I-Biograge
UNapoleon III - Umongameli wokuqala we-French Republic kanye nenkosi yokugcina yaseFrance, kwakungumshana we-Emperor Napoleon I Bonaparte. Kusuka kumalume wathola amandla okugcina ezombusazwe zangaphakathi nezifiso zokufisa ukubamba izinkundla. Noma kunjalo, iminyaka engu-22 yeBhodi - kusukela ngoDisemba 20, 1848 kuya kuSepthemba 4, 1870 - UNapoleon III akakaze akwazi ukunqoba indawo yabakwethuli. Isikhumbuzo seminyaka engama-200 sokuzalwa kombusi ngonyaka ka-2008, izakhamizi zaseFrance zenqabile ukugubha ngesilinganiso.Ubuntwana nentsha
UNapoleon III, ngokuzalwa kwalowo ogama lakhe linguCharles Louis Napoleon, wazalwa ebusuku kusukela ngo-Ephreli 20 kuya ku-Ephreli 21, 1808 eParis. Ubaba uLouis Bonaparte wayengumfowabo omncane kaNapoleon I Bonaparte, kanti uMama Hortensia Bogarne ungumama wokutholwa wakhe. Ngakho-ke, uLouis (eduze kwegama lomfana osebuntwaneni) wabhalwa emndenini ukuze abe nguNkulunkulu wombusi waseFrance. Umkhosi wobhapathizo wabanjwa ngoNovemba 4, 1810.
UCharles Louis wayeyingane yesithathu emndenini kaLouis neHydrangea. Owokuqala, uNapoleon Charles, wazalwa ngo-1802, noNapoleon Mina, ngaphandle kokuba nezingane, ehlele ukumenza indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi samakhosi. Kepha umfana odluliselwe ikusasa elikhulu, washona eminyakeni emi-5.
Ilungelo lokuba ngumbusi olandelayo waseFrance wadlula endodaneni yesibili emndenini - uNapoleon Louis, noCharles Louis wayesemthethweni. Kepha ngo-1811, unkosikazi kaNapoleon nginguMaria-Louise, isikwandlalifa esilindelwe isikhathi eside, uNapoleon II, kanye nesikhundla sezingane zikaLouis neHydrangea bawohloka kakhulu.
UHydrangea wahlonipha uNapoleon ngingumbusi, ngakho amadodana abeka ukukhulekelwa kwandulele ngaphambi kukaMalume. Izindaba ezikhuluma ngezinkulumo ezinkulu zaqala ukuvelela kukaCharles Louis, oyedwa kanye nonina, waqala ukungcwaba umbusi waseFrance.
Impilo yezingane engenamafu uLouis yaphela ngoMashi 31, 1814, lapho ibona efasiteleni, njengoba amasosha e-Antifranzu Coalition engena eParis. Umbusi oholwa ngumbusi u-Alexander waseRussia ALSE. IHortensia, isifundile ngakho, yanquma ukuhlela isikhundla samadodana. Umqondo wawuthweswe umqhele ngempumelelo, nangosizo luka-Alexander I, wabelwa isihloko seDuchess de se, impesheni nokunye okuningi.
NgoJanuwari 1, 1816, kwanyatheliswa umthetho, ukuhlinzeka ngokuxoshwa kohlobo lwe-Bonaparte kusuka eFrance, kodwa iHydrangea, kanye namadodanakhe asuka eParis ngonyaka ngaphambili. Ngo-Okthoba 1815, uLouis "umangale" kumfana ophakeme womkakhe, futhi uDuchess wahlala neCharf Louis. Bahlala enqabeni eSwitzerland. Lapha, ikusasa leNapoleon III lachitha iminyaka engu-17.
Umama wamqasha othisha uPhilip Leba, owayefundisa umlando wabafana, atshela izinguquko nezimpi zesikhathi seRiphabhulikhi yaseFrance, bese kuba uMbuso. Izifundo zaqinisa kuphela uthando lukaCharles Louis kuMalume, naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi uNapoleon ngangisususiwe emandleni.
