I-Biograge
UDenis Fonvizin ungumbhali waseRussia, umhumushi, i-Playwwwright kanye noMfundisi, uNobhala weNhloko ye-Russian diplomacy nikita panin. Ngasikhathi sinye, waba nguMdali weHhovisi Likazwelonke Lamahlaya, ummeleli we-Russian Classicism. Yaziwa ngomsebenzi we- "Cheap".Ubuntwana nentsha
UDenis Ivanovich wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-Ephreli 1745 emndenini wesikhulu saseJalimane esidala, abamele abasekhulu le-16 maphakathi nekhulu le-16 bafika besuka eRussia baye eRussia. Ubaba wabalobi wesikhathi esizayo washiya inkonzo yezempi esimweni esikhulu, wayenemali ethobekile. Naphezu kwezimpande zaseJalimane, ngaphandle kolimi lwaseRussia, ebuntwaneni umfana wayengazi okunye, ngakho-ke isiJalimane sasifundela esikoleni. Ngokungafani nezinye izicukuthwane zaseRussia, kwakufundiswa isiFulentshi, esivele sabadala.
Umndeni womndeni womndeni wabusa umhlangano wezinzalamizi, imfundo eyinhloko kaDenis yathatha ekhaya, njengezinye izingane eziyi-7 zalo mndeni. Eminyakeni engu-10, waba ngomunye wabokuqala abangena emfundisweni eya engcupheni yenhle eMoscow University. Ukuphonsa kwakhe kwezincwadi kwakuvele kubonakale kakhulu.
Ngifunde iminyaka emi-5, iDenis ingena kwi-Faculty of Filosophy yeNyuvesi. Ngokubambisana nomfowabo omncane uPaul, phakathi kwezinye izinto zokuzivocavoca ezinhle kakhulu, abafana baya eSt. Petersburg. Ngalesi sikhathi, wajwayelana noMikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov, kanye no-Alexander Sumarokov, owawungumholi wokuqala wethiyetha yaseshashalazini yaseRussia. Ngaphezu kwalokho, phakathi nohambo, uDenis wavakashelwa yimidlalo yaseshashalazini okokuqala empilweni yakhe, lapho abukela khona izitebhisi zomdlalo "uHeinrich kanye noPernill".
Ngesikhathi sezifundo zakhe, le nsizwa yayivame ukuhumusha izihloko zamaphephabhuku eyunivesithi, futhi kusukela ngo-1761 yathuthukiswa kulokhu. Izincwadi ze-Moscow Trader eziyalelwe kusuka Phenwan ziye eBabusie Holberg, futhi ngonyaka zihumusha imisebenzi kaVoltaire "Alzira noma i-American", inoveli "ye-SIF, i-Tsar Egypt" nezinye izincwadi. Eminyakeni elandelayo yokuphila, kwadingeka ahumushelwa ngababhali abahlukahlukene.
Ngokufana nalokhu, ngo-18, le nsizwa ihlelwe ukuthi umphakathi wasobala ukugcizelela uCatherine, noma kunoNgqongqoshe weNgqongqoshe weKhabhinethi. Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-6, kuya kusebenza njengonobhala wena uqobo ukubalwa kwePanin, kamuva eyaba umphathi.
Into yokufunda
Ngasikhathi sinye, njengoba uFonVizin ehumushela izincwadi, imisebenzi yokuqala yombhali yaqala ukuvela, egqoke amathoni abukhali ama-satirical. Kakade ngo-1760, omunye wabo wakhululwa. Futhi ngemuva kweminyaka engu-8, kwafakwa amahlaya abizwa ngokuthi "uBrigadier" egcekeni labafundi.
Ukudlala okudaliwe kwabangela ukubabaza umphakathi, futhi yize izincwadi zombhali, kanye ne-biography, okwamanje azikaziwa, le ndoda yabizelwa ePeterhof. Ufunda mathupha amahlaya Empress Catherine II. "UBrigadier" wayenempumelelo eyayingakaze ibonwe, le ncwadi yadalwa ngokusebenza kwesiteji engahambanga nephosta isikhathi eside.
