifundazwe saseTver (manje - esifundeni saseKashinsky sesifunda saseTver). Emndenini ka-Ivan Kalinovich noMaria Vasilyevna, umfana waba izibulo, futhi ngokushesha wafanele azivumelanise nezimo emsebenzini omkhulu onzima.
Kufika eminyakeni eyi-11 ubudala, uMikhail uthole imfundo yasekhaya, khona-ke esikoleni sokuqala saseZemsky. Uhlelo lwenzelwe iminyaka emine, waliqonda ezimbili, ngithole iphepha elincomekayo lapho lidedelwa ngolwazi nokuziphatha ngenkuthalo.
Ngolunye usuku umfana, ehamba ezungeze isifunda somakhelwane, wahlangana nezingane ezingajwayelekile - egqoke izingubo ezihlanzekile, ezihlanza futhi zahlanganiswa. Ubaba wabo wayengumuntu ojwayelekile, uNoblenger Dmitry Petrovich Morduhlai-Boltsky. Umama kaMikhail, efunde ngenzuzo enkulu, wafika efeni laseTetkovo, lapho umndeni wawuphila khona, nomsebenzi wahlekiswa indodana yakhe ngezinyembezi. Ngakho-ke inguquko yesikhathi esizayo yangena kubo ukuyokhonza i-lacey.
Ngo-1889, abanini bomhlaba bathutha uKalinin baye eSt. Petersburg, ngaleyo ndlela bamnika ithikithi emhlabeni. Lapha, endlini kaMordukhai Bolotovski, kwatholakala umtapo wezincwadi ocebile. Amabutho avumela umfana athathe izincwadi, futhi yena, othambekele ekutholeni ulwazi, afunde amakhasi ngemuva kokunye, ekuqaleni esanda kufunda izincwadi zakudala zomhlaba, izingxoxo zefilosofi kanye nezenkolo yefilosofi ngokweSocrates.
Ngo-1893, uMikhail Kalenin wangena emfungweni wetayela ethekwini enesitshalo esidala se-Arsenal Troncron, ngemuva kweminyaka emibili waya ePutilovsky Starp futhi wajoyina inhlangano engaphansi komhlaba yokuzilolongo. NgoJulayi 1899, waboshwa ngezinsolo zokusabalalisa amapheshana 'okuqukethwe okucasulayo ". Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi abukho ubufakazi balokhu kucatshangwa, uKaliinina nabangane bakhe babedingiselwe kuTiflis.
Ebusheni benguquko, umlingisi ovumayo wahlanekezelwa, ngakho-ke ukuboshwa akuzange kukholise ukuyeka ukuguga. Usuvele kusixhumanisi, wajoyina i-Tiflis Social Democratic Organisation futhi wahlangana noGeorgia ngoKicnated Koba, ikusasa likaJoseph Stalin. Kamuva, ngo-1901, ngesikhathi saseKalinin sishaye njengomhleli, ngabulwa enqabeni yeMetekh, bese ngithumela ukumbulula (manje - Tallinn).
Sebebonke, uMikhail Ivanovich's Biography babeboshwe abangu-14, akekho noyedwa, awuzange uhole esiphethweni sangempela.
Umsebenzi kanye nenguquko
Ukuguqulwa kokuqala kweRussia ka-1905 kwaba ngumcimbi omkhulu empilweni kaMikhail Kalenin. Le nsizwa yahlangana noVladimir Lenin futhi yenza umbono omuhle kulowo mbono omnandi. UKalinin wafaka izinga lokuhamba ngentando yeningi ye-bolsheviks: umuntu ovela ekilasini elisebenzayo, owaziyo ukuthi ungathandana futhi aqinisekise kanjani isixuku, wawazi kahle umbono weKarl Marx.
Ngesikhathi sokuvukelwa kukaFebhuwari ka-1917, uKalinin wafakazela ukuthi lowo muntu wafakazelwa kuye ukuthi ahole abantu: Walibeka ikholomu yababonisi ejele "iziphambano". Ngenxa yalokho kuhlasela, zonke iziboshwa - ababulali, abadlwenguli, abaphangi baphume benkululeko. Kwaphela amasonto ambalwa, petrigrad yaba maphakathi nobugebengu.