Ukwandisa umkhathizwe, i-hydrangea yanika indodana ukuba ifunde e-Augsburg College. Lapho uLouis wafunda isiJalimane, isiNtaliyane nesiNgisi. Ngo-1827, uCharles Louis oneminyaka engu-19 ubudala wabhalwa eMbunjiniyela Wobunjiniyela kanye ne-Artillery School eTournai. Lapho esephothule imfundo, le nsizwa yangena enkonzweni eSwitzerland Army, lapho ngo-1834 yathola khona isikhundla sekaputeni.
Umsebenzi wezepolitiki
UBonaparta wawungavunyelwe ukubuyela eFrance, kanti uCharles Louis wanquma ukugcina ezombusazwe ngaphandle kwezwe lomdabu. Ngokubambisana nomdala mfowenu uNapoleon Louis, wabamba iqhaza ekuvumeni kukaChiro Menotti, inhloso yakhe bekungukukhululwa kweRoma kusukela ekucindezelweni kwesihlalo sobukhosi sasePAPAL. Ukusebenza kwaphenduka ukunqotshwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ekuhambeni, uNapoleon Louis usezelwe, wafa kwangoMashi 17, 1831.
Ngo-1836, uCharles Louis wenza umzamo wokuqala wokuthwebula isihlalo sobukhosi saseFrance, esingathweswa umqhele ngempumelelo. Le nsizwa yayiswa eParis yayo yendabuko kwi-Louis-Philippa I. Wazinza phezu komshana kaNapoleon ngazidingiswa eMelika, lapho uLouis achitha khona kungakapheli unyaka.
Ngo-Agasti 6, 1840, umzamo wesibili wokuthwebula amandla wehlulekile, futhi kulokhu uLouis-Philipp wabusa loLouis, umusho onzima ngokwengeziwe - impilo egqugquzele enqabeni yeGam.
Ngemuva kweminyaka eyisithupha, le nsizwa yagijima. Kuyathakazelisa iqiniso lokuthi isizathu salokhu kwakungesiso isifiso senkululeko, kodwa izindaba eziphathelene ne-ambulensi kuYise. ULouis ushone ngoSepthemba 25, 1846, eshiya indodana impahla e-Italy nasefaneni eyisigidi.
Ngesikhathi sokuvukelwa kukaFebhuwari ka-1848, zonke iziboshwa zakhululwa, kufaka nabasekeli bakaCharles Louis. Ngenxa yokweseka kwabo, umbusi wekusasa wakwazi ukubuyela ezweni lakubo. Wakhethwa emhlanganweni oqalile, futhi okhethweni lukaMongameli weFrance Republic ngoDisemba 10, ngalowo nyaka wathola amavoti angama-74%. Ukuvulwa kwenzeka ngezinsuku eziyi-10. Ngemuva kwalokho uNapoleon III wayeneminyaka engama-40 ubudala.
Indikimba Ebusayo
Emkhankasweni wokhetho, uCharles Louis wathembisa ngemuva kokuphelelwa yisikhathi kweBhodi ukudlulisa amandla kuMongameli omusha, kodwa ngoJuni 1951 wenza umzamo wokwenza ushintsho kumthethosisekelo kanye nenombolo yezinsuku zokugcina zikaMongameli . Njengoba usuthole ukwenqaba, uNapoleon III wahlela ukucoca. NgoDisemba 2 wonyaka ofanayo, i-French Republic yawa. UMthethosisekelo omusha ngoJanuwari 14, 1852 wanikeza uMongameli wamalungelo eBhodi iminyaka engu-10. Lezi kwakuyizinyathelo zokuqala zokubuyisela inkosi ye-bonaparty.
Umkhankaso wezepolitiki olandelayo kaCharles Louis waholela eqinisweni lokuthi ngoNovemba 21, 1852, iFrance yamukelwa ngokusemthethweni njengombuso, futhi yayingoDisemba 2, 1852 - uMbusi uNapoleon III.
NgoJanuwari 30, 1853, umbusi waseFrance wamamaki ne-Aristocrat yaseSpain yase-Evgenia Montiho. Eminyakeni engu-3 kamuva, ngoMashi 16, 1856, indlalifa yendlalifa esihlalweni sobukhosi sase-Imperial, u-Eugene Louis, uNapoleon, wabonakala emhlabeni, owayengumuntu onothando olubizwa ngokuthi yiPrince Langu enkantolo. Ukuhlonipha lokhu, uNapoleon III okhishwe iziboshwa eziyi-1,200.
