I-Biograge
U-Albrecht Duter ungumculi waseJalimane impumelelo eshiye umkhondo kwisayensi nezobuciko. Wabhala izithombe, wadala imidwebo, ukuqoshwa. Inkosi yayithanda ukufunda iJiyomethri ne-Astronomy, ifilosofi nokuhlelwa kwamadolobha. Imemori yomculi onethalente lobuciko ibalwa ngenani elikhulu lemisebenzi. Umthamo wamagugu ashiywe ngu-Albrecht Durer, aqhathanise namaqoqo rembbrandt kanye leonardo da Vinci.Ubuntwana nentsha
I-ejensi yeRenaissance yazalelwa eNuremberg ngoMeyi 21, 1471 emndenini waseHungary othela eJalimane. Umdwebi wezinhlungu waseJalimane - 3 ingane kusuka ezinganeni eziyi-18 zobucwebecwebe. Ngo-1542, abafowethu abathathu kuphela abahlali abahlali abahlala bephila: I-Albrecht, ama-Exres kanye noHans.
Ngo-1477, u-Albrecht wayesengumfundi wesikole saseLatin, futhi ekhaya wayevame ukusisiza uyise. Umzali wayithanda ithemba lokuthi umfana uzoqhubeka nebhizinisi lomndeni, kodwa umlando weNdodana wawuhlukile. Ithalente lomdwebi wesikhathi esizayo labonakala kusenesikhathi. Lapho esethole ulwazi lokuqala oluvela kuYise, abafowethu babuza ukuthi bafunda e-Engrar naseMupenter Michael Vhoolhemut. UDurer Sr. ukhishwe kafushane futhi wathumela i-Albrecht ngaphansi kogcini weCumier.
Umhlangano kaWolgemut wayedume ngokungenisa nokuthandwa. Insizwa eneminyaka engu-15 ubudala yathatha amakhono okupenda, ukudweba kanye nokuqopha ngokhuni nangethusi. Isidunyane kwakuwukuthi "umfanekiso kaYise".
Kusukela ngo-1490 kuya ku-1494, u-Albrecht wahamba eYurophu, ecebisa ulwazi nokuthola ulwazi. EColmar, uDürer wasebenza namadodana kaMartin Schongauer, owayengenaso isikhathi sokubamba uphila. U-Albrecht ubesembuthanweni wabantu bama-jumani nakwizincwadi.
Ohambweni, le nsizwa yathola incwadi evela kuyise eyamemezela ngesivumelwano nomndeni wakwaFrey. Abazali abahle bavuma ukunika indodakazi ka-Agness. Wathola isimo esisha futhi waqala owakhe ibhizinisi.
Ukupenda
Ubuhlakani bukaDudera akunamkhawulo, kanye ne-spectrum yemibono nezintshisakalo. Ukupenda, ukubhala nokudweba sekuphenduke izinkomba eziphambili zomsebenzi. Umdwebi ushiye ifa elibalwe ngamashidi ezithombe ezingama-900. Ngokuya ngevolumu kanye nokwehluka kwemisebenzi, izazi-mlando zobuciko ziqhathanise noLeonardo da Vinci.
UDurer wasebenza njengamalahle, ipensela, izimpaphe zemihlanga, i-watercolor kanye ne-pin yesiliva, ukubeka isithombe njengesinyathelo sokwenza ukwakheka ekhanda ekhoneni. Izihloko zenkolo zidlale indima enkulu emsebenzini kaDürer, ohambelana nezimo zobuciko baleso sikhathi.
Ukucabanga okungekhona okujwayelekile, ukuthambekela kokuthola nokuhlolwa kwavumela i-Master ukuthi ikhule njalo. Omunye wemiyalo yokuqala kwakuwukudweba kwendlu yedolobha laseZebald Schraira. Lapho esefundile ngomsebenzi ophumelelayo womculi, uKurfürst Saxon Friedrich wayichaza umdwebo wakhe, futhi lesi sibonelo salandelwa nguPatricia Nuremberg. UDurer ulandele isiko laseYurophu, elibonisa imodeli ngemuva kwesimo sokubuyiselwa kwezintathu okwesithathu futhi usebenza ngokuningiliziwe ama-nuances amancane esithombe.
