I-Biograge
U-Ilya Mesnikov ungusosayensi ovelele ogama lakhe libhalwe ngezinhlamvu zegolide emlandweni wezindlela eziningi ezivela kwi-cytolology ku-phytolology. Isazi se-biologist egqamile, "ubaba" we-phagocytic theory of immunity, ngaphezu kwakho konke okwabonga kanye nesayensi, ethi: Uma kungenjalo"Ukuze uphile ngaphandle kokholo, lokhu okulandelayo akunakwehluka, kube njengokholo ekukhonzeni ulwazi."Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Ilya u-Ilyich wazalwa ngoMeyi 15, 1845 edolobhaneni lase-Ivanovka Kharkuve Province (manje - Ukraine) emndenini onomlando wokuzijabulisa. Ubaba u-Ilya Ivanovich ungumnikazi womhlaba, iphoyisa lonogada liqhamuka esibonelweni esihle. Phakathi kokhokho bakhe, okubalwa okuvelele kwekhulu le-XVII, uPolyglot, obambe iqhaza emkhankasweni we-AzoV kaPeter The Great Nikolai Gavrilovich Spafarium.
Umama - Emilia Lbonavna, eMaiden Nevakhovich. Indodakazi yendoda ecebe kakhulu yasePoland, i-semali kanye nomsunguli wohlobo lwe- "Russian-Jerish Izincwadi" Lev Nikolayevich Nevakhovich. Umalume wabalwa umshicileli we- "Elash" e-repertoire yezemidlalo yombukeli.
Ubaba wayengu-Azarten futhi kulula ukusukuma, ngakho-ke ngesikhathi sokuzalwa kwendodana encane kunazo zonke, ukunikela umfazi ocebile sekulinganiselwe, futhi umndeni wathuthela emndenini e-Ivanovka. Abafowethu ababili abadala uMesnikov futhi kamuva waziwa. Ibhubesi laphenduka laba ngumfundi weSwitzerland geograph, i-anarchist kanye nosososayensi, babamba iqhaza ekuhambeni kwase-Italiya kwe-risorgetto, eshicilelwe amanothi nendatshana, nenkanyezi emihle yomlando "bakwazile ukuthonya uJames Moiney Joyce, umbhali" Ama-ulysses ".
E-biography kaMfoweth 'u-Ivana, kwaphawuleka kakhulu. Umshushisi weNkantolo yesiFunda yeTula ephethwe yisifo esinzima esihlanzekile, okwaholela ekufeni. Izinsuku zokugcina nokucabanga kwalo muntu kwakha isisekelo sokuhola kukaLeo Tolstoy "u-Ivan Ilyich." Ukuvakashela umlobi emgqonyeni ocacile, umshushisi wabelana ngemicabango yakhe, lapho uTolstoy amkhomba khona ngento evelele, ekhiqiza umbono. Kamuva, izinkemba zesazi sezinto eziphilayo zithi ubuhlakani bezincwadi zaseRussia banikeza "incazelo engcono kakhulu" yokwesaba ukufa.
I-Manor yomndeni e-Ivanovka yaba khona othisha basekhaya. Phakathi kwazo, umfundi wezokwelapha oqeqeshe umfowebhu webhubesi, okuwukuphela komuntu owayenentshisekelo nokungathi sína kwaba ngentshiseko ye-Ilya yemvelo yemvelo, edonsela ekuhlolweni, izivivinyo.
Ngo-1856 wangena esigabeni sesibili seKharkiv Male Gymnasium No. 2. Waphothula iziqu esikhungweni ngendondo yegolide. Esikhathini esifundweni sokutadisha nge-biology asilahlekelwanga. Ngokuphambene nalokho, izinkulumo ezijabule zivakashele ngentokozo ku-anatomy kanye ne-physiology e-kharkov University.
Ngokwezifiso ngumhlaba omusha wolwazi, u-Ilya ubuza abazali ukuthi bamthumele ukuthi afunde eJalimane, kodwa ukwamukelwa kwamakhaza kanye nokuntuleka kwemali kwaphoqa le nsizwa emuva ngokushesha ngemuva kokuhamba. Indondo enkulu yalokhu "babble" kwakuwumsebenzi kaCharles Darwin "umsuka wezinhlobo zezilwane", ajwayelene nethonya elikhulu kusosayensi wesikhathi esizayo.
