I-Biograge
UJean-Batista Lamarka ungomhlonishwa woMdali wokuhlukaniswa kokuqala kwezilwane nezitshalo. Wenza umzabalazo omkhulu wesayensi, kodwa waphila impilo, umzabalazo ophelele nokuhlupheka. Ngokusho kwe-biography esemthethweni, usosayensi wafa engaziwa, osizi nobuphofu kanye nobuphofu, futhi kwathatha isikhathi esiningi ukuze inzalo ikwazise ukufeza kwakhe.Ubuntwana nentsha
UJean-Baptiste Pierre Antoine de Mona, Chevalé de Lamarc, wazalelwa edolobheni laseBashen-Le-Petit ngo-Agasti 1, 1744. Emndenini wayengomncane ezinganeni eziyi-11.
Bazali, yize babengeyabantu ababili, bebempofu futhi behluleka ukusiza indodana yabo ukuba yakhe umsebenzi wezempi, ayephupha ngayo. Esikhundleni salokho, bathumela uJean esikoleni samaJesuits, ngemuva kokuphela kwayo kwadingeka ukuba athole i-san engokomoya.
Ngo-1760, ubaba kaLamarka washona, nensizwa eneminyaka engu-16 ubudala, ephonsa izincwadi zezenkolo, wabhalisa ebuthweni. Iminyaka engu-7 elandelayo yempilo ayichitha emabuthweni akhona futhi yathola isikhundla sesikhulu, ihlukaniswe izimpi ngokumelene neBritish phakathi nempi yeminyaka eyisikhombisa.
Isayensi
Intshisakalo yangempela yemvelo yavuka esosayensi yesikhathi esizayo iminyaka engama-25 kuphela. Lapho ibutho lakhe lihlala isikhathi eside eRiviera, uJean-batist wanikela ngaso sonke isikhathi sakhe samahhala esifundweni sezitshalo futhi wakuthola kuthakazelisa kakhulu. Ngokushesha kwadingeka ukuthi ayeke ibutho esifundazweni sezempilo - empini kaLamarck uthole ukulimala okungathi sína kwe-vertebrae yesibeletho. Impesheni yomuntu wamasosha yayincane, futhi ilungise izindaba zezezimali, kwadingeka athole isikhulu sikahulumeni.
Iqiniso elihehayo - le nsizwa yayingumculi onethalente futhi yangabaza kakhulu, ukuthi iyiphi indlela eya ngaphezulu - i-Creative noma yesayensi. Intshisekelo yokuthola izilwane zasendle, futhi ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile, uLamarck uthole indawo yesisebenzi eRoyal Garden, lapho aqala khona ukuqoqwa kweqoqo elidumile lezitshalo nama-invertebrates.
Ngemuva kweminyaka engu-9, ngesisekelo salo mhlangano, uLamarck wabhala incwadi. Umsebenzi kaFlora France, owawuhlanganisa yonke imiqulu emi-3, wamvusela ngokushesha udumo ezweni lakubo - ngaleso sikhathi iBotany lalisemfashini. Ososayensi babona inani lesayensi lesakhiwo se-LAMARCA (lalinemibono emisha nemigomo yokuhleleka kwezitshalo) futhi wamnika ubulungu kwiFrance Academy.
Eminyakeni engu-2 elandelayo, umcwaningi wachitha ohambweni eYurophu. Ngalesi sikhathi, wayevakashele inqwaba yezikhungo zemfundo kanye nezingadi ze-botanical futhi wagcwalisa umhlangano wazo ngenani elikhulu lamasampula amasha. Kuze kube ngu-1789, uLamarc wabamba indawo yomnakekeli ophambili we-herbarium yasebukhosini, kepha umsebenzi ophumelelayo wososayensi osemusha waphazamisa inguquko. Lapho iqoqo lesayensi yemvelo le-monarch lalilokhu likhona, uLamarc, wethukile ngekusasa lemibukiso, lenza inkulumo eMnyuziyamu Kazwelonke futhi wacela ukumisa umnyuziyamu.
