U-Alexander Fleming - Biography, izithombe, impilo yomuntu siqu, umnikelo ku-Biology

I-Biograge

Ukudalwa kwePenicillin, i-ejenti yokuqala yama-antibiotic, umhlaba uphoqelekile kuzazi zesiNgisi u-Alexander Fleming. Futhi yize impumelelo ebaluleke kakhulu yezokwelapha ibangelwa ukuphazamiseka kokudala okubusa elabhorethri, akunakwenzeka ukubukela phansi ubuhle bukaNobel Laureate emkhakheni wezokwelapha.

Ubuntwana nentsha

U-Alexander Fleming, owayeseyingane ebizwa ngokuthi u-Alec, wazalwa ngo-Agasti 6, 1881 edolobheni laseDarwel laseScotland. Ubaba wag fleming waqukethe ipulazi le-lochfield. Unina womfana, uGrace waseBrithani ovusa uMoton, waba ngumkakhe wokuqabula futhi wabeletha izingane ezine. U-Alexander waba owesibili.

Kusukela emshadweni wokuqala, umlimi naye wahlala nezingane ezine. Le ndoda ibineminyaka engama-59 ubudala lapho ithatha isinqumo emshadweni wesibili, futhi i-hug yathola ukuthi ngemuva kokufa bekungeke kube khona owayengeke anakekele izingane ezincane. Ubaba ushonile ngesikhathi u-Alek wayeneminyaka engu-7 ubudala. Ngenhlanhla, kwavela umusa wowesifazane oqinile. Ukwazile ukugwedla umndeni, hlukanisa imisebenzi yokulungiswa kwepulazi nokukhuliswa komncane. Naphezu kokuthokoza kukamama, u-Alec wabantwana, abafowabo nodadewabo abakwazi ukubizwa ngokuthi okungcolile.

Eminyakeni engu-5 yesikhathi esizayo, uDarywell wanikeza esikoleni sasemakhaya. Umndeni wakwaFleming uhlala epulazini, ngakho-ke njalo ekuseni izingane kwakudingeka zihambe amakhilomitha ayi-7 ngokusebenzisa amasimu ukuyofika ephathini. Ezinsukwini Frosty, UGrace wanikeza ngamunye emazambeni ashisayo ukufudumeza izandla zakhe.

Indlela enameva iqinisa kuphela i-thrust alec yolwazi, futhi eneminyaka engu-12 yangena esikhungweni se-kilmarnok. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, kanye nabafowethu abaphezulu, umfana wathuthela eLondon futhi waqala ukulalela izinkulumo eRoyal Polytechnic Institute. Isiqondiso sasisiza ekukhetheni uMfoweth 'uThomas, owayesebenza njengodokotela we-ophthalmologist. Ngakho-ke u-Alec waqala ukutadisha umuthi.

Ulwazi olutholwe ezifundweni lusizile umfana ngo-1901 ukuba angene esikoleni sezokwelapha esibhedlela saseMariya esingcwele. Ngaphezu kwalokho, wayedabukisa kakhulu umfundi onesiphiwo. Ngo-1906, uFleming waba yi-bachelor of Medicine nokuhlinzwa, ngo-1908 - iBachelor of bacteriology.

Isayensi

Ngo-1906, uprofesa we-pathology ka-Almert Wright, owadala umuthi ovela esiswini esiswini, wacela ukuba uFleming ukuthi asebenze emnyangweni wegatsha adalwe esibhedlela saseSt. Mary. Ngaleso sikhashana, usosayensi kanye nabafundi abathathu babefuna indlela yokuphoqa ama-antibodies ukuba abhekane nokutheleleka ngegciwane.

Impumelelo ehlanganisiwe ka-Alexander Fleming no-Almert Wright baqala ngomunye omncane. Uprofesa wasebenza ekwakheni amathuluzi azovumela inqubo yokuqoqa ihlaziya nge-anetic futhi ayibuhlungu. Ukubona umphumela wemisebenzi, umfundi uhlongoze inqubo lapho iziguli ezinama-syphilis zokuhlaziywa zingathathwa hhayi ngo-5 ml wegazi emithanjeni, no-0.5 ml - kusukela ngomunwe.

