I-Biograge
Ngaphambi kokungena ekukhanyisweni kwezinganekwane ngebhele le-blush eline-sawdust ekhanda u-Alan Miln kwakuwukudlalwa okusiNgisi okuyisiNgisi: wabhala amanoveli nezindaba, izinkondlo ezihlanganisiwe. Indaba kaWinnie Poose yenziwa ngephupho lomlobi - lalivimbela igama laleli gama, nokho, ngaphambi kokuphela kokuphila, ama-Milnes azisola ukuthi akhunjulwa ngumhlaba wonke webhere.Ubuntwana nentsha
U-Alan Alexander Miln wazalwa ngoJanuwari 18, 1882 eLondon futhi waba yingane yesithathu emthonjeni wendabuko waseJamaica uJohn Vaine kanye neBritish Sarah Marie (I-Hee Hedgebot). Ubaba wasebenza njengomqondisi wesikole sangasese sikaHenley, kanti izingane zikaMiln zafunda lapho.
Uthisha u-Alan kwakunguHerbert Wells - Esikhathini esizayo, umbhali owaziwayo wesayensi, umlobi we-Romanov "umshini" kanye "nempi yezwe". Kulaba bafowethu ababili abaphezulu - uKenneth noBarry - u-Alan wayenamandla kuneKennet. Ngo-1939, e-autobiography "sekwephuze kakhulu", uMiln wabhala:
"UKen wayenenzuzo eyodwa phambi kwami - wayelungile, engcono kakhulu kunami. Ukushayela nobunzima bukaDkt Murray, ngithola ukuthi igama elithi "amahle" amanani ayishumi nane, kepha akekho noyedwa kubo odlulayo kuthi ngitshala kulo, ngichaza uKen. Futhi yize ngiqhubeka ngiphikisana nokuthi wayenomusa, uphana, ethanda, ebekezelela futhi onesihe kunami, "ngokwanele ukusho ukuthi uKen wayengcono.
Abazali banikeze abafana abafanele imfundo. U-Alan wafundwa esikoleni saseWestminster, ngo-1903 waphothula eTrify College e-University of University of Cambridge, ethola iziqu ze-bachelor ku-mathematics. Kodwa-ke, inhliziyo yelula ubuhlakani.
Elinye ikolishi u-Alan noKenneth babhale umagazini umfundi "Grana". Ama-Joking Works ashicilelwe ngaphansi kokuqala kwe-AKM (AKM's AKM (Alan Kennet Milne) wabona abahleli magazini abahlekisayo baseBritish "Punch". Kulokhu, i-biography yeMilna-umbhali yaqala.
Izincwadi
Ngemuva kokukhululwa, uMilnes waqala ukubhala izinkondlo zamahlaya, ama-eseyi kanye nemidlalo ePunch, kwathi ngemuva kweminyaka emithathu, umbhali wathatha induku njengesihleli soMsizi. Ngalesi sikhathi, u-Alan wakwazi ukwenza ukuqomisana okuhle emibuthanweni eyemibhalo. Ngakho-ke, uJames Barry wammema eCricket ye-allahakbarries. Ngezikhathi ezahlukahlukene, ukusungulwa kwezemidlalo Miln Deliel nge Arture Kony Doyle, Jerome K. Jerome, Rudyard Kipling kanye nabanye abalobi besiNgisi kanye nezimbongi.
Ngo-1905, u-Alan Miln wakhipha inoveli yase-Debut "London London", eyayingahlukaniswanga yisakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi nenkinga ejulile. Maphakathi nendaba - iBriton Teddy ne-Amelia yakhe ejwayelekile. Ngokuphikisana nesizinda seLondon ngawo-1920, bathandana, baxabana, baphupha ngekusasa elijabulisayo.
Abagxeki babona ukuthi le ncwadi ipholile, noma kunjalo, ikhuthaza izindatshana ezibukhali nezithosiwe ePunch. Kwenziwe uMilna Shiya izincwadi "ezinkulu" futhi agxile kulokho akuphethile - izindaba futhi adlala. Kepha impi yokuqala yezwe yaphoqa ukuthi i-Playwright ihlehlise izimpaphe.
