I-Biograge
Engxenyeni yesibili yekhulu le-XIX, uHerbert Spencer wayephakathi kwezibalo ezisemqoka zomcabango wefilosofi. Kamuva, ama-Admirers afanisa neCrate ne-Aristotle. Kodwa-ke, iningi labantu besikhathi sabantu besikhathi sika-Spencer ababuzanga ukwazisa imibono yakhe. Lokho umnikelo omkhulu owenza lo mcabangi waseBrithani ekwakhiweni kwefilosofi nezenhlalo, akhulume kuphela ngekhulu lama-20, futhi namhlanje amagugu awo wesayensi ayaphinde aphinde athathe izintambo.Ubuntwana nentsha
UHerbert Spencer wazalwa ngo-Ephreli 27, ngo-1820 eDerby, Devonshire County. Isazi sefilosofi esizayo sakhula emkhayeni wothisha wesikole. Abazali be-Spencer, ngaphandle Kwakhe, bagqoka ukukhanya kwezinye izingane eziyisithupha, abahlanu babo abasefa basebuntwaneni.
UHerbert akazange ahluke impilo eqinile, ngakho-ke uYise wanquma ukungamniki indodana yakhe futhi wabandakanyeka mathupha ekukhulisweni nasemfundo yakhe. Umfana wathatha abazali bakhe nolwazi, kanye nezimfanelo zomuntu siqu: kumanothi we-autobiographical, isazi sefilosofi athi isikhathi sokugcina izimiso zakhe, wafunda kuYise.
Ukusebenzela uhlelo lokufundisa indodana yakhe, uSpencer Senior isondela ngokucophelela ekukhetheni kwezincwadi. UHerbert washeshe umlutha wokufunda, futhi yize ukuphumelela kwakhe ezifundweni zesikole akunakubizwa ngokuthi yi-Shiny, umfana akakwazanga ukwenqatshwa, umfana ocebile nokubuka.
Ngehora le-13, abazali babezomthumela kuMalume - Wayesekulungele ukuthatha ukuqeqeshwa kwensizwa yokwamukelwa eCambridge. Kodwa-ke, uSpencer, okholelwa kukholwa emfundweni esemthethweni, akazange angene eyunivesithi.
Ekwindla ka-1837, uHerbert, esehambile njengonjiniyela wesitimela, wathuthela eLondon. Kepha ngemuva kweminyaka emi-3 kamuva washiya inhlokodolobha wabuyela ekhaya. Lapho-ke i-spencer yazama amandla esifundweni sezibalo, kepha njengoba ayengakhuli ngesayensi enembile, yasheshe yaphola kulo msebenzi. Kepha kuleyo nsizwa ngavusa inzalo ngobuntatheli. Ephephandabeni elimnandi "i-Nonconforforf", washicilela izindatshana eziyi-12 ngezihloko zezepolitiki nakwezenhlalo. Ngo-1843, baphuma nencwadi ehlukile.
Eminyakeni eyalandela, uHerbert waphila phakathi kweLondon noBirmingham, bezama ngokwakhe emikhakheni ehlukahlukene yomsebenzi. Wabhala le midlalo, izinkondlo nezinkondlo, wanyathelisa umagazini wakhe, wasebenza njengonjiniyela noMsunguli. Ngasikhathi sinye, le nsizwa ayiyekanga ukufunda, yajwayelana nemisebenzi yabacabangi baseBrithani nabaseJalimane futhi belungiselela ukushicilela eyakhe incwadi.
Ifilosofi ne-sociology
Umsebenzi wokuqala weSpencer, onesihloko esithi "Social Static", washicilelwa ngo-1851. Kuyo, isazi sefilosofi senza njengomsunguli wethiyori yezobulungiswa, eyasungulwa ngemuva kweminye imisebenzi. Isisekelo sencwadi kwakuwukubonisana ukuthi ukulinganisela okusesimweni embusweni kungagcinwa kanjani. UHerbert wayekholelwa ukuthi ukulinganisela okunjalo kungenzeka uma ngabe isakhiwo senhlalo sitholwe ngumthetho wenkululeko kanye nohlelo lokulingana oluvela kubo.
Ukufundwa komphakathi kwahlangana "nezibalo zenhlalo" zanquma ukuthi bonke bezingakwazi ukuhlola kahle ukujula komsebenzi wakhe. Kepha ukwakheka kukaSpencer kwaheha ukunakwa kochwepheshe abavelele baseBrithani, phakathi kwabo uThomas Huxley, uGeorge Eliot, Stewart Mill.