Ukuqoshwa kwenziwa endaweni ephakathi nemisebenzi yoMdali. Imijikelezo yomsebenzi yavela emhlanganweni wakhe wokusebenzela eJalimane. Izimo ze-Debut zenziwe kusetshenziswa i-Anton Microberger. UNuremberg ubeke ezivivinyweni nokusesha, ngakho-ke inkosi yasebenzisa amasu amasha ezweni lakubo.
Imisebenzi yathengiswa kahle. Umdwebi wasebenzisana nezincwadi zedolobha, wakha izithombe zokuhleleka. Ngo-1498, wenza i-xylography yokushicilelwa "i-Apocalypse", eyaletha umbhali eYurophu. UDürer wamukele umphakathi weHumanists, umholi wawo kwakunguKondrat Ttchis.
Ngo-1505, umdwebi wadala isithombe se-altare ngeSonto laseSan Bartoloma eVenice elibizwa nge- "holide laseRoskov". Isakhiwo sichaza izindela zaseDominican ezithandaza ngeRosary. Maphakathi nesithombe - Intombi nto uMariya noBaby Jesus.
Isikole sase-Italy saba nomthelela endleleni yomdwebi wezinhlungu. Uthuthukise inqubo yokuchaza umzimba womuntu ekuhambeni nama-engeli ayinkimbinkimbi. Umdwebi wakuqonda ukubaluleka kwemigqa 'yokuguquguquka' kwasusa isimilo sakhe se-gothic ngendlela yakhe. Wathola ama-oda amaningi wezithombe ze-altare. UMkhandlu waseVenetian uphakamise umholo omkhulu kuDürer ukuze uMdali uhlala e-Italy, kodwa wayethembekile ezweni lakubo. Inkazimulo kaDurer yakhula ngokushesha ngokushesha yavunyelwa ukuthenga indlu eCisserGass.
"Ukukhulekelwa kweVolkhvov" kubhaliwe lapho kubuya e-Italy futhi kukhombisa izici ezingokwemvelo eRenalianance yase-Italian. Lesi sithombe sichaza uzungu lwebhayibheli. Imisebenzi kaDürer, eyadalwa ngesikhathi kusuka ku-1507 kuye ku-1511, ibonakala ngokulingana, i-pragmatic, indlela eqinile yesithombe. UDurer ulandele izifiso zamakhasimende futhi wanamathela esiko lokulondolozwa okungazange kukhawulele umjikelezo wemisebenzi yalo yeVenetian.
Ukuhlangana noMbusi Maximillian ngaba isibonakaliso sesibalo sokudala. Ngemuva kokufunda imisebenzi yomdwebi wezinhlungu, umbusi wayala ukukhiqizwa komfanekiso wakhe. Kepha angikwazanga ukukhokha ngaso leso sikhathi, ngakho-ke ngamisa umklomelo wonyaka umklomelo waminyaka yonke. Uvumele uDouderu ukuba asuke ekupendweni, ukubhala kabusha nocwaningo lwesayensi. "I-Portrait of Maximillian" yaziwa ngumhlaba wonke: Isici se-venyuse siboniswa nge-grenade ephuzi ezandleni zakhe.
Umculi waseJalimane wathonya ubuciko obuhle beNyakatho Yurophu ngekhulu le-16. Uphakamise uhlobo lwe-autoportist, elonda isithombe senzalo. Iqiniso Elithakazelisayo: UDurer Keshil uyize ngezithombe zakhe. Wabona izithombe ezinjalo njengendlela yokugcizelela isimo futhi uzibambe esigabeni esithile sempilo. Lokhu kuyaphinda izici zanamuhla zesithombe. Kuthakazelisa imifanekiso yakhe uqobo nge-ostolist nezingubo, ezihlotshiswe ngoboya.