NgoFebhuwari 1, 1915, u-Alan wabiza uLieutenant kwibutho leRoyal Yorkshire. Ngonyaka owedlule, ngoJulayi 7, walimala empini yeSomme wathumela ekhaya ukuthola ukwelashwa. Ukulimala akuzange kuvume ukubuyela phambili, futhi waqashwa ebukhwini bezempi ukubhala amapheshana e-Propaganda e-MI7. NgoFebhuwari 14, 1919, uMilna wadubula, kwathi ngonyaka owedlule, lapho kwenzeka ukuthi alulame, wenqaba umsebenzi olandelayo wezempi. Imicimbi yempi yezwe yokuqala yaboniswa ezindabeni ezithi "Ukuthula Okunodumo" (1934) kanye "nempi nodumo" (1940).
Eminyakeni yempi, uMilna weza imidlalo emine. Esokuqala, i-werzel-flummery yabhalwa ngo-1917 yafaka ngokushesha esigabeni senkundla yaseshashalazini yaseLondon "noël Coward". Ekuqaleni, kwakukhona izenzo ezintathu kulo msebenzi, kodwa kube lula ukuqonda kwadingeka nginqume ezimbili.
Ngomhla ka-1917, inoveli yesibili "Kanye, kudala, okudala ...", okwaqala ngamazwi: "Le yincwadi eyinqaba." Umsebenzi uyinganekwane evamile etshela ngempi phakathi kwemibuso ye-euralia kanye ne-barody. Kepha kuvela ukuthi le ndaba ayikho nakancane ezinganeni.
UMilnes udale izinhlamvu ukuthi izingane zingafuni ukufana ngazo. Inkosazana iyakwazi ukuphuma embhoshongweni uqobo, ngaphandle kokulinda insindiso, isikhulu, yize sihle, kepha yize futhi pompous, futhi i-villain ayilungile kangako. Iqiniso elijabulisayo ukuthi i-prototype ye-Countess Bervan - Iyaziqhenya futhi iyaziqhenya, ithambekele ekuziphatheni okungokomzwelo, ngokomzwelo, yenziwa ngumfazi kaMilna - uDorothy de Selinurt.
Ngo-1922, uMilnes waba odume ngenoveli ebekiwe "imfihlakalo yendlu ebomvu", ebhalwe emasikweni amahle ka-Arthur Conan Doyle no-Edgar Allan. Enkabeni yesakhiwo - ukubulala okwenziwe ngaphansi kwezimo ezingaziwa. Umgxeki waseMelika kanye nentatheli u-Alexander Vulcott wabiza inoveli "esinye sezindaba ezinhle kakhulu zazo zonke izikhathi." Umsebenzi waphenduka wathandwa kangangokuba wabhalwa kabusha e-UK amahlandla angama-22.
Ngo-1926, incwadi edume kakhulu emhlabeni ka-Alan Milna "Winnie Pooh" ibona. Indaba yebhele le-Plush Bhathe umbhali labhalela indodana kaChristopher Robin, owahlwanyela i-Menoli yaseCanada eZoo nguNicknie Winnie. I-toy yokudlala eyintandokazi ye-Plush yaqanjwa kabusha kusuka ku "Edward's Bear" eWinnie Puha - U-Christopher wayekholelwa ukuthi uWinnie Winnie uya ngokuthi athathwe njenge-swan pooh.
Bonke abanye abalingiswa bayi-piglet, ia, kenga no-Son ru, tigger - nabo babedonswa amathoyizi athandwayo kaChristopher. Okwamanje bagcinwa emtatsheni wezincwadi waseNew York. Njalo ngonyaka beza ukuzobheka isilinganiso sabantu abayizinkulungwane ezingama-750.
UWinnie the Pooh wathandwa kude kakhulu e-UK. Ngawo-1960s, umlobi wezingane uBoris wasondela umlando ngebhere (ngaphandle kwamakhanda amabili okuqala) eRussia futhi ehlanganiswe encwadini ethi "UWinnie Pooh nonke."
