I-Biograge
Udokotela waseRoma kaClaudius Galen wenza umnikelo omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni kwesayensi. E-Biography yakhe, "amabala amnyama" amaningi, futhi kusukela ezinkolweni kwasinda ngekota, kepha lokhu akuzange kuvinje iminyaka eminingana ukucubungula izimpumelelo zayo njengama-axioms. Ngisho namaphutha angawazi eGalen, kuze kube iRenaissance, athathwa njengeqiniso elingenakuphikwa, futhi imisebenzi yakhe yanqunyelwa kusengaphambili ukuthuthukiswa kwemithi yaseNtshonalanga yekhulu lamakhulu e-15.Ubuntwana nentsha
UGalen wazalwa ngo-131 ePhergama, idolobha laseMalaya Asia (manje yi-Turkish Bergama), ngesikhathi seBhodi le-Emperor Adriana. Abaphenyi bathambekele esiphethweni sokuthi uClaudius akulona igama lomuntu, kepha ukuwohloka okungalungile kwesihloko seClissimus kuyinto "emnandi", efakwe egameni lomlobi emibhalweni yesandla yangezikhathi zakudala.
Udokotela wesikhathi esizayo wazalwa emndenini ovikelekile nofundile. Ubaba kaNikon wezwa umcabangi ovelele kanye nomxhumanisi wezibalo, ngakho-ke wabhekisisa imfundiso yeNdodana, ephupha ukuthi wayezokwenza isazi sefilosofi esidumile kuye ngosuku olulodwa. Ngokusho kwenganekwane, shintsha isinqumo futhi unikeze iGalen ukuze ufunde umuthi. Wamenza waphoqa iphupho lesiprofetho - ngaleso sikhathi, amaRoma anikeza lezi zinto ngokubaluleka okukhulu.
Umuthi nemisebenzi yesayensi
Umuthi kaGalena wafundiswa ososayensi abavelele be-Pergham, kufaka phakathi i-Anatas Satir ne-Pathologist Strotholik. Lapho uBaba efa, le nsizwa yaqhubeka nohambo eya eSmirna ukuyothatha isipiliyoni sodokotela bendawo. Lapho, waqhubeka nokufunda ngaphansi kobuholi bephayini elidumile - umbhali wemfundiso yobudlelwano bokuphefumula nokujikeleza kwegazi. Lokho kwaqala wasebenzisa igama elithi "aura" (kusuka ku-Greek "Win Wind Light"), ekholelwa ukuthi into yomoya ihamba ngaphakathi emzimbeni ngemithambo. Kamuva, uGalen wavakashela eKorinte, lapho afunda khona isayensi yezidakamizwa nasezemvelo yezemvelo, kwathi e-Alexandria, lapho angena khona kubafundi be-Amomat HeraKlion.
Ngaleso sikhathi, u-Alexandria wahamba maphakathi nesayensi yezokwelapha, futhi udokotela osemusha waphupha ngokuthola ulwazi oluhlukile nochwepheshe abanolwazi lapho. Kodwa-ke, ngesikhathi uLanen efika lapho, uMthetho waphuma, wenqabela ukulungiswa kwemizimba yabantu, futhi i-anatomy kwakufanele ifundwe ezinkahleni nakwezinye izilwane ezincelisayo.
UGalen wabuyela ekhaya wadumala. Njengoba enikele ekuhambeleni iminyaka eyisithupha, wahlala esilwaneni sayo somdabu. Ngesikhathi udokotela wayeneminyaka engama-29 ubudala. Ungene endaweni yodokotela ohlinzayo esikoleni sama-gladiators kanye neminyaka emi-4 elandelayo wahlonipha ubuciko bokukhulisa, ukuthunga ama-ras kanye nokwelashwa kweziqhekezo. Umsebenzi wawunzima, uqhathaniswa nodokotela wezempi wezempi wezempi, kuphela ngaphandle kwemishini yesimanje, imithi kanye ne-anesthesia.
I-Scene Galen efanelekile ngemuva kokubonisa amandla akhe okusebenza esidumbu senkawu. Isimo sempilo yezigceme sanikezwa ukunakwa okusondele kakhulu: ukulimala udokotela okubizwa ngokuthi "amafasitela omzimba", wanikeza ithuba lokuthola umbono we-anatomy. Ngesikhathi somsebenzi wakhe, kushone ama-gladiators ayi-5 kuphela, ngenkathi owandulelayo engcwaba ama-60.
