I-Biograge
UFrederick Stal ungenye yezibalo ezibaluleke kakhulu ezincwadini zomhlaba. Akuwona kuphela umbhali wamanoveli, ama-biografikhi, ama-aphorisms kanye nemijikelezo yamanothi okuhamba e-Italy, enikelwe ezindaweni ezahlukahlukene zokuphila, kodwa futhi nomsunguli we "novels psychical", lapho kwaqala ukuqondiswa isimo sezwe langaphakathi womuntu ojwayelekile nezinkinga zakhe.Ubuntwana nentsha
UMarie Henri Bale (leli igama langempela lomlobi) wazalwa ngoJanuwari 23, 1783 edolobhaneni elincane laseGrenoble eningizimu-mpumalanga yeFrance. Uyise uSheruben Bale wayengummeli. Umama kaHenrietta Bale ushonile ngesikhathi umfana eneminyaka engu-7 kuphela ubudala. Ukukhuliswa kwendodana kwehla emahlombe kababa no-anti.
Kepha babengenabo ubuhlobo obufudumele bokuthembana. Umkhulu uHangan Hanon waba ngumeluleki nothisha ngekusasa lomlobi odumile waseFrance. Quote Stal ngaye:
"Ngakhuliswa ngokuphelele ngugogo wami omuhle uHenri Ganon. Le ndoda engavamile ngasikhathi sinye yenza uhambo ngamaqhinga ukubona i-voltaire, futhi yamukelwa ngokuphelele. "Umfana weza esikoleni sendawo ephakathi nendawo enomthwalo omkhulu wolwazi. Imfundo yasekhaya, lo mkhulu, wayemuhle kangangokuba uMarie-Henri wabanjwa kuwo iminyaka emi-3 kuphela. Esikoleni, wakunaka kakhulu kwi-Latin, isayensi nefilosofi enembile. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wabuka eduze inguquko enkulu yaseFrance futhi eqinisa uNapoleon Bonaparte.
Ngo-1799, indawo yokuhlala ishiya isikole futhi ihambela eParis. Inhloso yakhe ekuqaleni yangenwa esikoleni sasePolytechnic, kepha imibono yokuvuselela ayizange ishiye ingqondo. Ngakho-ke, le nsizwa iya enkonzweni ebuthweni lempi, lapho ithola khona isihloko sokungabikho. Ngemuva kwesikhashana, ngenxa yobudlelwano bengane, umbhali uhunyushelwa e-Italy. Kusukela kulokhu, uthando lwaleli lizwe luqala, oluzokhukhula ngayo yonke impilo yakhe futhi lube ngesinye sezihloko eziphambili zomsebenzi wakhe.
Ngesinye isikhathi, uMari-Henry uhambele eJalimane nase-Austria. Uhambo ngalunye luphawulwe ngokuhola kwamanothi, lapho kuchazwe khona ubuciko ngokuningiliziwe, ikakhulukazi umculo, ukupenda nezinkondlo. Ingxenye yesithathu yalawa manothi alahleka ngokungenakuphikiswa lapho ewela iBeresin.
Kodwa-ke, ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, isimo sishintsha kakhulu. I-Standal iye yadumazeka: Izinqubomgomo zikaNapoleon empeleni zaphumelela ngokuphelele. Ngakho-ke, unquma ukuyeka empini futhi abuyele eFrance. Emva kwalokho, umbhali ulungisisiwe eParis. Inikela isikhathi sayo ekufundweni kwe-philology (kufaka phakathi isiNgisi), kanye nefilosofi.
Ukudala
Ngemuva kokuthi uNapoleon awela, ubukhosi be-bourbon wabuyela esihlalweni sobukhosi saseFrance. I-Standal yenqabile ukuqaphela la mandla, ngakho-ke ishiya izwe lakubo namaqabunga eMilan. Lapho uzohlala iminyaka engu-7. Ngalesi sikhathi, kuvela imisebenzi yokuqala yombhali, kuvela imisebenzi yokuqala yombhali: "UGaidna, uMozart kanye neMetastasio impilo", "umlando wokupenda e-Italy", "iRoma, eNaples naseFlorence ngo-1817". Ngakho-ke kwavela i-pseudonym, eqinisweni, okuyidolobha laseJohann WINELMAN - I-Pilddal. Izofika esiqondisweni esingokoqobo kuphela kuma-20s.
Ngesikhathi sokuphila kwakhe e-Italy, ukuma wakwazi ukusondela emphakathini wezimbali. Kepha ngenxa yokushushiswa okwakudingeka ngibuyele ezweni lakusasa. Ekuqaleni, izinto zahamba kabi: idumela elingathandeki laliphathiswe umbhali, ngoba amahemuhemu angajulile ayefinyelele eFrance nabamele ama-carbonaties ama-carbonaties. Umlobi kwadingeka aziphathe ngokucophelela ngangokunokwenzeka ukuze aqhubeke nemisebenzi ebhaliwe. Ngo-1822, incwadi ethi "Othandweni", iguqula umbono wobuntu bombhali.
I-Armans Resupy Roman "Armans" yanyatheliswa ngo-1827, kwathi eminyakeni embalwa - inoveli "vanina vanini", etshela ngocwaningo olunqatshelwe lwendodakazi ye-Aristocrat yase-Italiyane kanye nalowo oboshwe i-carbonaar. Kunezikhangiso zango-1961, eziqondiswe nguRoberto RossHllini. Eduze kwalo mkhiqizo yi- "Abbatetes of Castro", esezincwadini zase-Italy.