Ngaleso sikhathi, le mibukiso ibingafani nokuhleleka okukhulu, kepha ukuvezwa okungalungile kwamaminerali, izitshalo kanye nezilwane ezigcwele azihambelani nososayensi. I-LAMARC ihlose ukuhlukanisa izinto zibe ngamaqembu, nayo, yayihlanganisa ama-oda wokuzalwa nomndeni. Ukubhekwa kwesimo semibukiso kanye ne-oda eliqinile lendawo yabo bekufanele linikezwe umsebenzi ohlukile.
Isiphakamiso esivunyiwe, kwathi ngo-1793 iNational Museum of Natural History yavula iminyango yezivakashi. UJean-batist lark wathatha isikhundla esinesizotha somnakekeli we-invertebbrate Hall, ebeka lapho izinto ezingcono kakhulu zeqoqo lakhe. Ngaleso sikhathi, wasebenzisa ukulungiswa kwesichazamazwi se-botanical - kusukela ngo-1781 kuya ku-1800 5 amabhebhulethi aphuma.
I-Botany yayikude kakhulu nothando lwe-lamarck. Ngaleso sikhathi, ubuchwepheshe obuncane bebengakaze bube khona phakathi kososayensi, kwathi abantu bakhe besikhathi babekholelwa ukuthi indoda yesayensi kufanele ibe nolwazi olubanzi emikhakheni ehlukene. UJean-batist wafunda kahle umuthi (futhi wathola imfundo efanelekile), i-zoology, geology kanye ne-physics.
Ukuqhathanisa amaqiniso akwamukelwe, wafika ekutholweni ukuthi kune-Shell ephilayo ephelele ezungeze iplanethi - i-biosphere. Ithemu ngokwakhe, nokho, lalethwa iminyaka eyikhulu kamuva yi-Austrian very zyus yezwe yase-Edward Zyus, kodwa imisebenzi kaLamarc yaphefumulelwa nguye.
Umsebenzi odumile "ifilosofi ye-zoology" yaphuma ngo-1809. Kuyo, umcwaningi waqala waveza imibono yakhe ngobukhosi bezinhlobo, ubudlelwano bokuphila nokungaphili, kanye nasezintweni zangaphandle ezithinta inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo. Waphakamisa ukuthi kungenzeka yini ngokwemvelo esahlukweni, ephikisana nokuthi izidalwa zaqala ukukhula futhi zakha amandla athile angaphakathi.
I-Lammark ingeyemqondo wokuhlukanisa izilwane kuma-vertebrates kanye nama-invertebrates, asetshenziswa kwi-biology kuze kube namuhla (ngendlela, igama elithi "Biology" ngokwakhe lasikisela ukuthi yena). Ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe- "Filosofi", usosayensi wazinikezela ekutadisheni kwezinto eziphilayo ezilula, futhi kusukela ngo-1801 kuya ku-1822 wabhala cishe amavolumu ayi-7 aminyene ngabo.
I-Science Foot of Lamarka yayinkulu. Ukunikela kwakhe kwisayensi akunqunyelwe ukusebenza nge-biology - usosayensi ungowomsebenzi we-meteorology, i-hydrology kanye ne-geology, kodwa wadala umbono wokuqala wokuziphendukela kwemvelo, wadala umbono wesikhathi ekuthuthukiseni impilo.
Yize ama-levers e-lamarc angenayo nawo avulwa (wayekholelwa ukuthi ukulwela izidalwa kwangaphakathi ekuzithuthukisweni kungamandla amakhulu), ngokuhamba kwesikhathi, kwahlolwa imibono yeLamarkism, lapho umqondo wakwaDarwin Rose Kamuva.