Ungene egatsheni lemvelo le-Faculty Yesiko ne-Mathematics yeKharkov University. Uhlelo lwabafundi lwalungenalo iminyaka emi-4, nolwe-2, olunikeze usosayensi osemusha ozakwethu phezu kozakwethu. Kamuva, izinkemba zisenqobile "Germany. Ngo-1864 wenza ucwaningo esiqhingini saseHelngoland, wabe esesebenza eRudolog Lecade eCampus Genis waseJalimane.
Lapho eneminyaka engu-20, wathuthela e-Italy, lapho ajwayela khona udokotela wezinto eziphilayo u-Alexander Kolevsky, ozoba umngane wakhe nomngane othembekile. Ngempumelelo ehlanganisiwe emmowaneni wale nsizwa, kwatholakala umklomelo ohlonishwayo kaCharles Baer. Lapho ebuyela eRussia, u-Ilya ilyich uvikela ngokungaguquki kahle, bese ekhishwa udokotela, ekwazile ukuthola ama-degree ohlonishwayo ngaphambi kokufika eminyakeni engama-25.
Isayensi
Ukutholwa okwenziwe nguMesnikov kwakuwukuguqula futhi kungamukelwa ngokushesha ngumphakathi wesayensi, ngoba imibono iphenduke imibono esevele isungule imibono esevele isungule ngomsebenzi womzimba womuntu kusuka emakhanda.
Ngisho nomsebenzi oyisisekelo wososayensi, imfundiso ye-phagocytic ukungatheleleki, lapho ngawo-1908 athola umklomelo kaNobel emkhakheni we-physiology kanye nemithi, wagxekwa.
Ngaphambi kukaMechnikov, ama-taurins amhlophe athathwa njengendlela ebhekene nezinqubo nezifo zokuvuvukala. Usosayensi uphikisile ukuthi ama-leukocyte abavikeli abasebenzayo bomzimba, amunca izinhlayiya zangaphandle ngaphakathi. Umnikelo wesosayensi ukuthi odokotela banamuhla bazi ukuthi izinga lokushisa eliphakeme kuwuphawu lomzabalazo wokungavikeleki, ngakho-ke kuyingozi ukuyidubula kuphawu oluthile.
Iqiniso elihehayo: Kwakudingeka ukuchaza "ukuhanjiswa kwendle" kuye. Uma kucatshangelwa izibungu zezinkanyezi zasolwandle eziseMessina yase-Italy ngonyaka we-1882, wathola ukuthi amaseli ashukumisayo (phagocytes) azungeze izidumbu zakwamanye amazwe ezingena ezindlini, futhi "zidle" zona.
Ngabhala ngaleso sikhathi-ke: "Kwenzeka kimi ukuthi," Amangqamuzana anjalo kufanele akhonze emzimbeni ukuze alwe nezibalo eziyingozi. Ngazitshela ukuthi uma umcabango wami ubulungisa, khona-ke i-zanoza, ifakwe emzimbeni wezibungu ze-starfish, kufanele izungezwe amaseli ashukumisayo ngamaseli ashukumisayo ngesikhathi esisheshayo, njengoba nje kubhekwa kumuntu osekhuphukile umunwe wakhe. "Njengoba unamathele pink spikes eLarva, kuqinisekisile umbono bese kuthi ikota yekhulu leminyaka egaya ulwazi olutholwe, ukufana nokukhiqizwa kweminye imiyalo nge-bactericiology, eminye imiyalo, ezinye zazo zizoba zakudala.
Ngo-1886 wabuyela eRussia, wahlala e-Odessa. Kufike evela eFrance ne-Emedemist Nikolai Gamalei, eyafunda eLouis pasteur, indlela yokugoma amarabi. Ngawo lowo nyaka, ososayensi bavula isiteshi sesibili se-bacteriological sokulwa nezifo ezithathelwanayo.