Ngaleyo minyaka, i-syphilis yathathwa njengenye yezifo eziyingozi kakhulu futhi ezingelapheki. Kwenziwe ngo-1907 ngo-Amakhemikhali uPaul Erlich, umuthi "uSalvarvan" wasiza ngisho nasemacaleni athulwe, kodwa kuphela lapho umuthi wethulwa eVienna. Yize le nqubo yayinzima ezimweni zanamuhla, i-Fleming ibhekane nekhono. Utshele ngemiphumela yokwelashwa neziguli ezingama-46 kwenye yemibiko yesayensi yokuqala.

Ngesikhathi seMpi Yezwe Yokuqala, i-Almert Wright yacelwa ukuba ihlele ilabhorethri eFrance ekutadisheni izifo ezithathelwanayo lapho amasosha ashona khona. USolwazi wamema uFleming naye.

Ucwaningo luveze ukuthi ama-antiseptics asetshenziswa ngaleso sikhathi ukukhulula amanxeba, akhulisa kuphela isimo. Endabeni yephephabhuku lezokwelapha iLancet, usosayensi uthe ama-antiseptics asebenza kuphela ebusweni kuphela, hhayi emanxebeni ajulile lapho amagciwane angenazidakamizwa afihlekile, futhi ngosizo lwezidakamizwa, kufaka phakathi izinto eziwusizo ezinomthelela ekuphulukisweni kuyasuswa. Leli phuzu lokubukwa lisekelwa i-Wright. Noma kunjalo, iningi lodokotela bamasosha baqhubeka nokusebenzisa ama-antiseptics, noma ngabe umthelela wabo ukhula isimo sempilo sesiguli.

I-Demobiliged ngo-1919, uFleming wabuyela eNgilandi futhi waqhubeka nokuhlola amagciwane. Onolwazi, ososayensi bafakazele ukuthi ama-antiseptics anciphisa noma anciphise ngokuphelele umphumela wokubulala amagciwane, ama-leukocyte anawo.

Ngo-1922, impumelelo yokuqala yesayensi yahlelwa e-Biography yezazi ze-microbiologist: Ukucwaninga okuhlangene kwaholelwa ekutholweni kweLysozyme, into ebonakalayo. Ngaleso sikhathi, uFleming wasebenzisa amakhaza futhi wake wakhetha inkomishi enamagciwane. Ngemuva kwezinsuku ezi-5, kwatholakala ukuthi izinto eziyingozi zanyamalala endaweni ye-mucus, ukuqina kwe-turture kusuka kumagciwane kwakucacile. Ezinye izifundo zikhombisile ukuthi izinyembezi namathe kumuntu abuye abe "nokuhlanza" amandla lapho engeza amaprotheni amaqanda.

ILizozyme yabhekwa njengento elondolozwa ye-antibacterial kuze kube yilapho i-fleming ivula i-penicillin ngo-1928. I-Quote Scientist ngalolo suku:

"Lapho ngivuka ekuntweleni ngoSepthemba 28, 1928, mina, angizange ngihlele inguquko kwezokwelapha ngokuvula kwami ​​amagciwane okuqala okulwa namagciwane omhlaba, noma ukubulala. Kepha ngicabanga ukuthi yilokhu engikwenzile. "

Ukubuya kusuka eholidini elifushane ngo-1928, uFleming utholwe kwenye yezinkomishi ze-PETRI Mushroom. I-neoplasm yacekela phansi amagciwane ayingozi agcinwe endebeni. Izinsuku eziningana, usosayensi akazange aphume ngenxa yezincwadi futhi wathola ukuthi phambi kwakhe phambi kwakhe i-penicillium Chrysogenum, "i-penicill yegolide".

