I-Biograge
Isazi sefilosofi sasendulo samaGrikhi e-Emmedocle sishiye kuphela izinkondlo ezifa - futhi zagcinwa kuphela ngohlobo lwezingcaphuno nezingcaphuno, kepha bathola imibono eminingi yesibindi elindele ikusasa elikude. Kwi-biography yomcabangi kunzima ukuhlukanisa amaqiniso ezinganekwaneni. Isikhathi sasosikhathi sikaphila sasikholelwa ukuthi amabutho angaphezu kwemvelo futhi sakwazi ukuvuselela abafileyo, futhi umuntu ozicabangela ngokwakhe wawusekela umbono wemvelaphi yakhe yaphezulu. I-Bertrand russell encwadini ethi "Umlando Wefilosofi yaseNtshonalanga" ebizwa nge-EMDedocla"Ingxubevange yefilosofi, umprofethi, indoda yesayensi noCharlatan."Ubuntwana nentsha
Eminyakeni emisha yefilosofi yefilosofi yaziwa kancane, futhi noma ngosuku lokuphikisana kwakhe nolwazi lokuzalwa. Iningi lezazi-mlando zivame ukuthi kwakungu-490 kuya enkathini yethu. Ingxenye eyinhloko yempilo yomcabangi ibibanjelwe edolobheni lase-Akraganta (manje - agrigento) eSicily, ngakho-ke ebufakazini obubhalwe phansi, kuvame ukubizwa ngokuthi yi-eMdocl kusuka ku-Akragant. Eminye imithombo nayo yenzeka nokucacisa "ndodana yokukhululeka".
Imininingwane ye-Biographical mayelana nesazi sefilosofi yaziwa ikakhulukazi kusuka emsebenzini kaDiogen Lanertsky, imcono yawo kanye nemisebenzi yabanye abacabangi bakudala. Waba umsunguli wesikole sika-Oratory, wabhala imibhalo yezinkulumo futhi wadumala ngokwenza okuhle. U-Aristotle wakubheka njengomsunguli weRetoric.
U-Emdocl wayengumsekeli oqinisekisiwe wentando yeningi futhi wakhuthaza i-aclelant young ukuze aqhubeke nale ndlela. Isikhundla sakhe emphakathini sasinesisindo, futhi isikhundla siyakholeka, kepha akakwazanga ukusindisa edolobheni. Abasekeli bakaTirani bathumba amandla bagweba ifezeli ukuba bayidinginge edolobheni. Ngemuva kokuhlulwa, i-Empedocle yasuka kwezepolitiki, icwiliswe ngokuphelele kwifilosofi.
Isikhathi sasosikhathiso sakholelwa ukuthi i-Empedocle yahamba kakhulu, futhi kwakuwumthombo ngqo wolwazi lwakhe olujulile - abapristi baseGibhithe kuphela abangafundiswa inqubekela phambili yentuthuko, kanye nezokwelapha - amadoda ahlakaniphile aseMpumalanga, kepha isiqinisekiso Eqinisweni lokuthi umcabangi wakudala wayesemazweni ahlukahlukene, cha.
Emazweni abo okuphathelene nangomdabu, ifezeli lefilosofi lalithathwa njengesimangaliso kanye nomlingo. Wabangelwa yizimangaliso ezahlukahlukene, nakuvuselwa kovuko lwabafileyo - okuthiwa wakwazi ukuvuselela lona wesifazane, izinsuku ezingama-30 zase zithule. Wayeqanjwa ngokuthi uhambo ngohambo - ngokwezinganekwane, lapho umoya wake wabeka phansi kakhulu kangangokuba walimaza isivuno, u-Empedocle wayala ukwenza amagquma asuka embongolweni awela emagqumeni nasemagqumeni, ngemuva kwalokho isimo sezulu sathuthuka.
Futhi, izazi zefilosofi zithiwa yinsindiso yaseSelinunti evela kubhubhane ubhubhane: wayala ukuba aphule edwaleni ukuze avumele umoya wobumbano edolobheni elifayo, futhi ngokushesha lapho imimoya yasenyakatho ifike emkhathini futhi yathatha lesi sifo.
Ifilosofi
Imibono yakhe ye-Empedocl ifakwe kwifomu lenkondlo. Abacabangi bezaphulelo abagcinwe ngokulungisa emisebenzini, izinkondlo zakhe ezimbili: "Ukuhlanza" kanye "emvelweni". Kucatshangwa ukuthi bobabili babeyimigqa eyizinkulungwane ezingama-5 kuzo, kepha bangu-450 kuphela abagcinwe. Izinkondlo zifakwe kulezi zinkondlo ziveza imicabango yakhe hhayi kuphela, kodwa nenhle: I-Empedocle yayiyinkosi yezingathekiso zezinkondlo.