Ngemuva konyaka, izinkemba zifika eParis, lapho ithola khona indawo e-pasteur Institute. Ngokweminye imibiko, usosayensi wanquma ukuhamba ngenxa yesimo sengqondo sobubi beziphathimandla kanye nomphakathi wesayensi kuye. EFrance, uthola ukuqashelwa ngokuthula nokufanele.
Ukusebenza eceleni kanye nezingqondo ezinkulu kakhulu zesikhathi, kubhala imisebenzi ehlaba umxhwele ngekholera, isifo sofuba, isifo sofuba. Wahlala eyisisebenzi salesi sikhungo kuze kube sekupheleni kwezinsuku zakhe, kamuva walibeka eyunivesithi. Kusekelwa ozakwabo baseRussia, okubandakanya izincwadi no-Ivan Senwenov, uDmitry Mendeleev, Ivan Pavlov.
Hhayi ukuhlukaniswa kwesayensi kuphela, ucwaningo, kepha futhi izincwadi ezinikezelwe ezindabeni zefilosofi, umbono wendawo yonke, inkolo yaphuma epeni. Umcwaningi ongakhathali ngokushona kwelanga kwe-epoch kwakungumsunguli weSayensi ye-Geontolology futhi wethula umbono we-Orthobiosis:
"Impilo efanelekile ngokusekelwe esifundweni somuntu nokusungula imali ukulungisa i-disharmonia yayo."
Uma kucatshangelwa ukuthi umuntu angaphila iminyaka eyi-100 futhi ethe xaxa, agwinya ekuqiniseni isikhathi eside okusebenzayo kombuso wokudla ofanele, inhlanzeko. Kuphela, ngombono ojabulisayo, umuntu wayeyosuka ngokungesabi esuka 'ekufeni kwempilo' ekufeni '. Kuchaze imibono yabo ngokuningiliziwe emisebenzini ye-etud of tepim ne-eTed mayelana nohlobo lomuntu.
Phakathi kwezinto ezithinta ikhwalithi kanye nesikhathi sokuphila, usosayensi waqokomisa amathumbu we-microflora. Ukudonsa impilo ende futhi ejabulisayo, yadumisa ukuvulwa kwesikhonkwane saseBulgaria sactric chopstick nomfundi onomfundi. Ngo-1908, wabhala i-athikili ngezinzuzo zobisi omuncu. Ngenxa ye-mesnikov, i-yogurt, kefir neminye imikhiqizo yobisi ebilisiwe ifakiwe ekudleni kwansuku zonke, ukuhlinzeka ngokusekelwa komzimba.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Naphezu kokuzibandakanya kwesayensi, kubumfihlo bakwaSwordsmen kwakungumuntu othinta imizwa, kuthambekele ekumeni kwehla. Lapho ngisebusuku behlupheka ngenxa yokudangala kanye nokuthula kwangaphakathi kuphela okutholakele kanye nombono omuhle womhlaba.
Shada kabili. Ngomlingani wokuqala uLyudmila Fedorovich washada ngo-1869. Umakoti wahlupheka isifo sofuba futhi wayebuthakathaka kangangokuba walethwa esontweni esihlalweni. Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-4, uLyudmila wafa, nezinkemba ezingakuphoqeki zanquma ukuzibulala, ukuphuza i-morphine. Umthamo wawumkhulu kakhulu futhi wabangela ukukhombisa ukuhlanza.
Unkosikazi wesibili ka-Olga wayengumfundi wakhe, umfundi. Kwakungekho zingane ezivela kulo mbhangqwana.
Ukushona
U-Ilya ilyich washona ngo-1916 ngokumelene nesifo senhliziyo, wasinda ngaphambi kokuphazamiseka kwe-myocardial infarction.
Umzimba wahlelwa ngesayensi elandelwa ukushiswa kwezidumbu. Umlotha wesosayensi usesikhungweni se-pasteur.
-Zuzayo
- Ngo-1867 - UKarl Bair Umklomelo
- Ngo-1902 - Ilungu le-DEDENSETE leSt. Petersburg Academy of Science
- I-1906 - Indondo Copley
- 1908 - Umklomelo KaNobel ku-physiology kanye nomuthi
- Ngo-1916 - U-Albert Medal (umphakathi wasebukhosini wezobuciko)