UFleming wabona ukuthi le kwakuyi-antibiotic enamandla kakhulu. Uma uLizozyme elwa namagciwane angenangozi, khona-ke uPhenicilli angaphatha i-syphilis, inyumoniya, i-meningitis, i-gangrene, i-gonorrhea nokunye ukufa. Imininingwane etholwayo yososayensi eshicilelwe ejeni laseBrithani iphephabhuku le-Experimental Pathology. Kwamangala ukuthi izwe lesayensi aliphendukeli esihlokweni sokunakwa okukhethekile, futhi ulwazi lwe-microbiologist lwalungenele ukususa ngokuzimela i-antibiotic into kusuka kukhunta. Umbono kwadingeka ukuhlehlisela ebhokisini elide.

Ngo-1940 kuphela, eminyakeni eyi-12 kuphela etholakele, u-Ernst Chein noHoward Flori beza bezosiza ukuba balimaze. Bahlanza into kakhulu kangangokuba kwelapha amagundane atheleleke nge-staphylococcus.

Kwakuyingozi ukwenza okuhlangenwe nakho kubantu, ngenkathi uFleming esebenza esibhedlela saseMariya esingcwele, akazange athole umngane wakhe. Wabulawa yi-meningitis. Isithakazelo sesayensi kanye nesifiso sokusindisa umngane kuphothule usosayensi ekuphatheni ngasese isiguli se-penicillin. Ngemuva kwenyanga yemijovo, isiguli esilulame kunokusebenza kahle kwe-antibiotic okutholakele.

Ngo-1943, phakathi kwempi yezwe yesibili, ukukhiqizwa inqwaba ye-penicillin kwasungulwa emafektri akhemisi. Ngenxa yomuthi, amasosha alimala aphulukiswa emanxebeni amabi abuyele phambili.

U-Alexander Fleming waqonda ukuthi ukusetshenziswa okungafanele kwePenicillin kwakwazi ukwenza amagciwane alwe nama-antibiotics. Kungenzeka uma ukwelashwa bekufushane futhi kwenziwa ngemithamo emincane. Lapho ekhuluma ngokuvulwa komhlaba, usosayensi wabuye waxwayisa abantu ukuthi bathathe ama-antibiotic ngaphandle kokuqokwa udokotela.

I-Penicillin yiqhaza elikhulu kwi-Biology nezokwelapha: kuze kube namuhla, ama-antibiotics adalwe ngesisekelo sento, esindisa izimpilo zabantu. Kulokhu kutholwa, uFleming wanikezwa imiklomelo ehlukahlukene, okuyinhloko kwalokho okuwumklomelo weNobel. "Ekuvulekeni kwePenicillina nethonya lakhe lokwelapha empini yokulwa nezifo ezahlukahlukene ezithathelwanayo" zombango ozakwabo kanye nozakwabo uFlori noCneri noCneri kanye noChene abaklonyelisiwe ngo-1945.

Impilo yomuntu siqu

U-Alexander Fleming wayeyi-massone. Esikhundleni, inkosi enokwehla yasebenza embhedeni "ungcwele uMaria", kwathi "isihe". Ngo-1942 wanikezwa isihloko sedikoni yokuqala enkulu yendawo yokuhlala enobunye yaseNgilandi. Kufinyelelwe ama-degree angama-30 (angama-33) ngokwe-Scottish Charter yasendulo.

U-Alexander Fleming wayeshade kabili.

NgoDisemba 23, 1915, umlingani wesosayensi waba ngumhlengikazi wesibhedlela saseSt. Mary, e-Ireland Sarah Mcharrow. Ngemuva konyaka, iNdodana yazalelwa indodana uRobert, owangena ezinyathelweni zikayise futhi waba udokotela. Umndeni waphenduka uqine - kwaze kwaba sekufeni kukaSara ngo-1949, abashadikazi bahlala emphefumulweni.

Ngo-1953, usosayensi waphinda washada. Amalalia kotchuri-purekas, grechanka ngobuzwe, wayeneminyaka engama-31 emncane kunomyeni wakhe. Wayenokwakheka kwe-bacteriologist, kodwa wazinikela emisebenzini yamalungelo abantu. Eminyakeni engu-2 emva komshado, ama-Amalia waba ngumfelokazi.