UDürer wagcina imidwebo eyenziwe ngesikhathi sokuqeqeshwa, ngakho-ke imisebenzi ye-Graphic ye-Master namuhla yakha elinye lamaqoqo amakhulu emhlabeni. Ukusebenza esithombeni, i-Albrecht Dürer ibingakhawulelwe ezifisweni zekhasimende futhi iveze kuwo ngangokunokwenzeka. Wazizwa inkululeko efanayo, edala ukuqoshwa.
"Knight, ukufa kanye nodeveli" ungumculi odumile womculi oqoshiwe, ebonakalisa indlela yokuphila yomuntu. Ukukholwa kuvikela ezilingweni, uDeveli ulindele umzuzu wokugqilazwa, futhi ukufa kubalwa isikhathi sokufa. "Abagibeli abane be-Apocalypse" - sebenza kusuka kumjikelezo webhayibheli. Onqobayo, impi, indlala nokufa kukhuphuka wonke umuntu nakho konke okusendleleni, avuze wonke umuntu ngokuya ngofanele.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1494, u-Albrecht Durer ekugcizeleleni kukababa wakhe ushade no-Agnes Frey, omele uhlobo oludala. Njengoba kwakuvame kwenzeka ngalezo zikhathi, abantu abasha ababonanga ngaphambi komshado. Ukuzibonakalisa kwaba ukuphela kwezindaba ezivela kumkhwenyana. UDurer wayengeyena umuntu othanda i-Institute of the Family futhi wazinikela ebuhlakani. Umlingani waqhubeka ebanda kubuciko. Mhlawumbe lesi yisizathu sokuthi impilo yomuntu uqobo ixhumeke kuphela nemisebenzi yakhe.
Ngokushesha nje emva komshado, u-Albrecht washiya umlingani osemusha, esehambile e-Italy. Wahlala enemizwa maqondana nomkayo impilo yonke ehlanganyelwe. UDurer uthole ukuqashelwa, wathola isimo kanye nesikhundla emphakathini, kepha akakaze afinyelele esivumelwaneni nama-Agnes. I-Union ayizange ilethe inzalo.
Ukushona
Ngemuva kokufa kweMaximillian I ngo-1520, ukukhokhwa kwe-Dürer Premium kumiswe. Wathatha uhambo lokucacisa izimo futhi, ukuba eNetherlands, wagula.
Abezindaba ze-Biography basikisela ukuthi umculi washaya umalaleveva. Ukuhlaselwa kwesifo kuhlupheke umdwebi kuze kube izinsuku zokugcina. Ngemuva kweminyaka eyi-8, ngo-Ephreli 6, 1528, umdwebi washona endabeni yakhe uNuremberg.
Ukusebenza
- 1490 - "Imidwebo kaYise"
- 1490-1493 - "Insindiso Emangazayo Yomfana Ominyanyene E-Bregense"
- 1493 - "CE, Umuntu"
- 1496 - "I-PORTERF FRIEDRICHIC III Ehlakaniphile"
- Ngo-1496 - "Saint Jerome ogwadule"
- 1497 - "Abathakathi Abane"
- 1498 - "Apocalypse"
- I-1500 - "Ukuzikhandla Kwezingubo, Uboya Obuqedile"
- 1504 - "Ukukhulekelwa KweMagi"
- 1507 - "U-Adamu no-Eva"
- I-1506 - "Ama-Wrevreths Amaholide kusuka kuma-roses"
- 1510 - "Ukucabanga kweNtombi Enkulu"
- 1511 - "Ukukhulekelwa Kintathu Elingcwele"
- 1514 - "I-melancholy"
- 1528 - "Hare"