Ukuxhumana nabo, uHerbert wathola amagama amasha kwifilosofi yanamuhla - omunye wabalingani abasha, uMille, wazethula emisebenzini ka-Auguste Kont. Ukuthola ukuthi eminye imibono yeFrance yathi yedwa, umcabangi wazizwa emele. Kamuva, uSpencer ugcizelele kaninginingi leyo nto ayinayo ithonya elincane kakhulu emibonweni yayo.
Ngo-1855, umthetho wezengqondo, oshicilelwe emafundweni amabili aphuma. Kuyena, uHerbert wachaza owakhe umqondo we-Associative Psychology. Lo msebenzi wanikezwa umlobi kangako, wathatha amandla amaningi angokomoya nangokomzimba. E-Biography eyabhalwa kuye, umcabangi wavuma ukuthi ekugcineni kwezinzwa zakhe kwaqhamuka esimweni esibi futhi akazange aqede indatshana. Kepha kulolu vivinyo aluphelanga. "Izisekelo ze-Psychology" azizange zibe nentshisekelo esondelene kakhulu phakathi kwabafundi, izindleko azizange zikhokhe, futhi uSpencer wahlala ngaphandle kokuziphilisa.
Abangani abahlele okubhaliselwe kokuqala ku- "Ifilosofi yokwenziwa" okubhaliselwe kuqala "uhlelo lwefilosofi yokwenziwa", lapho uRebert ayetshala khona. Inqubo yokusebenza yayibuhlungu kumuntu - ungazise ngaye, owenze umsebenzi owengeziwe, waqondakala ngaye ngesikhathi "ngesisekelo sezengqondo". Noma kunjalo, ngo-1862 ingxenye yokuqala yashicilelwa, ibizwa ngokuthi "okuvuliwe okuyisisekelo". Ngo-1864 kwathi ngo-1866, kwashicilelwa amavolumu amabili 'ezisekelo ze-biology ye-biology.
Ezweni lesazi sefilosofi, zombili lezi zindatshana aziphumelelanga, abafundi abavela eRussia naseMelika babenentshisekelo. Abalandeli be-Spencer abavela ezweni elisha bathunyelwa ngisho nokuqedwa kombhali wesheke ngama- $ 7 izinkulungwane eziyi-7 ukuze aqhubeke nokukhishwa kochungechunge lwezincwadi. Kubangani kwadingeka basebenze kanzima ukukholisa uHerbert ukuthi athathe lezi zimali. Umcabangi kuze kube yilapho owokugcina enqaba usizo lwemali ephanayo, kodwa ekugcineni wanikela.
Ngo-1870 no-1872, "izizathu zezengqondo" ziphume. Ngasikhathi sinye, uSpencer wakwazi ukusebenza kwenye i-eseyi enikezelwe ku-Sociology. Kuliqiniso, akukwazanga ukuqoqa ukwaziswa okudingekayo wedwa kuphela - onobudala, umbono wefilosofi wefilosofi usewohloke kakhulu kangangokuba kwadingeka ukuthi aqashe unobhala.
Ngokubambisana bahlela idatha ezikhungweni zenhlalo zezizwe ezahlukene, zingena imininingwane kumatafula akhethekile. Lokhu kwabonakala kuHerbert kuyazethemba kangangokuba wanquma ukumshicilela incwadi ehlukile. Ingxenye yokuqala ye- "Decriptive Sociology" ishicilelwe ngo-1871, ukushicilelwa kweminye imiqulu engu-7 kwaqhubeka kuze kube ngu-1880.
Incwadi yokuqala, elethwe nguSpencer, impumelelo yezentengiselwano kwakungu "Study of Sociology" (1873). Wayefuna ukuvimba ukukhishwa kwezindleko ze- "Base of Sociology" (1877-1896) - Ngokusho komlobi womlobi, kudingeka isingeniso esiyingqayizivele, esizovumela abafundi ukuba baqonde i-New Science. Imisebenzi yokugcina kaHerbert yaba yi- "Base of Ethics" (1879-1893), umsebenzi obeka iphuzu kuhlelo "lwefilosofi".