ILamarc yayinabaphikisi abaningi endaweni yesayensi. Ikakhulu akufani nokubukwa kwakhe ngesibindi kwakunguGeorge Kuvier - isazi sezinto eziphilayo nokugxekwa, okwakuhlanjululwa ngamazwana anobutha encwadini ngayinye ngisho nakusosizini lobuciko akukwazanga ukumelana nokuphawula okubukhali. Imfundiso yakhe yohlobo lwezinhlobo, ukuvuselelwa kwalo kuphela ngenxa yezinhlekelele zemvelo, kwakubhekwa iqiniso, kanye nokufakwa esikhundleni sezethulo zemvelo kwenzeka kungekudala.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Impilo yomndeni kaLamarc yayigcwele izinhlekelele nokulahlekelwa. Unkosikazi wokuqala uMarie-anna-Rosalie omkhulu wamletha ngamadodana amathathu - u-Antoine, u-Andre noCharles Rene, kodwa waqala washona. Okwesibili wazama ukuhlela impilo yomuntu siqu ngo-1974. Izingane ezivela kumkathi omusha uCharlotte zibuyiselwe emuva wayengena no. Naphezu kweqiniso lokuthi lowo oshade naye wayesemncane, wamlandela ethuneni phambi kwakhe, futhi uLamarck waphinde wafezeka.
Ngo-1798, uJean-batist washada noJulie Mlly. Wangcwaba unkosikazi wesithathu ngo-1819. Ukuphela komuntu owahlala nezazi ezindala zaba yindodakazi yakhe emshadweni wokugcina weCorneliya (kweminye imithombo kukhulunywa ngaye, kepha igama linye kuphela).
Akekho noyedwa kwabaphikisi besayensi abashiye incazelo eningilizayo yokuvela kukaLamarc, akazange achaze izimfanelo zakhe uqobo. Amagugu esayensi acebile kudala akhohliwe, futhi ama-merit awanakwa. Ngezindlela eziningi, ngenxa yabaqhudelana, izindaba zezezimali zikaLamarck ngaphansi kokuphela kwempilo zazikubi. Akatholanga ukuvunyelwa futhi esiqongweni esibusayo: UNapoleon, ososayensi wethule incwadi yakhe, wamkhetha kangangokuba wayengeke akwazi ukumelana nezinyembezi.
Ukushona
Eminyakeni yesikhathi sesikhathi sesikhathi, uJean-Baptiste Lamarc wahlushwa isifo samehlo, okwaholela ekuboniseni okuphelele. Akazange ashiye lo msebenzi futhi wacacisa izinkambi zakhe zendodakazi yakhe. Incwadi yakhe yokugcina yayingu "uhlelo lokuhlaziya" lapho uLamarck azama ngayo ukuhlehlisa yonke into eyayazi ngezilwane zasendle, wazama ukuqonda ukuthi lokho kwanqunywa yiluphi uhlobo lomuntu. Ngeshwa, ngesikhathi sokuphila kombhali, ukushicilelwa kwakungathandwa.
Usosayensi washona eminyakeni engu-85. Izizathu zokufa kwakhe, kanye nendawo yethuna, nakanjani akwaziwa, kepha izincwadi zomuntu siqu, izinto nezincwadi zilahlekile. Ubaba ogibele uBurreging, uCorneliya wayesesimweni esivikelekile esivikelekile sokuthi kwadingeka afune usizo kwiFrance Academy.
Ngo-1909, impela eminyakeni eyikhulu ngemuva kokukhishwa kwe- "Ifilosofi ye-Zoology", itshe lesikhumbuzo esiya ku-lamarka livulwe ngokuqinile eParis. Lapho kuboniswa impumuzo ekhasini, kuboniswe indawo ethinta inhliziyo - indoda endala ephuphuthekile, indlela yokuphila ephukile, ihlala esihlalweni, ikhothama ikhanda. Eduzane kukhombisa isithombe sendodakazi equkethe. Ngokwethuli, amagama kaCornelia akhishwe ngaphandle:
"Inzalo izokuncoma, izophindisela kuwe, baba!".I-Bibliography
- 1776 - "Memoir mayelana nezimo eziyisisekelo emkhathini"
- 1776 - "Izifundo ezimbangela ze-Emfenomena Ebaluleke Kakhulu"
- 1778 - "Flora France"
- I-1801 - "Uhlelo lwama-invertebrates"
- I-1802 - "I-Hydrogeology"
- 1803 - "Umlando Wezitshalo Ngemvelo"
- I-1809 - "Ifilosofi ye-Zoology"
- 1815-1822 - "Umlando wemvelo Wama-Invertebrates"
- Ngo-1820 - Ukuhlaziywa kwemisebenzi yomuntu okwaziyo "