Lapho kuqubuka ukuvukelwa edolobheni, udokotela oneminyaka engu-33 wathuthela enhlokodolobha. Lapho, washeshe wathola ukuthandwa, hhayi njengodokotela kuphela, kodwa futhi njengomfundi onolwazi. Udumo lwakhe uLatin lwaphoqeleka kakhulu kwisazi sefilosofi engcupheni - welapha lokho ekuguleni okunzima, futhi umuntu obongayo wamkhazimulisa kulo lonke elaseRoma njengodokotela onekhono.
Ngokushesha uGalen wethule uMarser Mark Abrenie wayala inkulumo kwi-anatomy ethempelini lomhlaba. Izifundo azihanjelwa hhayi ngodokotela kuphela, kodwa futhi nezinye izakhamizi ezinentshisekelo kwisayensi, kubandakanya nabamele abaphezulu kakhulu be-aristocracy, ngokwesibonelo, ama-fouges aphezulu kakhulu kanye nezihlobo ze-Emperor Barbar.
Naphezu kwempumelelo yangaphandle, uGalen eRoma wayehlala kanzima, okokuqala ngenxa yalokho ngenxa yemvelo yakhe. Wayengumuntu osebenzayo futhi omuhle, yonke indawo yafuna ukudonsela ukunakekela kuye, ngenxa yalokho okuzoba khona onomona nezitha kungaba lula. Ekugcineni, lapho ukungathandeki kozakwabo ku "Starning" akunakubekezeleleka, wasuka washiya iRoma wahamba wahamba e-Italy.
Wabuya kuphela ngemuva kweminyaka emi-2 ekubizeni kombusi. UMark aureliy wayala ukuthi avele ekamu lamasosha e-aquilee futhi abuthene, kepha udokotela wakwazi ukuncenga umbusi ukuthi amshiye ekhaya. Ngaleso sikhathi, ukwesaba izitha kwaqala kwaGalen: Washintsha ngokuphelele indawo yokuhlala futhi waphila nge-alamu engapheli.
Ngenxa yalokho, wazinza esigodlweni njengodokotela wakwaMbusi. Wakwazisa ukulinganiselwa kwakhe - uGalen akazange amsize anqobe njalo i-malaise, kodwa futhi wajabulisa izingxoxo zefilosofi. Wakhungatha yena ne-commora, indlalifa kuMarku Alerelia, owabubula ngaleso sikhathi ngenxa yokufakelwa kwenkantolo.
Ukwazi kokuphakama kwalo nokwesaba izitha (ikakhulukazi gypuly) sonke lesi sikhathi akuzange bashiye i-Green eqhoshayo. Ukusuka ezimpini, wawuthokozela uzakwabo oyedwa kuphela. I-Asclepads vhyfic, eyafunda eCleophon futhi owayehlala e-Athene, wadumala ngethalente ne-sanity futhi wafuna ukuqeda amasiko elanga nakulimazayo, futhi ukuphela kwakhe kwakubhekwa kwakulingana naye.
Ubhubhane oludumile luxhumeke negama likadokotela, olubizwa ngeChuma Galen, khona-ke u-Antoninovsky Chuma (ngokwegama lombusi-ophethwe ngaleso sikhathi). Imibhalo yesandla yaqopha isimo eside ngokungajwayelekile sokusatshalaliswa kwesifo.
Imibono yabacwaningi mayelana nokuthi bangaki izimpilo izimpilo eziwubhubhane, ziyehluka - izibalo zikhulunywa ngo-7% kuya ku-50% wabantu. Amarekhodi okusatshalaliswa kanye nohlobo lwesifo samafuphi futhi angathandeki, kepha kusukela eqinisweni lokuthi uGalen ubhale phansi, kungathathwa njengokunambitheka kwegciwane le-Ose, hhayi lesi sifo.
UGallen uchaze imibono yabo nemibono yabo ngokuningiliziwe ekwelashweni, edume kakhulu okubhekwa njenge "anatomy" kanye "nokuqokwa kwezingxenye zomzimba womuntu". Iningi lomsebenzi lagcinwa ethempelini lomhlaba futhi, ngeshwa, lishiswe ngesikhathi somlilo emtapweni wezincwadi wasePalatia.