Umuntu ocabangayo waseBrithani wanamathela kwiPositivism - ukugeleza kwefilosofi, kwavela eFrance. Abalandeli bakhe babekholelwa ukuthi i-metaphysics yakudala ayikwazanga ukuphendula imibuzo ephuthumayo yesayensi yanamuhla. Babengenasifiso solwazi olungafinyeleleki, obonakalayo, iningi labo abalibona ezifundweni ezinamandla. USpencer, kanye nomsunguli wesamanje ngu-Auguste, noJohn Millem, waba ngummeleli wegagasi lokuqala lePositivism.
Umbono wokuziphendukela kwemvelo owakhiwa uHerbert wayesabalele. Ngokusho kwakhe, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kungumthetho oyisisekelo wokuthuthuka okukhona kuzo zonke izinto ezenzeka. Kubonisa ukuguquka kusuka ekungeniseni ukuxhumana, kusuka ku-homogeneous kuya ku-heterogeneouse futhi kukodwa okukodwa. Isigaba sokugcina sokuziphendukela kwemvelo ku-Spencer silingana - ngokwesibonelo, amabutho athuthukayo futhi alondoloze emphakathini. Lo mbono wefilosofi wawusetshenziselwa ukuhlaziya ukuhlaziya ezenhlalo, eziphilayo, ezengqondo, ezengqondo nezinye izinto.
UHerbert waphinde wakhuluma ngumlobi we-organic theory. Le nkampani yabonakala kuye njengesidalwa esiphilayo, esanda esibundayo, ihlala iyinkimbinkimbi ngokwengeziwe, ngasikhathi sinye, ngasikhathi sinye, abantu abathile (abantu abathile bayi-analogous) bahlala beya njalo: kodwa abantu abasha beza ukufuduka. Izikhungo zombuso isazi sefilosofi siqhathaniswa nezingxenye zomzimba ngamunye ezenza imisebenzi ethile.
Ngaphezu kohlelo lwezabasebenzi lwe-monumel "lwefilosofi yokwenziwa," uSpencer ukhiphe izincwadi eziningi, phakathi kwazo - "imingcele efanelekile yombuso" (1843), "umuntu kanye nombuso" (1884), "Amaqiniso kanye namazwana" ( 1902) nabanye.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Mayelana nempilo yomuntu siqu yefilosofi akaziwa kakhulu. Isizathu esiyinhloko sokuba nesizungu sakhe sikhona eqinisweni lokuthi wonke ama-herbert akhe anikela emsebenzini. Ngo-1851, umcabangi waphakanyiswa, emfuna umfazi ofanele, wasuswa ukuwuthumela emqheleni.
Kodwa-ke, lezi zinhlelo zazingamiselwe ukufezeka - ukujwayelana nentombazane, uSpencer wenqaba umshado. Lesi sinqumo asihlosile iqiniso lokuthi uMlobokazi athuthukiswe kakhulu. Esikhathini esizayo, uHerbert akazange adale umndeni wakhe, yonke imicabango yakhe yaphendukela kwisayensi nezincwadi.
Ukushona
UHerbert Spencer ushone ngoDisemba 8, 1903 eBrighton. Wangcwatshwa emathuneni aphezulu eLondon, eduze komlotha wesazi sefilosofi esivelele xix Century Century - Karl Marx. Ukufa komcabangi waseBrithani kwandulelwa iminyaka yokugula - ekugcineni kwempilo yakhe, akasasuki embhedeni.
Ibhalwe yi- "Autobiography" yanyatheliswa ngo-1904, kanye nabafundi bezincwadi ezinesibindi ezivela kubadala. Ukwakheka kukaSpencer kwatshelwa kudala ngaphambi kokuba kushicilelwe, kwafika ama-oda amaningi aphambi kwangaphambili. Ngosuku lokuqala, ukuthengisa "i-autobiography" kwahlengwa ngokulethwa, ukufundwa komphakathi akuzange kudumise ngisho nentengo ehlaba umxhwele.
I-Bibliography
- Ngo-1842 - "Imingcele efanelekile yamandla kahulumeni"
- Ngo-1851 - "I-Stam Callic"
- Ngo-1861 - "Imfundo yezemfundo, isimilo nengqondo"
- I-1862-1896 - "Synthetic Philosophy System"
- 1879 - "Idatha yokuziphatha"
- Ngo-1884 - "Umuntu noMbuso"
- 1885 - "Ifilosofi nenkolo. Imvelo Neqiniso Lenkolo "
- Ngo-1891 - I-Essay: Isayensi, yezepolitiki nefilosofi "
- Ngo-1891 - "Ubulungisa"
- 1902 - "Amaqiniso Nokuphawula"