Emva kwalokho, kwakukhona okunye ukufundwa okwasiza umlobi ukuba asondele kuthisha uPaul I - ukubala uPanin, futhi kusukela ngo-1769 umlobi waqala ukumkhonza. Ngasikhathi sinye, kwaqhubeka ukuthuthukisa ubuhlakani bakhe, kwakusebenza kakhulu futhi kwakhiwa ubuciko obusha bokubhala.
Ngo-1777, uDenis Ivanovich uya phesheya kwathi ngonyaka olandelayo nengxenye kuhlala eFrance. Ngo-1779, ebuyela eRussia, indoda iba ngumeluleki ehhovisi ekuhambeni okuyimfihlo futhi ngasikhathi sinye ibhekana nokuhunyushwa kwencwadi ethi "Ta-Gio".
Ngo-1778, ngemuva kokubuya eFrance, uFonvizin uqala umsebenzi emsebenzini ka "Ayibizi 'futhi uwuqeda ukubhala ngo-1782. Namuhla, le ncwadi ifakiwe ohlelweni lokuphoqelelwa lwezingane zesikole zesimanje. Ngekhulu le-18, igama elithi "akubizi kakhulu" elibizwa ngokuthi yintsha yemvelaphi enhle, hhayi. Abayiswanga enkonzweni futhi abayeki umqulu ozovumela umshado.
Izici eziyinhloko zencwadi kwakungukwesaba ukwesaba, uNkk Prostakova, nendodana yakhe - i-mitrofanushka ephansi. Ukudlala kwavela ukuthi kuqondile enkingeni, kepha hhayi kuphela ukuthi kwakuyisizathu sokuthandwa kwencwadi. Lo msebenzi wathandwa ngabafundi ngenxa yezithombe ezithandekayo zamaqhawe amabi, amahlaya acashile, ukuvezwa kwezingxoxo ezisetshenziswa namuhla njenge-aphorisms.
Ekuqaleni kuka-1783, ukukhululwa kwencwadi ethi "Ukubonisana Ngemithetho Engcwele 'kwakuza, lo msebenzi wamukelwa njengomunye wabahamba phambili kubuntatheli baseRussia. Kwakuhloswe ukuthi kube yi-Emperor Pavel Petrovich.
Ngawo lowo nyaka, umbhali unquma ukuya e-Europe, kepha ngemuva kweminyaka engu-2 eshaywa ngesiteleka sokuqala se-apholethic, futhi emva kweminye iminyaka emi-2, indoda ibuyela ezweni lakubo. Naphezu kokukhubazeka, ukushiya le nsizakalo, le ndoda yazibandakanya ngokuphelele ebhizinisini lakhe ayithandayo. Kepha iqoqo lemisebenzi eneminyaka engu-5 edlule lamukelwa ngokungamukeleki okubukhali nguCatherine II, ovimbela i-fonononovin ukushicilela incwadi.
Esikhathini sakhe sokugcina, indoda yabhala ikakhulu i-athikili yalo magazini. Futhi, i-bibliography yakhe yagcwaliswa ngemisebenzi eminingana emangalisayo, phakathi kwabo "phakathi kwePrincess Haldina", amahlaya akhethayo ", enyatheliswa kuphela ngo-1959, kanye ne-autobiography" ukuqashelwa okuvamisile.
Iqiniso elithandekayo elivela kwi-biography of Denis Ivanovich ukuthi ngaphansi kwempilo yendoda ebhekwa njengefart. Ulandele ngokuphelele ukubukeka, izicathulo ezithandwayo ezinamabhande amakhulu, egqoke i-surtuke evela ku-sable futhi ehlotshiswe ngezingubo ezinezimbali ezibukhoma.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Kuvame kwaziwa ngempilo yomuntu siqu yomlobi odumile yena ngokwakhe athola ukuthi kudingekile ukukhombisa emsebenzini we-autobiographical. "Ukuqashelwa okuphelele", kuchazwa njengoFonvizin osemusha, ukuba junca oneminyaka engu-23 ubudala, wathandana noCok Anna. Njengoba yena echazwa encwadini, lona wesifazane wathumba ingqondo yakhe, wathinta inhliziyo yendoda ngezinzuzo zakhe futhi kuze kube sekupheleni kwembongi engaphumi emiqondweni yakhe.