Ngo-1969, uSoyuzmullfilm wakhipha ingxenye yokuqala kaVinnie Pooh's Bad. Ibhere elithi "lakhuluma" ngezwi lemidlalo yaseshashalazini edumile yaseSoviet neCinema evgenia leonov. Ngemuva kweminyaka emibili, ikhathuni "UWinnie The Pooh uya evakashele", omunye unyaka kamuva - "Winnie Pooh kanye noSuku Lokunakekelwa". Kuyisici sokuthi "i-soyuzmultfilm" ayengekho engekho uChristopher Robin - omunye wabalingiswa abaphambili, umngani kaWinnie Pooh.
Impumelelo yenganekwane mayelana nebhere lithokozisa kuqala u-Alan Milna, bese lithukuthela - kusukela manje lalibonakala njengoMlobi wamanoveli athile, kodwa esikhundleni sikaWin Pooh. Abagxeki banikeza izibuyekezo ezingezinhle kumanoveli, ezaphuma ngemuva kwenganekwane - "ezimbili", "umuzwa onezinwele ezimfushane kakhulu", "Chloe Marr", nje ukufunda omunye umugqa ngoChristopher Robin noBear.
Kwakunesinye isizathu - iNdodana ayizange ithande ukuthandwa kuye. Uma uMilne wathi:
"Nginomuzwa wokuthi ngesonakalisa impilo kaChristophore Robin. Kwakudingeka ukubiza uCharles Robert Charles. "Ekugcineni, umfana wacela kubazali bakhe ngokubeka ubuntwana bakhe kuwo wonke umuntu, futhi wayeka ukuxhumana nabo. Kucatshangwa ukuthi izingxabano zomndeni zasalungiswa, njengoba uChristopher Robin ehambele umcimbi wokuvula wesikhumbuzo sebhere eLondon Zoo. Isifanekiso sinikezelwe ku-Alan Milna. Esithombeni kusukela ngalolo suku, indoda eneminyaka engu-61 ithanda i-heroine yobuntwana ngoboya.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ngo-1913, u-Alan Miln washada noKleyman wesihleli sePunch Magazine DORCHY de Selinurt, yibaphi abangane ababiza uDaphne. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi le ntombazane yavuma ukushada nomlobi ngosuku ngemuva kokuthandana.
Umlingani osanda kwenziwa owashada wavele wafunwa futhi akabi nakancane, futhi othandweni u-Alan Potakal wakhe. Intatheli uBarry Gan uchaze lobu budlelwano bomndeni:
"Uma uDaphni, egoba isiponji, wafuna ukuthi u-Alan wagxuma ophahleni lweSontoni laseSt. Paul, kungenzeka ukuthi wenziwe. Kunoma ikuphi, ivolontiya ngaphambili laqala unyaka ngemuva komshado wempi yezwe yokuqala, uMilnes oneminyaka engu-32 ubudala wahamba kuphela ngenxa yokuthi umfazi wezempi njengoba ngangithanda izikhulu zomfaniswano wamasosha, ekhukhula idolobha. "
Ngo-August 21, 1920, kwazalwa uRobin Christopher Miln. Ingane ayizange imsindise umndeni ekuhlukaniseni: Ngo-1922, uDorothy waphonsa u-Alan ngenxa yomculi wakwelinye izwe, kodwa, engakwazi ukwakha impilo yakhe naye, wabuya.
Ukushona
Ngo-1952, umlobi wahlaselwa yisifo sohlangothi, ngakho-ke ukwehluleka ukululama emva kwakhe.
Ukufa kwathola u-Alan Milna ngoDisemba 31, 1956, eminyakeni engama-74. Isizathu sasisifo esibi sobuchopho.
I-Bibliography
- 1905 - "Abathandi beLondon"
- Ngo-1917 - "Kanye nesikhathi eside ..."
- 1921 - "Mnu Pim"
- 1922 - "Imfihlakalo Yendlu Ebomvu"
- 1926 - "Winnie Pooh"
- 1928 - "House On Poohova"
- 1931 - "Ababili"
- Ngo-1933 - "Ukuzwa okufushane kakhulu"
- Ngo-1939 - "sekwephuze kakhulu"
- 1946 - "Chloe Marr"