Ngo-1830, ama-Stal abhala elinye lamanoveli akhe adume kakhulu - "obomvu nomnyama". Indaba leyo yayisuselwa endabeni eye yawa emakhasini amaphephandaba esigabeni seziKronike zezobugebengu. Yize umsebenzi kamuva wabizwa ngokuthi ama-classics, empeleni, kwakunzima ukumelana nakho. Akazange abe nomsebenzi waphakade nemali eyayinomthelela omubi ekuthuleni kwakhe kwengqondo. Namuhla, inoveli idume kakhulu, yayithathwa ama-movie ama-movie nama-serials.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, impilo entsha iqala ngomlobi. Ungena kwinkonzo eya kummeli wamathayi, ngemuva kwalokho okudluliselwa ku-CivilITavekki, lapho umlobele khona azohlala khona impilo yakhe yonke. Wayelahla izincwadi. Umsebenzi uthathe isikhathi esiningi, futhi idolobha alizange linikeze ugqozi lobuciko. Umsebenzi obaluleke kakhulu ngalesi sikhathi waba yi- "Parm Resident" - Inoveli yokugcina eqediwe, eshicilelwe ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali. Isifo esikhula ngokushesha sathatha amabutho okugcina.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Empilweni yomuntu siqu, umbhali wayengenenhlanhla enkulu. Abesifazane abahlangane bemi indlela yokuphila, abahlalanga isikhathi eside isikhathi eside. Wayenothando olukhulu, kepha imizwa yakhe yayivame ukuhlala ingafanele. Umbhali wayengafuni ukuba nokuzihlupha ngamabongo omshado, ngoba bekuvele kuhlangene ngokuqinile nezincwadi. Wayengenazo izingane.
Ukufakwa okujulile enhliziyweni yombhali kwashiya umlingani we-General Yana Denovsky (Pole ngobuzwe) - UMatilda Wisconti. Nguye onikezelwe encwadini ethi "Othandweni". UMatilda wayeqala ukubanda maqondana ne-bale, kwalinda ilangabi ngaphakathi kuye. Akukaziwa ukuthi le ndaba izophela kanjani, kepha i-stal yaphoqeleka ukuba iye eNgilandi, ifihlekile kwiziphathimandla. IWiscontia iyafa ngalesi sikhathi. Wayeneminyaka engamashumi amathathu nanhlanu.
Ukushona
Njalo ngonyaka inoveli yaqala ukuba yimbi kakhulu. Odokotela bathi bathola i-Syphilis kuye, benqatshelwe ukudlula ngaphesheya komuzi bagcine ipeni lokubhala lisebenza. Bhala izincwadi ngokuzimela u-Standal akasenakusaba, udinga usizo. Ngakho-ke, ubeka imisebenzi yakhe ukuthi ayidlulisele ephepheni. Izidakamizwa ezinqunyiwe kancane kancane zathatha amandla okugcina. Kepha ngesonto ngaphambi kosuku olubulalayo, okufa kuvunyelwe ukuya eParis, kusho ukuvalelisa.
I-Standal ishonile enhlokodolobha yaseFrance, lapho ihamba emigwaqweni yedolobha, ngo-1842. Ngemfihlakalo, ngokwami ngokwami ngibikezela ukufa okunjalo eminyakeni embalwa ngaphambi kwalokho. Namuhla, imbangela yososayensi bokufa ikhombisa unhlangothi. Kwakuwukuvunguza kwesibili, ngakho umzimba awukwazanga ukuma. ETestamente lakhe, umlobi waveza owokugcina ozohlosile itshe lethuna. Kufanele kube ne-epitaph e-Italian:
"Arrigo Bale. Milanese. Wabhala, wangithanda, waphila. "Intando yesikhathi sokuma senziwa kuphela ngemuva kwesigamu seminyaka, lapho ngikhomba ithuna lakhe emathuneni aseMontmarsre, esifundeni sasenyakatho neParis.
Izilinganiso zokuma ezimile
"Ukuguquguquka kwengqondo kungathatha isikhundla sobuhle." "Akunakwenzeka ukuba kubizwe ngosopolitiki uma ungabi nesineke kanye nekhono lokuvimbela ulaka." "Cishe bonke ububi empilweni buvela emcabangweni wamanga. thina. Ngenxa yalokho, ulwazi olujulile lwabantu kanye nokwahlulela okunengqondo mayelana nemicimbi kusilethela injabulo. "" I-Romanticinticism i-ARTICIACTION yokunikeza abantu imibhalo enjalo yemibhalo nezinkolelo, bangaletha injabulo enkulu kakhulu. "I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1827 - "ARMAMANS"
- Ngo-1829 - "UVanina Vani"
- Ngo-1830 - "Ubomvu noMnyama"
- Ngo-1832 - "Izinkumbulo ze-eguist"
- Ngo-1834 - Lucien Leuven "
- Ngo-1835 - "Impilo kaHenri Blyrara"
- Ngo-1839 - "Lamel"
- Ngo-1839 - "Ukuthandwa ngokweqile Kokubhubhisa"
- Ngo-1839 - "Umhlali we-Parm"