Ukushona

NgoMashi 11, 1955, ngo-74, u-Alexander Fleming wabulawa yisifo senhliziyo eLondon. Ngokwesicelo senhlangano eshonile, eshisiwe, nothuli kushiswe esontweni laseSt. Paul, eduze kwethuna lika-Admiral Horatio Nelson. Etsheni lethuna, ukwahlulela ngesithombe, okokuqala kwabhalwa: "A.F.".

Amaqiniso athakazelisayo

• Zombili ukutholwa kwesayensi kuka-Alexander Fleming kwenzeka ngenxa yokungcola kwawo. Kuthiwa ilabhorethri le-microbiologist lalihlala ligcwele ama-flasks, amashubhu wokuhlola, ama-syringe kanye nama-lancets, ukuhlanza kudeskithophu kwakuqabukela. Ngokwemvelo, isikhunta sakhiwe ngezinsalela zamakhemikhali. Ngakho-ke, ngakwesokunxele isonto inkomishi engcolile ye-Petri ngephutha yakha izikhunta penicillium, kamuva yaguqulwa yaba ukulungiswa okuqinile kwe-antimicrobillin.

• Ngemuva kokuvula i-penicillina, ukuqashelwa kwesayensi kwehla ngo-Alexander Fleming. NgoJulayi 1944, inkosi yaseGolide Britan yamnika isihloko esithi "Mnumzane", ngoNovemba 1945, usosayensi wavuka kathathu ngoDkt Science. Ngendlela, ngasikhathi sinye, uNdunankulu waseBrithani uWinston Churchill kanye ne-Warlord yeMpi Yezwe II Bernard Montgomery uthole iziqu zobudokotela eLuernal.

• Basho izindlela ze-Churchill kanye neFleming ziguqulwe kaninginingi. Ngawo-1950s, inhlangano yezenkolo "amandla womusa" yaqamba lesososayensi ngakho-ke usosayensi, engomunye umntwana, akhipha usopolitiki wesikhathi esizayo. Njengophawu lokubonga, ubaba weChurchill wakhokhela imfundo kaFleming ezikhungweni zezokwelapha ezihlonishwayo, kufaka phakathi eRoyal Polytechnic Institute. Kukhona nendaba yokuthi ngesikhathi sempi, kwezepolitiki kusukela ekufeni kwePenicillin kwasindiswa. Leli qiniso le-Alexander Fleming linqatshelwe encwadini eya umngane u-Andre Grazia:

"Angizange ngisindise impilo kaWinston Churchill phakathi neMpi Yezwe II. Lapho iChurchill yagula eCarthage eTunisia ngo-1943, yasindiswa yiNkosi uMoran, eyayisebenzisa sulfonamides, ngoba yayingenawo isipiliyoni nge-penicillin. Yize "I-Daily Telegraph" ngoDisemba 21, 1943 babhala ukuthi wasindiswa yiPenicillin, empeleni wasizwa ngokulungiselela i-sulfanimide entsha. "

Amacaphuna

Ngoba umcwaningi awena injabulo enkulu kunokwenza ukutholakala, noma ngabe kuncane kangakanani. Kumnika isibindi sokuqhubeka nesifiso sawo ... Isihloko esisha sivula usosayensi kuphela, kepha umhlaba uba nzima ngokwengeziwe, lapho siphothula khona noma yini ngaphandle kokusebenzisana kwelebhu. Isigodlo seMarble, futhi sizokwenzeka ngomunye wababili: noma ngabe uzonqoba isigodlo semabula, noma isigodlo sizokumnqoba. Uma isihloko sihlola umcwaningi, isigodlo sizophenduka sibe ngumhlangano futhi sizoba njengelebhu ejwayelekile; Kepha, uma phezulu kuzokunqoba isigodlo, umcwaningi wafa. Kunempumelelo ephumelelayo ebangela izifiso ezintsha.

Ukutholwa

• 1922 - I-antibacterial enzyme lysozyme
• Ngo-1928 - I-antibiotic penicillin