Owesifazane wafundwa, ohlakaniphile, othambekele ezincwadini futhi wacula ngokuphelele. Ngaphandle kwazo zonke izimfanelo zangaphakathi, akuzange zihlukane ngobuhle, kepha akuzange zikhathazeke uPhonvizin, ngoba wayenokubukeka okujwayelekile, njengoba kufakazelwa yimifanekiso yombhali. Waze wanikezela esinye sezinguqulo zalona wesifazane ngokubhala ngokuzinikezela:
"Ungomunye womkhathi wonke kimi".U-Ana waphendula uDenis Ivanovich, kepha akakwazanga ukunikela ngokuphelele kwimizwa, ngoba wawushadile, umxhwele umsebenzi awuzange uvumele iphutha. UFonviezin waphoqeleka ukuba amukele ukuthi wayengeke akwazi ukujabulisa ngokuphelele owesifazane amthandayo.
Umlobi washada ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngomfazi wesikhathi esizayo, ngahlangana nale nkonzo lapho, e-Empress, icala elilodwa elididayo lomfelokazi lakwaLieutenant laholwa yigama lefilofi.
Ngokuhamba komsebenzi, i-FonVizin kwadingeka ukuthintana kakhulu neKaterina yashaywa, kanti owesifazane wathandana ngaphandle kwenkumbulo, eyayibonakele kwabanye. Emhlanganweni wokugcina wenkantolo, umuntu waze wasola ukuthi uvikela inkosikazi yakhe, futhi waphendula, uFononovin wathi washada naye, futhi wayeseshade naye.
Kwakungekho zingane ezivela kuPhenwan, kepha umbhali utholile umngani onokwethenjelwa, umsizi kanye nokwesekwa ebusweni be-caterina entekenteke. Lapho uDenis ivanovich ephule i-palsy, waphelelwa amandla okukhuluma futhi akakwazanga ukulawula isandla sakhe, oshade naye othembekile wayefana ne-NANANIK. Ngemuva kwalokho le ndoda yayineminyaka engaphezu kwengama-40 ubudala, kanti uKaterina wakwazi ukuphuma. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka eminingana, ukukhubazeka kwaqinisa umzimba wale ndoda, kodwa akazange ayeke ukubhala kuze kube usuku lokugcina. Futhi umkakhe wake waba seduze komkakhe ngaso sonke lesi sikhathi, wasiza futhi wanakekela uDenis Ivanovich.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yokugcina yokuphila, uFononovin uzilimaze, ngemuva kwesiteleka sesibili se-ApholeSic, le ndoda icishe yalahlekelwa ngokuphelele ukuhamba, nobunzima buthuthele ngokuphelele, kepha abayekanga ukusebenza.
Ukufa kukaDenis Ivanovich kwavela ngasekupheleni kuka-1792 eSt. Petersburg, le ndoda yangcwatshwa emathuneni ama-Lazarevian ase-Alexander Nevsky Lavra.
Ngokukhumbula izikhombisi ezinhle, imigwaqo emadolobheni ahlukene eRussia iqanjwe ngemuva kukaDenis Fonvizin, kwathi ngonyaka we-2016, kwavulwa isiteshi esisha esiteshini saseMetro waseMosco - Phonvieyininskaya. EVeliky Novgorod, isibalo somuntu sikhona kubabhali beqembu elicwengekileyo "kwisikhumbuzo" Millennia of Russia ".
I-Bibliography
- 1768 - "Brigadier"
- 1780 - "I-Callisphen"
- 1782 - "Nepal"
- 1783 - "Impikiswano Yemithetho Yasembuso Ebaluleke Kakhulu"
- 1783 - "Ukulandisa Kwezithulu Eziyizithulu Nezimungulu"
- 1786 - "Inkantolo yasenkantolo Yonke"
- 1786 - "Impilo ye-Count Nikita Ivanovich Panin"
- 1788 - "Ukwemukelwa Umalume Komshana Wakhe"
- 1791 - "Ukuqashelwa imvamisa ezindabeni zemicimbi yami nemicabango"