Igalelo layo elibonakalayo kwisayensi laliyisisekelo se-Etiology. UGalen izigaba aziwa isikhathi lesi sifo, wachaza futhi systematized nezimbangela zabo (wahlukanisa izici zalo okuqinile, sobala, uketshezi, njll), futhi waveza uxhumano yemiphumela pathogenic yisimo umzimba - ngokuvumelana Kudokotela, izizathu zangaphakathi "zalungisa inhlabathi» ukuthuthukiswa kwalesi sifo.
UGalen waba ngomunye wabokuqala owaqala ukusebenzisa indlela yokuhlola e-biology. I-Medic Medic edumile eyayidinga ukufunwa, okuhlangenwe nakho kwezilwane, kwathuthukisa ubuchwepheshe bokuvula be-Skull. Ukutholwa okubalulekile kwaba ukutholakala nokuchazwa kwesiqu sezinzwa kanye nentambo yomgogodla. Iqiniso Elijabulisayo - Ososayensi abaningi bakholelwa ukuthi ngenxa ye-Ban Ban Gallen yomthetho wonke, azange enze i-autopsy eyodwa yomzimba womuntu.
Ulwazi lwakhe ku-anatomy lwalulinganiselwe olwazini olutholwe ngenxa yokuvulwa kwemizimba yezinkomo, izinkawu nezingulube, futhi ngenxa yalokhu amaphutha ajwayelekile. Wabona umkhawulo wokuhlangenwe nakho kwakhe, ekhomba kukho kumarekhodi.
Inani eliphelele lemibhalo ye-Glen lilinganiselwa ku-400, yize kwakuyingxenye yazo kuphela eyayizokwelapha - kuze kube kamuva, wagcina inkanuko yefilosofi futhi wabonisana ngokuzithandela izihloko ngezihloko ezingaqondakali. Cishe izifundo ezingaba ngu-100 zigcinwe kuze kube namuhla, lapho amagama amasha emizimba, amathambo neminye imiqondo ye-anatomical yadonswa. Emibhalweni yakhe, uGalen wathatha indawo evamile, kodwa amagama amagama ama-gippocrat ngamagama awo anazo ezesikhathi.
Udokotela waseRoma ubuye wabhekwa nguBaba we-pharmacology. Ezinye izindlela zokupheka ezichaziwe, njenge-raddkrem, ezibizwa nge- "Galic lungiselela" zisetshenziswa kwezokwelapha kanye ne-cosmetology kuze kube namuhla.
Indawo yeGalen kwezokwelapha sekuyisikhathi eside ihlala ihlukile. Ukulunga kwakhe kwakudlula kude kuze kube yikhulu le-14, futhi imibono yagcina igunya kuze kube yiminyaka ephakathi, izala kahle i-galenist, eyayilawula esosayensi futhi yahlelwa yiBandla. Kuphela inkathi yeRenaissance, kwakukhona umuntu onqume ukubhalisa izinhloso ezindala kanye nezimpumelelo futhi akhombe ukungalungiswa kwemibono ekhona - ayengamapharaseli.
Impilo yomuntu siqu
Ukuxoshwa akugciniwe ngonkosikazi wakhe nezingane zabodokotela omkhulu. Mhlawumbe kunzima, okunothile emicimbini futhi enothile, kuvame ukungatholi isikhathi sempilo yomuntu siqu, kepha mhlawumbe okwesikhathi somuntu ezinkumbulweni kwazo mamane nje kuphuthelwe lolu lwazi njengokungabalulekile.
UGalen wazibheka njengendoda ezokuziphatha kahle futhi wakusola kakhulu ukuwa kokuziphatha phakathi kodokotela baseRoma, babheka nje ukuthi wonke umehluko phakathi kwabo uqukethe kuphela abanye amacala aqukethe amacala ezintaba, kanti abanye enhlokodolobha.
"Ingqondo yodokotela abaningi aqondiswanga isayensi, hhayi zokupheka eziwusizo, wabhala ngentukuthelo. - I-borestolubie ephansi ibenza bakwazi amandla kunoma yiluphi umcimbi. "Ukushona
Ngokubambisana, udokotela odumile wabuyela ezweni lakubo ePergami ukuba anikele ekusebenzeni emibhalweni yesandla. Washona ngenkathi yokubusa kwe-septimia yasenyakatho. Imbangela ngqo yokufa ayaziwa, kepha ngesikhathi usosayensi esevele esegugile - ngokwezilinganiso ezahlukahlukene, wayeseneminyaka engama-70 ubudala.