UMikhail Ivanovich wabamba iqhaza lapho kulungiswa i-Okthoba Revolution, imihlangano eminingana yokufaka uVladimir Lenin echithwa efulethini likaKalinin. Ngo-1918, inguquko yaqala ukushicilela izindatshana ezikhuluma ngongxisi omncane. Ubize amaBolsheviks ukuthi angajoyina ukuxabana nalesi sigaba, naphezu kokuphambene nalokho, ukunikeza ithuba lokusebenza. U-Lenin wagxeka ngokuqinile uKalinin ngemicabango enjalo:
"Ngivukela kakhulu uComrade Kalinin, ngoba ibhlokhi elinongxobonkulu omncane, ngama-chauvinists - angacabangeki. Lokhu kungukukhaphela kobusoshiyali. "Kungezwakala kuphela lapho kuphakanyiswe izimpikiswano zika-1921, kwazwakala izimpikiswano zikaMikhail Ivanovich. Umphumela waba ukwethulwa kwe-NEP.
Ngo-1919, uKalinina wamisa isikhundla sikasihlalo we-DVI. Ibhubesi elithwele esimweni seMemoiris "labavukuvululo" kuthiwa yilolu hlelo kuye. Ngasikhathi sinye, ngesikhathi sokhetho, washo amagama athi uMikhail Ivanovich's NickName "All-Russian (All-Union) Street" iminyaka eminingi:
"Sizobiza uComrade Kalinin bese sithi kuye:" Eminyakeni eyedlule usuvele wawusemakhaya, futhi manje sengishiywe ukuba ngibe yindawo yokuqala yaseSoviet yonke-ubudala. "Ngemuva kokuqokwa kwesikhundla esiphakeme, yi-lenin ehlathini elibizwa ngokuthi yinhloko yombuso, uKalinin akazange ayeke imisebenzi yezenhlalo. Isibonelo, kwasiza ekuqedeni imiphumela yendlala esifundeni saseVolga esalandela impi yombango. Ngo-1923, kanye neClemet, uVoroshilov wahamba eNyakatho Caucasus ukucacisa izinqubomgomo zikahulumeni waseSoviet kubahlali bendawo.
Ukuze uthole izeluleko nangosizo ku-Revolutionary, abantu namandla nalo babephathwa. Ngakho-ke, ngo-1932, lapho kuxazululwa kombuzo wokuxoshwa kwemindeni engama-38 eyizinkulungwane ezingama-38, okwakhishwa emapulazini ahlangene, ngombono kaKaliinina abunakucaciswa. Futhi umbono unje:
"Ngikubheka njengokuthi akunangqondo okunjalo."Futhi sekuqalile, kukhanseliwe.
NgoDisemba 1, 1934, uMikhail Ivanovich wasayina isimemezelo ekwenzeni izinguquko kwikhodi yenqubo yobugebengu. Eqinisweni lezi zinguquko, zivunyelwe ngokusemthethweni ukucindezelwa. Kamuva, ngesikhathi sokujeziswa ngobuningi obunonya, inani labantu laya kosizo kuKalinin. Waphendula:
"Umkami uqobo uyaboshwa, futhi angikwazi ukumsiza. Futhi angikwazi ukukusiza. "Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1906, uMikhail Ivanovich wathatha i-Ekaterina Ivanovna Lornberg, e-Estonka ngobuzwe. Emndenini, okungenakwenzeka ukubiza injabulo, kwazalwa izingane ezinhlanu.
Indodana yokuqala uValeriya yazalwa ngonyaka we-1907. UKalinin wayengeyena ubaba wakhe wendabuko. UValeryan uthweswe iziqu eLeningrad Polytechnic Institute, ekuqaleni kweminyaka yo-1930 washada, indodana yavela. Ngo-1935, umfana ushonile. Ngemuva kwalokho, ubaba onenhliziyo esheshayo waqala izinkinga nge-psyche nango-1947 wazibulala.
U-Alexander wazalwa ngo-1908, naye waphothula iziqu eLeningrad Polytechnic Institute. Ngemuva kokukhululwa, ngahlanganiswa nomshado nendodakazi kaMokidi wabantu baseNatalia Gukovskaya. Babengenazo izingane. Ushone eneminyaka engama-80, esimweni sokuthi ukhetho lwesayensi yezobuchwepheshe.