Umbusi wayithanda iphupho ukubuyisa umbuso wombuso we-bonapartist eFrance, oxubene nobuzwe, ukulondolozwa kwezwe, ukukhululwa kobusoshiyali kanye nobusoshiyali ngokwakhe. Enye yezinto eziphambili ze-bonapartism ukulinganisela phakathi kwamakilasi ezenhlalo. Ukucabanga konke okulinganayo, uNapoleon III amemezele umthetho ofanele wendawo yonke, kwenqatshelwe ukusebenza ngezimpelasonto namaholide esonto (umthetho wasebenza kuze kube ngu-1880).
Umbusi wafuna ukwenza iFrance ibe yizwe elinenkululeko. NgoNapoleon III, iNhlangano YamaMathernal Mercy yadalelwa ukusekela omama abangashadile nabampofu, izibhedlela zezintandane, izibhedlela zabantu abakhubazekile kanye nalabo abalimele ekukhiqizweni basungulwa impesheni yabasebenzi bakahulumeni. Ngo-1854, kwethulwa uhlelo "lomuthi we-cantonal", lapho kunikezwa khona ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha amadolobhana mahhala. Ngamafuphi, uNapoleon III wazama ukusiza bonke abamele inkampani.
Ngokuya ngentuthuko yezomnotho, iFrance yaba okwesibili, ngemuva kweNgilandi, amandla omhlaba: umthamo wokukhiqiza izimboni, ezolimo zanda, ngenxa yokwakhiwa kwezitimela zanda ukuhweba.
UNapoleon III, njengomalume wakhe uNapoleon I, waphishekela inhloso yokwandisa insimu yombuso, kodwa akafuni ukulwa noRussia naseNgilandi. Ngo-1858, iFrance neNgilandi babopha impi yesibili ye-Opium enombuso we-qing, ngo-1859 uNapoleon III wanquma ukunqoba iVietnam, kwathi ngo-1863 wanquma ukubeka ekhanda leMexico eyakhe. Ukusebenza kokugcina kwehlulekile, ngenxa yokuthi idumela lezwe lenzeke ngalo.
NgoJulayi 19, 1870, uNapoleon III wenza isinyathelo esandayo - kumenyezelwa impi yePrussia ngaphandle kokuqeqeshwa okufanele. Amasosha aseFrance anqotshwa, futhi umbusi wezwe wathunjwa. Lapho wafunda ngokuguqulwa ngoSepthemba, ngenxa yalokho aphonseni u-Evgenia Motijo abaleka nendodana yakhe eParis, kwathi uNapoleon III wasuswa emandleni.
UFrance wamemezela ukubheja, kwasayinwa isivumelwano sokuthula. NgoMashi 20, 1871, manje umbusi wangaphambili waseFrance wakhululwa, waya kumkakhe nendodana yakhe eNgilandi. Emicimbini yalezo zinsuku ngo-2015, ifilimu elishicilelwe "umlando we-mravov" ladutshulwa.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
UNapoleon III wayenowokuphela koshade naye osemthethweni - u-Evgeny Montijo. U-Alexander Duma - indodana yakhe wabiza inyunyana yabo "ukunqoba kothando ngenxa yobandlululo, ubuhle - amasiko, imizwa - kwezepolitiki." Lo mbhangqwana ushade esontweni lasePhethe likaNkulunkulu weParis ngo-1853, eminyakeni emithathu kamuva, indlalifa yesihlalo sobukhosi saseFrance napoleon IV u-Eugene IV Eugeis Jean Joseph IV, washona eMpini YeziNgisi-Zulussian Ngo-1879.
UNapoleon III wayenezingane eziningi. U-Verzho we-Alexandrin-Eleonor uVerzho wabeletha uYujina (1843) no-Alexander Bure (1845). Amadodana akhulisiwe u-Elizabeth Ann Harriet Howard - Isifiso sombusi olandelayo. Bahlangana kuze kube ngu-1853, waze washada noNapoleon III. Kuthiwa baqhubeka nokugcina ukuxhumana kuze kube ngu-1855.