Ebusheni bakhe, i-Emdocl yasekela eyamanje yePythagorean, kodwa wabe esexoshwa emigqeni yabafundi - ukuthi ngabe wayikhaphela ulwazi oluyimfihlo ngaye, noma ukuthi wayezabelwe yena uqobo? umbono). Eminye imibono yePythagora, ikakhulukazi imfundiso yengxenye, yabe isibeka isisekelo se-Naturophilososososos yomcabangi.
Ukuvivinya umzimba kwe-Empedocle kususelwa ekwelashweni kwe-arhem - I-Primacy Elements Elements ehambelana nezifo ezi-4 ezihambelana nonkulunkulu 4 - usizo, uZeus, Gera kanye Nestis. Izakhi, zingonaphakade futhi zingashintshiwe, zihlala zihamba njalo, zigcwalisa isikhala bese zakha zonke izinto ezizungezile, kufaka phakathi umzimba womuntu. Isibonelo, igazi liqukethe izinto ezi-4 ngokulingana okulinganayo, kanye namathambo ezingxenye ezi-4 zomlilo, 2 - umhlaba kanye no-2 - umlilo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izinto ngokwazo zimane nje zingenzi lutho, kepha zihambisane nokushayisana kwamabutho ama-2 aphambene - ifayela (uthando) kanye ne-NEUKUS (inzondo) kanye ne-NEUKUS (inzondo).
Ukuzalwa nokufa kwe-Empedocle kubhekwe njengemibono engalungile, ngemuva lapho kunokuxhumana okulula nokuhlukaniswa kwezinto. Lokhu kuvela okususelwa ku-Buadism kutholakala konke, kwakha inqubo ye-cyclic, lapho ubunye futhi abaningi baboniswa njalo.
Ezinkondlo zezinkondlo, isazi sefilosofi esizwakalisa imicabango eminingi eyayingaphambi kwesikhathi sayo. Kube kunjalo-ke, le mbono kaBold yayingenakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ngamandla, futhi abantu besikhathi samehlo bamehlo abonakala behle kakhulu, kodwa ngokuthuthuka kwesayensi, ososayensi bamangale ukuthi bebe yisayensi yasendulo yemibono eminingi ebalulekile eSayensi eminingi ebalulekile kwisayensi yasendulo.
Isibonelo, i-EMDedocl yasekela umthetho wokulondolozwa (okokuqala ngqa ovezwe ngokuthula), ephikisana nokuthi akukho okuvela ku-void. Engqungqutheleni "Emvelweni", wabhala ukuthi ukukhanya kusakazeka ngejubane elithile, elikhulu, kepha ubukhulu bokugcina. Futhi emisebenzini ye-Emmecocle yathola izisekelo zemfundiso yokukhethwa kwemvelo, eyenziwe nguDarwin: Isazi sefilosofi sathi izinhlobo zivame ukuguquka, futhi zisinda kuphela eziguqulwe kakhulu zazo.
Njengokulindelekile, ukufundisa kwakhe ngokuvamile akuyona ukufana kakhulu nemibono ye-biology yesimanje - ngokwesibonelo, umcabangi wawukholelwa ukuthi izilwane zokuqala kwakukhona imizimba emishini, okubandakanya ukwakhiwa kwemishini, kufaka phakathi umuntu, kepha ama-hypotheses awo aboniswa futhi athuthukiswe kubabhali be Abalandeli futhi babeke izisekelo zokufunda impilo ye-organic.
Lokhu akuyona ukuphela komnikelo wesayensi eyenziwe yifezeli. I-Empedocl ikhulume ngomqondo womoya njengento ethile, yaqopha okubonile amaqiniso wamandla we-centrifugal futhi yaveza ukuthi inyanga ikhanya hhayi eyakhe, kodwa ukukhanya okuveziwe. Wayenesifiso sokuzalwa kwengane: ikakhulukazi ayimfihlakalo, wabheka ukuzalwa kwezingane ezimbili ezinamawele amabili futhi wazama ukuchaza le nto ngomqondo wokuhlala kabusha komphefumulo.