Indodakazi kaLinina Lydia (1912) no-Ana (1916) impilo enikele yezokwelapha. Enye kwakungu-Therapist, enye - i-X-ray. ILydia ukuphela kwengane eyayingayeki ukuxhumana nomama okhuzisayo. Ngemuva kokunqoba okukhulu ngo-1945, kanye noCatherine Ivanovna bahlala eMoscow.
Indodakazi yesihlanu, uJulia, yafa ngemuva nje kokuvela kokukhanya.
Ngaphezu kwempilo yomndeni, uMikhail Kalinina wayenokunye, imfihlo. Encwadini ethi "Kremlin Goats. Ukuvuma kwenkosikazi kaStalin "uVera Davydova, eduze komholi, wabhala ukuthi inguquko yayiphefumula ngokungalingani kuma-ballerinas we-Bolshanei yaseshashalazini.
"UMikhail Ivanovich wabanikeza ushokoledi, egqoke izingubo zangaphansi ezingenisiwe, amenyelwe esidlweni sakusihlwa. Ekubalweni kwezipho, azange zenqabe ngenkululeko encane nangokuqabula entanyeni, "kubhala uDaviddov.Ukukholwa kukaBhelin kwatshela u-Vera nokubulawa kwakhe, okwathikanayo uKalinin kwakungu-Uvarov kuye: umdanso oneminyaka engu-16 ubudala wenqabile ukuguqulwa kokuthandana, kwathi ngemuva kwalokho watholakala eshonile, futhi nabazali babo babehlotshiswe ngezinhloli futhi bacindezelwa.
Ngo-1938, kwaziwa ukuthi umguquki odlwengule wadlwengula isihlobo esineminyaka engu-16 ubudala uMashal Alexander Elorova. Ukuqhubeka kwecala kwaholela kuJoseph Stalin. Abanecala kulesi sigameko baqashelwa ngumkaKaliinina, uCatherine, bathi, akazange abambele umyeni wakhe. Umenyezelwe i-counter-agculmary futhi wathumela iminyaka engu-15 ekamu. UCatherine wabuya ngemuva kweminyaka engu-7.5 eya kumlingani ofayo.
Ukushona
Ngo-1945, uMikhail Kalinina watholakala ene-Oncology. Ukusebenza ukususa isimila akusizanga. Inguquko yaphendukela ku-stalin ngesicelo sokukhulula umkakhe ekamu ukuze isize ekusindeni ebuhlungwini obubi. Umholi waxolela uCatherine, nangaphambi kokufa kwakhe wayeseduze komngane wakhe womshado.
UMikhail Ivanovich ushone ngoJuni 3, 1946 emdlavuza wamathumbu. Ezinsukwini ezintathu kamuva, ibhokisi lehliswa udonga lweKremlin ethuneni.
Ukukhumbula
- Ukuhlonipha uMikhail Kalinina, amagama amadolobha aseKaliningrad (owayenguKonigsberg), uKoninn (manje - i-Tver), Kalininsbad (MANJE - Leavacand), amaKalininsk nezinye izindawo eziningi;
- Kuze kube ngu-1990, esinye seziteshi ze-MOSCOW Metro negatsha labizwa ngokuthi "Kalininskaya" (manje "manje" Aleksandrovsky Garden "). Esiteshini kusami ukugcwala kwenguquko, futhi igatsha ligcinile igama laso;
- EKaliningrad, isiteshi sinesikhumbuzo samamitha ayi-10 kuMikhail Ivanovich ngesandla eseluliwe;
- Kusukela ngo-2013, izikhungo ezingama-3,358 - Izikwele, izigcawu, amathemba, ama-Pollys aqanjwe ngegama likaKalinin;
- ESt. Petersburg, kwagcinwa izakhiwo ezintathu, lapho uKalinin ahlala khona. Inombolo edume kakhulu - inombolo yendlu yokhuni 92a e-Ul. Izingeli. Ngokwe-Plaquel yeSikhumbuzo, "kule ndlu efulethini m.i. UKalinin ngo-Okthoba 1917 v.i. ULenin waqhuba imihlangano yeqembu lapho kulungiswa ukuvukela okuhlomile. " Ukwahlulela ngesithombe sanamuhla, isakhiwo sabuyiselwa. Manje kunesikhungo somusa samaJuda.