Ukushona
Ngisho nangaphambi kwemisho yasejele enqabeni, uNapoleon III wahlushwa yi-rheumatism nase-hemorrhoids, futhi kusukela maphakathi nawo-1860s, izinhlungu engxenyeni engezansi yesisu kanye nomhlane ongezansi wengezwe. Ngo-1872, umbusi watholakala ene-Urolithi evuliwe. Wafuna ukungenelela okusheshayo okuphezulu.
NgoJanuwari 1873, Wenza imisebenzi emithathu, nangobusuku bangowesine, ngoJanuwari 8, 1873, uNapoleon III ushonile - isimo esibuthakathaka asikwazanga ukumela imithwalo. Ithuna le-Emperor France liseCrypt of St Michael's Abbey eFarnborough.
Ngo-1895, u-Emil Zola ubhale kwelinye lamaphephandaba eParis:
"Ngakhula ngaphansi kwethonya likaViktor Hugo. "I-NAPOONN encane" yakhe kwakuyincwadi yomlando kimi, eyachaza iqiniso eliphelele. Esikhathini esingu-20, ngesikhathi sokukhanya kombuso, ngangibheka umshana weNdlunkulu NEPOLEON ephethe iqembu lezigelekeqe, "umphangi ebusuku". Kepha kusukela ngaleso sikhathi ngashintsha umbono wami ngaye. UNapoleon III, owethulwe eNapoleon Malom, isilo esikhiqizwa kuphela umcabango weViktor Hugo. Eqinisweni, akukho lutho olufana nolufana nokwangempela kunomfanekiso odwetshiwe ... ".Amaqiniso athakazelisayo
UNapoleon III wabhala izindatshana zesayensi nezemibhalo emlandweni, ababusi abathile, izinguquko. Imisebenzi yakhe yokuqala yaphuma ngo-1831 - "I-Artillery Textbook" kanye "nezombusazwe kanye nezempi ezikhombisa eSwitzerland". Ngemuva konyaka, washicilela "amaphupho ezepolitiki", futhi emibonweni yeNapoleonic "(1839) ukhuluma ngesimo esihlelwe kahle.
Wazama le mibono yokuhumushela iminyaka engu-22.
Ngesikhathi sokuboshwa kwempilo ejele, uNapoleon III, njengomshana kaNapoleon, kwavezwa amalungelo. Kusukela nsuku zonke amahora amabili ngosuku enaye echithe inkosikazi ka-Eleonor Verzho. Izivakashi zivunyelwe ukuba nezivakashi, phakathi kwazo kwakuyintatheli uLouis Blanc, ababhali bakaFrancois René de Charloan no-Alexander Duma-Son, Duchess Hamilton. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uNapoleon III uvunyelwe ukuhlela umtapo wezincwadi esitokisini.
UNapoleon III wayenempilo yomuntu ocebile. Ngisho emshadweni, waqala amangakazi akhe, phakathi kwawo owakwakheni oshade naye uNgqongqoshe Wezangaphandle - Indodakazi yaseMarianna Valvskaya, iBaroness Valentina Osmann, i-Counters Vouise de Warse-Argea-Argean. Abanye bemibindi banezingane ezivela embusi.
E-Bioleon's Biography III, kwakukhona imizamo emithathu yokuzama empilweni yakhe - Ephreli 26 noSepthemba 8, 1855, Januwari 14, 1858. Ngesikhathi sokugcina, abantu abangu-8 babulawa, abangu-156 balimala - kwathi kwaphonswa ngebhomu enqoleni yombuso.
-Zuzayo
- Ngo-1848 - Order of the Londory Legion
- Ngo-1849 - Order of Fiu ix
- I-1850 - Order of the Gold Rune
- Ngo-1853 - Ukuhleleka Kombusi Ongcwele
- Ngo-1854 - I-Order Order
- I-1855 - I-Order Order
- Ngo-1856 - Ukuhleleka komphostoli oNgcwele u-Andrei kuqala ukubizwa
- 1859 - Indondo yegolide "ye-Valor Yezempi"
- Ngo-1863 - Ukuhleleka koMsindisi