Ifilosofi yasendulo ingeyemibono kanye nokuqagela emkhakheni wezokwelapha, ikakhulukazi maqondana nomzimba we-physiology kanye nombono wezinzwa. Ubengomunye wabokuqala abazama ukuhlukanisa ukuphulukiswa kwakhe ezinhlelweni nasezinkolweni ezingaboni. I-Empedocle yagcizelela ukuthi umuthi - isayensi, hhayi ulwazi lomlingo oluyimfihlo, futhi udokotela uphoqelekile ukutadisha umzimba womuntu, hhayi nje ukulandela izinganekwane zasendulo.
Ngokombono we-Gnoseology, i-Empedocl yenze umsekeli wolwazi okubonakalayo futhi yayiwumqondo ophakeme ngokuya ngemingcele yayo, ephikisana nokuthi iqiniso likhona futhi azikho izithiyo eziyisisekelo zokuqonda kwalo. Ngasikhathi sinye, izwe lendoda lazi imizwa: izitho zalo ezivumelana nento efundwayo futhi ngama-pores akhethekile abona imininingwane. Ama-pores abanzi, imininingwane eyengeziwe futhi eyinkimbinkimbi ngawo ungabona futhi wazi.
Ngokubambisana ne-Anaksagor, i-Empedocle yabeka izisekelo zokuthuthuka kwefilosofi yamaGrikhi, lapho izimfundiso zama-athomists, imisebenzi ka-Aristotle noPlato Rose.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Akukho lutho olwaziwa ngonkosikazi wesazi esikhulu sefilosofi. Kodwa-ke, inzalo yayinakho: USatir "amathrekhi okuphila" athi iNdodana izelwe, umcabangweni azibiza ngokuthi ahlonishwe yi-Exacuette yakhe. Futhi kweminye imithombo kukhulunywa ngendodakazi, okuyibo ngenhloso, noma ngabe wayishisa ngengozi yemibhalo yesandla esele esele yefilosofi.
U-Empedocle wahlukaniswa ngokuziphatha ngokweqile futhi ethanda ukugcizelela ukuphakama kwakhe phezu kwabanye. Ugqoke izingubo zikampristi - ingubo ebubende, ibhande legolide nomqhele we-Delfian, yonke indawo yavela ezungezwe amasudi nabafundi abashisekayo, nomsebenzi wakhe wobuciko bakhe obuphefumulelwe yizakhamizi. Uthole isimo esihle kubazali bakhe, akhetha ukusichitha ngendlela yangempela, ekhipha umshado futhi ahlele imishado ephumelelayo yazo.
Ukushona
Mayelana ne-Empedocl efile ngayo, kunezinguqulo ezimbalwa - kusuka emndenini kuya kumnandi. UDiogen Lanertsky uhola 2 kubo. Ngokowokuqala, ifilosofi edumile yalethwa ezulwini ephila, futhi "kufanele ahlabezelwe njengoNkulunkulu kaNkulunkulu." Ngokusho kwesibili - ama-eMdocl akhethe ukuzibulala: Uzwa ukusondela kokufa, waphuthuma e-ETHNA. Kugubha ukufunda ngokufa kwakhe, ukuthola izimbadada zakhe zethusi emlotheni.
Kodwa-ke, ebufakazini obubhaliwe balesosikhathi, izinguqulo ezilula zitholakala: Kungenzeka ukuthi i-Empedocle yawela enqoleni eyaya eholidini eMesmen, iphule ithanga, yagula emva kwalokho, yafa. Kukhulunywa futhi ukuthi empeleni wawela wawela olwandle. Ukuba yindoda ebuthakathaka, isazi sefilosofi asizange sibhekane negagasi lokuhlasela futhi aminza.
Yikuphi kokuchazwa okuyiqiniso nokuthi kwakuyimbangela yokufa, akukaziwa ngokuthembekile. Izazi-mlando azivumelani ngombono, wayeneminyaka emingaki uMcabangi ngesikhathi sokufa: 60, 77 noma u-109.
Inzalo yabeka isithombe se-e-sand edolobheni lakubo. Kamuva, amaRoma ayishukumisela enhlokodolobha afaka isikwele esiphambi kwesakhiwo sesenati. Imidwebo eqoqiwe yefilosofi futhi yagcinwa, ngokusho kwalapho umuntu engenza umbono olinganiselwa ngokubukeka kwayo.
Amacaphuna
Okubi kakhulu okububini okububi ezinhlosweni ezi-toast. Kunombono ongacacile emphefumulweni mayelana nokungafi. I-cosmos eyodwa, kepha isikhala kuphela awenzi ezinye, enye ingxenye yendawo yonke, yonke yindaba engahlobene. Akukenzeki kuze, futhi akukho okungaba yilokho okuzobhujiswa.Ukumangala enkantolo
- "Mayelana nemvelo"
- "Ukuhlanza"